Since the requirements for a graduate to get an employment has changed must the also education of the graduates’ change. With this said must the education and the requirements for getting a employment have a positive correlation. There are studies that deduces that the case-study method has many beneficial properties that will help accomplishing this, but the case-study method does also come with some difficulties that should be had in mind when considering the implementing of the method. This paper has therefore been constructed to enlighten those who potentially thinks of using the case-study method as a pedagogic tool, in purpose to educate them about the difficulties. In this paper have the current literature been analysed and there been found difficulties in the implementation of the case-study method. These difficulties have therefore been categorised in the purpose the facilitate the conclusions.

This study looks at the process of local policy change in environmental policy decisions. It employs a comparative case study research design to analyze the creation of a new recreational water right in Colorado to support whitewater boating. It compared the 12 communities that have applied for the new water right to 6 non-adopter communities. Factors including stakeholder groups, citizens, policy entrepreneurs, mass media, policy knowledge, policy timing, and politicians' motivations are analyzed to determine their role in local policy decisions. This research also considers how policy change in local communities promoted new state laws, and was in turn influenced by them. The dataset includes interviews with 75 Colorado water experts and community decision makers, mass media coverage of the policy process, and legal and legislative documentation of the process. These data were then analyzed within cases and across cases to create a model of community policy change. This research found that three elements were present when a community's policies changed regarding the use of natural resources. First, the community was dependent on the resource, either economically or socially. Second, a policy entrepreneur was present to influence the community's decision makers to enact a new policy regarding natural resource use. These policy entrepreneurs were most often experts in water law or management. Finally, the community had access to accurate information regarding the new policy. The case study analysis found that neither mass media coverage of the issue nor citizen participation influenced policy change. This may have occurred primarily because water rights were viewed as a technical detail to be handled by experts. Citizens usually became engaged in the process only after the decision to file for the water right had been made. Similarly, media coverage of recreational water rights was present in most cases only after the policy decision had been made. This study provides an understanding of the processes that communities go through in deciding to change policies to account for new non-consumptive uses and the factors that influence those decisions. This research is not only relevant to water law in Colorado, but also to environmental policy in general. / Dissertation

The study aims to detect the influence of the initial cross-listing of Taiwanese enterprises on the variety of the stock price of the listing company and its rival firms. However, the limitations from the Taiwanese authorities on the local company¡¦s direct listing in the oversea market are not a few. Accordingly, I employ GDR instead of direct international listing to delve the phenomenon of information content and intra-industry transfer derived from a company¡¦s initial GDR offering. Recent studies focusing on the same issue rarely inspect the situation of Taiwanese industries. Thus, the research intends to excavate the effect and the aftermath of a Taiwanese firm¡¦s initial GDR offering on its local market price as well as on the one of its rival company that concurrently does not have GDR offering. To delineate the complication of the issue, the study develop three trajectories mainly based on various approaches, including reference review, event study method, and multi-regression analysis. The first aspect attends to the research result of event study method and multi-regression analysis that exposes the stock price of the GDR offering company has abnormally positive rise accompanying with the announcement of its GDR offerings, particularly in the period before the announcement. That reflects the investors regard the GDR offering as a positive news for a company while the situation turns out to be the opposite for the rival firms. The research also finds that industry differences might dominate the consequence of the GDR offering. Hence, the exemplary simples are divided into the ¡§hi-tech¡¨ industry group and the ¡§non hi-tech¡¨ industry group. Based on the reference review of Melvin and Valero-Tonone¡]2005¡^ and the outcome of the multi-regression analysis, the influence of GDR offering on both industry group will be carefully scrutinized. In addition, the study places another attention on the discussion of intra-industry transferring and the contagion effect of the GDR offering on the offering company and its rival firm. Although Taiwanese enterprises offer GDR mainly in four main trade locations from London, Luxembourg, New York, and NASDAQ, the study exposes that the trade location has less influence on a company¡¦s and its rival firm¡¦s SCAR variation. That implies that Taiwanese investors might recognize the fact of a company¡¦s GDR offering in the oversea market, whereas, they seldom be aware of the trivial differentiation of the disparate trade location. In conclusion, the GDR offering of Taiwanese enterprises indeed encompasses information content that might motivate the alteration of the stock price in Taiwan stock market. Besides, the action of GDR offering supplies intra-industry information transferring effect. Even though the strategy of offering GDR of a Taiwanese company does not rely on consulting the action of its rival firms, in reality and according to the application of game theory, the implementing efficiency of a company¡¦s strategies might probably be impinged by its opponents¡¦ behavior. In other words, while a company offers GDR, its rival firms should propose expedients to reduce the damage that might be caused by the issue information.

