The aim of the study was to determine the quality of South African lamb, particularly the carcass, nutrient and sensory attributes. To this end the cut composition of SA lamb carcasses with different fat scores was determined and cuts suitable for trimming were identified. Sixty four grain fed Dorper lambs were divided randomly into three slaughter groups of 30, 36 and 42 kg, respectively. After slaughter, electrical stimulation (how much/long) and chilling (how long/temp) the carcass sides were subdivided into seven wholesale cuts. Each cut was dissected into meat, bone and subcutaneous fat (SCF) in order to determine the physical composition per cut and for the whole carcass. It was found that the percentages total fat in the carcass increased with 15.5 % in subcutaneous fat over the five fat classes. In order to determine and compare the raw and cooked nutrient composition of shoulder, loin and leg cuts of Dorper and Merino lamb carcasses of the A age class of fat class 2 (± 7 % SCF) from three main production areas in South Africa were analysed. Samples were analysed both raw (left side cuts) and cooked (right sides) using accredited methodologies for nutrient content namely proximate composition, vitamin B and minerals. There was no significant difference in the iron and zinc values between the cooked cuts. Results showed differences in both trace elements and B vitamins among different cooked cuts, although the differences were not statistically significant. Cooked SA lamb (A age class, fat class 2) contains an average of 60.5 % less total fat and 5.28 % less protein, resulting in 1891 kJ less per 100 g edible portion energy, if compared to the previous values in the food composition tables. Quantitative descriptive sensory analyses were performed by a trained panel on the M. longissimus lumborum (loin) from lambs of the same age. Aroma intensity, initial impression of juiciness, first bite, sustained impression of juiciness, muscle fibre and overall tenderness, amount of connective tissue (residue), overall flavour intensity and off-flavour intensity were measured, as well as cooking related measurements and resistance to shear. With the exception of juiciness, the results in this study showed that contrary to expected carcass fatness (in the same age over five fat classes), as portrayed in the South African Classification system, does not have a significant effect on the sensory qualities of M. longissimus lumborum (loin) from lambs of the same age. This investigation provides important scientific insight into the physical, nutrient and sensory quality of South African lamb. The results obtained show that subcutaneous carcass fat that increased significantly with an increase in fat class can be trimmed to represent leaner cuts to the discerning consumer. This study found unique values for South African lamb cuts, almost 40 % lower in fat content than the previously-believed-to-be-accurate values, as published by the Medical Research Council for health workers. Contrary to expected it was found in this study that increased fatness did not improve lamb tenderness as popularly believed in the United States. Therefore, the study justifies greater scope for further research into all these aspects, as it provides valuable information for the Red Meat Industry. / Thesis (PhD(Consumer Science))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Consumer Science / PhD / unrestricted

Background: Skinfold thickness (ST), waist circumference (WC) and hip circumference (HC) measurements are simple methods for assessing fat tissue at defined body parts. We examined these parameters in a cohort of healthy children and adolescents in Leipzig. Our study provides current percentile curves for biceps, triceps, subscapular and iliac crest ST, plus WC, HC, Waist-to-Hip Ratio and Waist-to-Height Ratio. Materials and methods: 6,344 visits were recorded involving 2,363 individuals from 3 to 16 years in age. Continuous age- and gender-related percentiles (3rd, 10th, median, 90th, 97th percentiles) were estimated using Cole's LMS method. Results: For biceps and triceps ST, boys show a peak at the beginning of adolescence with a subsequent decrease, while percentile values among girls rise across the age range. Subscapular and iliac crest percentiles also show increasing curves with disproportionately high values for P90 and P97. Boys show higher values of WC, girls have higher levels of HC. WC and HC median percentiles constantly increase in both sexes with a plateau at the age of 16 for girls. Conclusion: Trends for all parameters of body fat are in line with other national and international studies. Unlike the KiGGS study, our study provides circumference data across the whole of our age range, i.e. from 3-16 years.:I. Abkürzungsverzeichnis 1. Vorbemerkung 2. Wissenschaftlicher Hintergrund 2.1. Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter 2.2. Bestimmung des Körperfettanteils bei Kindern und Jugendlichen 2.3. Die Bedeutung kindlichen Übergewichts und dessen Folgeschäden 2.4. Assoziation von Körperfettparametern und kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren im Fokus 2.5. Anthropometrische Referenzwerte für Kinder und Jugendliche in Deutschland 3. Fragestellung 4. Publikation 5. Zusammenfassung der Arbeit 6. Literaturverzeichnis II. Anlagen 1. Abbildungen 2. Tabellen 3. Formeln nach Slaughter zur Abschätzung des Körperfettanteils III. Darstellung des eigenen Beitrags IV. Erklärung über die eigenständige Abfassung der Arbeit VI. Danksagung

CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORT ADIPOSE TISSUE DISTRIBUTION BY PRESCHOOL CHILDREN- COMAPARATIVE STUDY ABSTRACT Head of the dissertation: Author: Prof. MUDr. Ivan Dylevský, DrSc. Mgr. Dominika Petrů Prague, 2014 Abstract The dissertation provides information about the distribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue in preschool-aged /5-6 years, n=141/ and younger school-aged children /8- 9 years, n=137/ in the Ústí region. In this review, we describe and evaluate the child's body with anthropometric parameters, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis and selected sample /n=31/ with ultrasonography. We found an increased distribution of adipose tissue in older file with a concentration in the abdominal area and a higher reliability of skinfold than the BIA, considering the ultrasound examination. Key words: subcutaneous fat, skinfold, bioelectrical impedance analysis, ultrasonography

Background: Hospital malnutrition is a prevalent issue with critically ill pediatric patients being at increased risk for nutritional loss. Nutritional risk screening has been associated with increased documentation of nutrition diagnosis and positive clinical outcomes, however, is not mandatory in developing countries. A nutrition screening tool that uses subjective examination of loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue may be an efficient way to identify nutritional risk in hospitalized critical care pediatric patients. Objective: To determine whether loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue in specific body locations was associated with moderate or severe malnutrition determined by SGA in pediatric critical care hospital units, and if loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue differs by gender, age, or disease. Methods: Pediatric in-patients (n = 203), aged 1 month to 18 years old, in tuberculosis, burn, oncology, high dependency (HDU) and intensive care units (ICU) in two tertiary hospitals in Malawi were assessed for nutritional status using Subjective Global Assessment (SGA), Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC), and weight for age Z-score (WAZ). The SGA form included four questions on weight, appetite, tolerance to food and fluids, and dietary intake, as well as a nutrition-focused physical exam. The nutrition-focused physical exam consisted of assessments of subcutaneous fat loss in two locations (below the eye, triceps/biceps) and eight locations for muscle tissue loss (temple, clavicle, shoulder, scapula, interosseous, knee, quadriceps, and calf). The analysis was focused on the assessment of loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue in relation to malnutrition score determined by SGA. Results: The mean age and standard deviation of the study population was 5.32 years ± 4.80, with just over 55% of participants being male. Determined by SGA, moderate malnutrition prevalence was 70.9% and severe malnutrition prevalence was 13.8%. SGA alone identified more malnutrition (84.7%) than MUAC (20.5%) and WAZ (43%). Patients with cancer (100%) and organ-related disease (93.76%) had the highest rates of moderate and severe malnutrition. Loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue in all body locations assessed were associated with moderate and severe malnutrition (p-value Conclusions: A nutritional screening tool that is efficient, valid, and allows for the screening of a large patient population in a short amount of time, is needed in Malawi. Although loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle tissue were significantly associated with moderate and severe malnutrition, moderate loss of muscle tissue in the quadriceps and calf had the highest odds of malnutrition. These results indicate that pediatric patients with moderate loss of muscle tissue in their quadriceps and calf should be treated with a high index of suspicion for malnutrition. While loss of subcutaneous fat and muscle were not significantly worse by gender, age, or disease, particular attention should be paid in patients of the male sex, aged 6 to 10 years old, and with cancer. These findings support increasing dietetic services to prevent and treat hospital malnutrition using simple screening tools, such as the one used in this sub-analysis.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da imunocastração e de diferentes beta-agonistas (BAA) sobre características de carcaça e rendimento dos cortes comerciais, de animais machos da raça Nelore, terminados em confinamento. Foram avaliados 96 bovinos, divididos em dois grupos, imunocastrados e não-castrados. Após 70 dias de confinamento, os animais foram divididos em três grupos e alimentados com uma das seguintes dietas: CON - dieta padrão, sem a adição de BAA; ZIL - dieta padrão acrescida Cloridrato de Zilpaterol (80 mg/animal/dia) e RAC - dieta padrão acrescida Cloridrato de Ractopamina (300 mg/animal/dia). Após 24 horas de resfriamento, foram obtidos o peso da carcaça fria (PCF) e rendimento de carcaça fria (RCF), além das perdas por refrigeração (PR). Em seguida foram obtidos os pesos e as percentagens do dianteiro, traseiro