根據效率市場假說（Efficient-market hypothesis，EMH），倘若市場是具有效率性的，投資者無法預測股票未來的走勢，包括專業的基金經理人員。但是，在許多財經新聞媒體、商業報紙與商業週刊中，發現證劵經理人或分析師在金融市場中大膽的預測股票未來的走向。這些資訊吸引許多投資者紛紛進場投資，期許能獲得更多利潤。然而，投資者卻忽視發佈的資訊時間點的重要性，幾乎很難求證此消息是否真實。本研究希望探討投資機構之研究彙報能否為投資者帶來異常報酬，並印證市場效率性是否存在。本研究資料透過公開的資訊網站Yahoo Finance收集美國道瓊工業30成份股的資料之金融研究機構建議操作方向，利用事件研究法(Event Study Method)來進行分析。實證結果發現事件發生時，不論是推薦買進或賣出，平均異常報酬率（AAR）有顯著的異於零的報酬率，證實金融研究機構所建議的操作方向的確吸引到市場的注意，造成股價異常波動。而累計平均異常報酬率（CAAR）則是顯示事件發生後約4週，建議買進的事件會出現相當利潤。除此之外，本研究亦針對不同金融研究機構的績效分別進行討論，然而並無發現各金融研究機構有顯著的差異。 / According to the Efficient-Market hypothesis (EMH), if the market is to have efficiency, the investor or professional fund managers cannot predict the future trends of a stock. However, in many financial news media, business newspapers and Business Week, we can find securities managers or analysts in the financial markets boldly predicting the future direction of a stock. This information attracts many investors who enter into investments, hoping to gain more profit. However, investors have neglected the importance of published information at a point in time, and in hindsight, it was hard to verify whether or not this news is true. The present study is to investigate that the mechanism of investment research reports can bring abnormal returns for investors, and confirm the existence of market efficiency. The studies suggested actions of directing public information through research institutions news site Yahoo Finance and collected 30 constituent stocks of the Dow Jones Industrial, to analyze the use of the event study method. The empirical results show when the event occurred, whether it was a buy or sell recommendation, the average abnormal return rate（AAR）has a phenomenal rate of return difference from zero, confirming that the proposed research institutions operating direction did attract the market's attention, resulting in abnormal fluctuations of the stock price. The cumulative average abnormal return rate（CAAR） is a show about four weeks after the incident that recommends buying the event will be quite profitable. In addition, this study discussed separately the performance of different research institutions, however, it found no significant differences between various research institutions. / 目錄 摘要.............................................................................................................Ⅰ Abstract........................................................................................................Ⅱ 目錄............................................................................................................Ⅲ 圖目錄..........................................................................................................Ⅴ 表目錄..........................................................................................................Ⅵ 第壹章 緒論....................................................................................................1 第一節 研究動機.................................................................................................1 第二節 研究目的................................................................................................2 第三節 研究架構.................................................................................................3 第四節 研究貢獻.................................................................................................3 第貳章 文獻回顧.................................................................................................3 第一節 效率市場理論..............................................................................................3 第二節 效率市場層面..............................................................................................5 第三節 專家推薦層面..............................................................................................7 第四節 綜合評析..................................................................................................8 第參章 資料來源與研究方法.........................................................................................8 第一節 資料來源..................................................................................................8 第二節 研究方法.................................................................................................10 第肆章 實證分析.................................................................................................11 第一節 資料敘述.................................................................................................11 第二節 模型設計.................................................................................................13 第三節 結果分析.................................................................................................20 第伍章 結論與建議...............................................................................................33 第一節 結論....................................................................................................33 第二節 後續研究建議.............................................................................................35 參考文獻.........................................................................................................36 中文部分.........................................................................................................36 英文部分.........................................................................................................37 附錄.............................................................................................................38 附錄一 道瓊30成分股中之各證劵彙報建議買進(Upgrade)之個股平均異常報酬（AAR）與累計平均異常報酬（CAAR）圖..................38 附錄二 道瓊30成分股中之各證劵彙報建議賣出(Downgrade)之個股平均異常報酬（AAR）與累計平均異常報酬（CAAR）圖................45 附錄三 篩選後，各家金融研究機構發佈彙報之建議買進(Upgrade)之個股平均異常報酬（AAR）與累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）圖........52 附錄四 篩選後，各家金融研究機構發佈彙報之建議賣出(Downgrade)之個股平均異常報酬（AAR）與累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）圖......57 圖目錄 圖1. Fama et.al.之資本市場效率分成三種假說特性.......................................................................5 圖2. 事件研究法模型的時間線圖.......................................................................................15 圖3. 道瓊30成分股之全部研究彙報建議買進(Upgrade)的平均個股異常報酬（AAR）圖............................................28 圖4. 道瓊30成分股之全部研究彙報建議買進(Upgrade)累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）圖..........................................28 圖5. 道瓊30成分股之全部研究彙報建議賣出(Downgrade)的平均個股異常報酬（AAR）圖...........................................29 圖6. 道瓊30成分股之全部研究彙報建議賣出(Downgrade)累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）圖........................................29 表目錄 表1. 道瓊30工業指數之成分股（Dow Jones Industrial Index of 30 stocks, ^DJI）.........................................9 表2. 所有金融研究機構有給予道瓊30成分股的總發佈彙報次數................................................................12 表3. 道瓊30篩選後之金融研究機構與彙報發佈次數.........................................................................13 表4. 道瓊30成分股中個別證劵建議買進(Upgrade)的平均個股異常報酬（AAR）...................................................24 表5. 道瓊30成分股中個別證劵建議賣出(Downgrade)的平均個股異常報酬（AAR）.................................................25 表6. 道瓊30成分股中個別證劵建議買進(Upgrade)的累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）...............................................26 表7. 道瓊30成分股中個別證劵建議賣出(Downgrade)的累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）.............................................27 表8. 篩選後，各家金融研究機構發佈彙報之建議買進(Upgrade)的平均個股異常報酬（AAR）.........................................30 表9. 篩選後，各家金融研究機構發佈彙報之建議賣出(Downgrade)的平均個股異常報酬（AAR）.......................................31 表10. 篩選後，各家金融研究機構發佈彙報之建議買進(Upgrade)的累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）...................................32 表11. 篩選後，各家金融研究機構發佈彙報之建議賣出(Downgrade)的累計平均個股異常報酬（CAAR）.................................33

The Paternalistic employment relations practice was in existence in most areas now known as Nigeria before the advent of the British colonialists (Ubeku, 1993).The British colonialists replaced the Nigerian Paternalistic employment relations system with their Voluntarist employment relations system. This was done without any considerations for the differences in the socio-cultural realties of Britain and Nigeria and the differences in the socio-cultural realities of the various ethnic groups that were merged to become Nigeria. This thesis however demonstrates the importance of socio-cultural factors in the transfer. The Nigerian Paternalistic employment relations practice was based on the predominantly agricultural economy, culture and traditions which formed the basis for systems of work and reward while the British Voluntarist employment relations practice was developed based on the prevailing social, political and economic philosophy at the period of industrial revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Britain. This was that of lasisez-faire, with respect for individual liberty based on the Benthamite utilitarian principle (Yesufu, 1982:31; Florence, 1957:184). As there are very few studies (if any) on comparative employment relations practice between the developed countries of the world and the developing African countries; this study relying on secondary sources of data collection and the case study methodology identified a close relationship between culture and employment relations practice in particular and management practices in general. The study concludes that it is very problematic if not impossible to device a template of employment relations practice and other management practices in one cultural area and transfer to another cultural area or areas.

abstract: This dissertation studies the role of organizational politics and power and their role in the success of public service Public Private Partnerships (PPPs). By doing so, it addresses two areas of research in network governance and organizational theory. On one hand it explores the role of public private partnerships in the emerging network governance paradigm of public administration. On the other hand it studies the widely discussed but considerably under-researched role of organizational power in network governance. The literature review establishes public service PPPs as a sub type of governance networks, and provides an initial framework to study the nature and dynamics of power in these PPPs. The research is descriptive in nature and uses inductive reasoning in the tradition of Kathleen Eisenhardt. Case studies in rural areas of Punjab, Pakistan are conducted on two very similar PPPs. A replication logic is used to understand how power contributed to the success of one of those projects and lack of success in the other. Based on analysis of the findings, the dissertation concludes that public service PPPs succeed when the goals of the PPP are aligned with the goals of the most powerful collaborators. This is because regardless of its structure, a public service PPP pursues the goals targeted by the sum total of the power of its politically active collaborators. The dissertation also provides insight into the complexity of the concept of success in public service PPPs and the donor control on the operation and outcomes of public service PPPs. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Public Administration 2012

Esta dissertação trata do tema do desenho como método de estudo da arquitetura através da investigação de sua prática como catalisador de conhecimentos e instrumento integrado à formação dos arquitetos. Elegemos como objeto de pesquisa o levantamento da arquitetura da região do Vale do Paraíba paulista, elaborado pelo arquiteto Antônio Luiz Dias de Andrade (1948-1997), na década de 1970. O levantamento em questão é constituído por 1.270 desenhos, que fazem parte dos primeiros inventários promovidos pelo CONDEPHAAT, órgão do estado de São Paulo para preservação do patrimônio, com o objetivo de registrar a arquitetura paulista. Dentro do vasto universo do desenho, esta pesquisa abordou, especificamente, desenhos de finalidade cognitiva. Ao definir os desenhos do Vale do Paraíba realizados por Antônio Luiz Dias de Andrade como objeto de estudo, procuramos compreender de que modos o desenho foi utilizado por este arquiteto como seu principal método de estudo. A partir da análise desses registros, buscamos identificar a metodologia de trabalho empregada para compreender as relações existentes entre os registros e o contexto em que eles foram produzidos. Analisamos os desenhos sob três aspectos: 1) o desenho como registro gráfico, observando quais e como os elementos constitutivos desta linguagem-- informações intrínsecas a cada um dos desenhos (conforme Massironi); 2) a série de desenhos, representada por seus conjuntos e agrupamentos; 3) o tempo, o lugar e as circunstâncias em que estes desenhos foram produzidos. Sendo assim, buscamos identificá-los e contextualizá-los em seu tempo. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos os anos de formação de Dias de Andrade em seu trânsito entre universidade e os órgãos de patrimônio, até o início dos inventários no Vale do Paraíba; descrevemos os levantamentos de campo e seus itinerários; em seguida, apresentamos os critérios utilizados para análise dos desenhos. No segundo capítulo, analisamos os desenhos pelos tipos de representação gráfica utilizados, observando seus elementos constitutivos e procurando identificar as lógicas de sua utilização. No terceiro capítulo, os desenhos foram analisados conforme objetos inventariados -- a partir da escolha de séries de desenhos para a representação de determinados objetos, procurando identificar o método empregado para realização dos inventários. No quarto capítulo, abordamos os desdobramentos da experiência desses inventários e do papel do desenho na trajetória profissional de Dias de Andrade. / This thesis discusses the subject of drawing as a method of architectural study. It investigates the practice of drawing as a catalyst for knowledge and an integrated tool to form and expand an architect\'s repertoire. The research object elected is an inventory, regarding the architecture of Vale do Paraiba, made by architect Antonio Luis Dias de Andrade (1948-1997), in the 1970s. The object studied consists of 1270 drawings, which are part of the first inventories promoted by CONDEPHAAT, Council for the Defense of Historical, Archeological, Artistic and Tourism. Heritage for the State of Sao Paulo, in order to register the architecture of this state. Within the vast universe of drawing, this study specifically approaches drawings of cognitive purpose. When defining the drawings of Vale do Paraiba developed by Antonio Luiz Dias de Andrade as object of study, we aim at understanding in what ways the drawing was used by this architect as his core method of study. From the analysis of these records, we seek to identify the work methodology used to understand the relationship between the records and the context in which these were produced. We analyze the drawings based on three aspects: 1) the drawing as a graphic record, understanding how and what the constituent elements of this language-information are, which are intrinsic to each drawing (according to Massironi); 2) as a series of drawings, represented by their sets and mappings; 3) the time, place and circumstances in which these drawings were produced. Therefore, we aim at identifying and contextualizing them according to historic time. In the first chapter, we discuss the years of experience of Dias de Andrade in transit between the university and the Council for the Defense of Historical, Archeological, Artistic and Tourism Heritage, until the beginning of his studies in Vale do Paraiba; then we describe the field surveys and their itineraries, and present the criteria used for analyzing these drawings. In the second chapter, we analyze the types of drawings by graphic representation used, noting its constitutive elements and identifying the logic of its use. In the third chapter, the drawings are analyzed according to objects inventoried - from the choice of series of drawings to the representation of certain objects, trying to identify the method used to conduct the studies. In the fourth chapter, we discuss the consequences related to the experience of these studies and the role of drawing in the professional career of Dias de Andrade.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / The purpose of this study is to advance theoretical understanding of how an adolescent with incurable cancer prepares for end-of-life (EOL). A theoretical model was developed to link awareness, acceptance, and willingness to take action to EOL preparedness (knowledge about EOL, acknowledgement of grief and emotion, identification of the meaning of death and spirituality, and conceptualization of personal plan) and communication about EOL preferences and priorities; and to determine impact on quality of life (QOL). Method: Case study research method was used to guide data collection and analyses on two adolescent cases across two time points. The theoretically-based model was developed prior to data collection and based on research studies conducted in adult and pediatric EOL literature. Multiple sources of data were collected and triangulated to assess relationships between qualitative and quantitative data. Through an iterative process of pattern matching, data were compared to constructs in the conceptual model for both across cases, and across time. Results: Results indicate awareness (cognitive recognition of incurable prognosis) and acceptance (emotional acknowledgement of incurable prognosis) are both fluid concepts and varied within each time point and across time. Contextual factors (demographic, environmental, personal, and social support characteristics) influenced awareness, EOL preparedness, and willingness to take action; and directly influenced QOL. Level of awareness influenced involvement in EOL preparedness. Information preference and willingness to engage in discussions regarding knowledge about EOL were incongruent with actual knowledge about EOL. Adolescents demonstrated a willingness to discuss potential disease progression in order to conceptualize an EOL advanced care plan regardless of emotional acceptance of incurable prognosis. In contrast, acknowledgment of grief and emotions, and identification of the meaning of death and spirituality were related to acceptance of incurable prognosis and further determined conceptualization of immediate EOL priorities. Social constraint or lack of ability to discuss prognosis, was identified as an important construct that influenced communications. Implications: This study provides increased theoretical understanding of how adolescents living with advanced cancer confront EOL. Insight led to theory modification and expansion which may serve as a guide for future research to assist clinicians caring for adolescents living with incurable cancer. Victoria L. Champion, PhD, RN, FAAN, Chair

The Paternalistic employment relations practice was in existence in most areas now known as Nigeria before the advent of the British colonialists (Ubeku, 1993).The British colonialists replaced the Nigerian Paternalistic employment relations system with their Voluntarist employment relations system. This was done without any considerations for the differences in the socio-cultural realties of Britain and Nigeria and the differences in the socio-cultural realities of the various ethnic groups that were merged to become Nigeria. This thesis however demonstrates the importance of socio-cultural factors in the transfer. The Nigerian Paternalistic employment relations practice was based on the predominantly agricultural economy, culture and traditions which formed the basis for systems of work and reward while the British Voluntarist employment relations practice was developed based on the prevailing social, political and economic philosophy at the period of industrial revolution of the 18th and early 19th centuries in Britain. This was that of lasisez-faire, with respect for individual liberty based on the Benthamite utilitarian principle (Yesufu, 1982:31; Florence, 1957:184). As there are very few studies (if any) on comparative employment relations practice between the developed countries of the world and the developing African countries; this study relying on secondary sources of data collection and the case study methodology identified a close relationship between culture and employment relations practice in particular and management practices in general. The study concludes that it is very problematic if not impossible to device a template of employment relations practice and other management practices in one cultural area and transfer to another cultural area or areas.

No description available.