pistola e ponta de agulha de cada um dos cortes individuais e do total da porção comestível. Não houve interação entre a condição sexual e os tratamentos. Não houve efeito da condição sexual e de BAA sobre o PCF, PR e EGS, entretanto, animais do tratamento ZIL apresentaram maior RCF em comparação ao CON e RAC, que não diferiram entre si. Animais não castrados apresentaram maior peso dos cortes primários e dos cortes individuais. Com relação aos BAA, os maiores pesos e percentagens de cortes primários e individuais foram observados para o tratamento ZIL em comparação ao CON. O tratamento RAC apresentou valores intermediários em relação aos demais. Os BAA aumentam o peso e a percentagem dos cortes das carcaças em relação a animais sem BAA. / This research aimed to evaluate the effects of different immunocastration and beta-agonists on carcass traits of male Nellore, finished in feedlot. Evaluated 96 cattle and divided in two groups, non-castrated e immunocastrated. After 70 days of feedlot, the animals were divided into three groups and fed one of the following diets: STD - standard diet used, without addiction of BAA; ZIL - standard diet plus zilpaterol hydrochloride (80 mg/animal/day) e RAC - standard diet plus ractopamine hydrochloride (300 mg/animal/day). After 48 hours of cooling, the cold carcass weight (CCW) and cold dressing percentage (CDP) were obtained, in addition to cooling losses (CL) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Then the weights and percentages of the forequarter, hindquarter and side cut of each of the individual sections and the total edible portion were obtained. There was no interaction between sex condition and treatments. No effect of sex condition and BAA about the CCW, CL and SFT, however, the animals of ZIL treatment showed higher CDP compared to STD and RAC, which did not differ. Uncastrated animals showed greater weight of primal cuts and individual cuts. With respect to the BAA, the higher weight percentages of primary and individual sections were observed for treatment ZIL compared to CON. The RAC treatment showed intermediate values in relation to others. The BAA increases the weight and the proportion of the carcass cuts compared to animals without BAA.

A obesidade induz resistência à insulina que é um dos passos para o diabetes do tipo 2 e as doenças cardiovasculares. Neste panorama, o papel do tecido adiposo visceral é inquestionável, mas o mesmo não é verdade para o tecido adiposo subcutâneo, especialmente da região abdominal. Isto confirma a importância da análise da composição e distribuição do tecido adiposo no corpo para definir risco metabólico. Se o papel do tecido adiposo subcutâneo é objeto de controvérsias, mais ainda é o efeito da retirada do mesmo, através da dermolipectomia na sensibilidade à insulina, aferida pelo clamp. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dermolipectomia abdominal na sensibilidade à insulina e nas adipocitocinas (adiponectina e leptina). Avaliamos 17 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 22 e 51 anos, obesas ou com sobrepeso. Todas eram ex-obesas mórbidas que haviam sido submetidas à gastrectomia parcial em Y de Roux, há no mínimo um ano antes da entrada no protocolo, com perda de pelo menos 30% do peso inicial, com peso estável (mas, ainda com grande quantidade de tecido subcutâneo abdominal). Destas, 12 concluíram o estudo, com realização do clamp euglicêmico hiperinsulinêmico, no início e três meses após a cirurgia plástica. O clamp teve duração total de três horas, com coletas seriadas de glicose e insulina a cada 10 minutos. A dose de infusão de insulina regular foi de 1 mU/kg/min, para elevar de forma aguda e mantida a insulinemia. No momento basal de cada teste foram coletadas amostras para dosagens bioquímicas, hormonais e para as adipocitocinas. A captação de glicose (valor M) foi calculada em mg de glicose por kg de peso corpóreo total por minuto, considerando os últimos trinta minutos do teste. O HOMA-IR também foi calculado. Antes de realizar o primeiro clamp, as pacientes realizaram o exame de DEXA (densitometria de corpo inteiro), todas no aparelho Hologic, o que permitiu a correlação da sensibilidade à insulina com a massa magra no antes da dermolipectomia. Considerando para análise estatística, as 12 pacientes, houve variação significativa de peso de 84 kg na fase pré para 81,8 kg na fase pós (p=0,015) e também de IMC (31,1 x 30,3 kg/m2, com p=0,017). Não houve variação de massa magra (46,4 x 44,7 kg, com p=0,119) nem de captação de glicose (p=0,742). Não houve tampouco variação do HOMA-IR (p=0,722) como era de se esperar, já que não houve variação de captação. Notamos que na fase pré a sensibilidade à insulina correlacionou-se diretamente com a massa magra (r=0,80; p=0,002) e inversamente com a idade (r=-0,71; p=0,10). Não houve diferença das adipocitocinas: leptina (p=0,739) e adiponectina (p=0,940) quando comparadas as fases antes e depois da dermolipectomia. Concluímos que a sensibilidade à insulina, aferida pelo clamp não se altera com a dermolipectomia abdominal, em mulheres ex-obesas mórbidas, embora ainda com sobrepeso ou obesidade e metabolicamente normais. A sensibilidade à insulina aumenta com a massa magra e diminui com a idade, após a dermolipectomia, nesta população estudada. / Obesity induces insulin resistance, which is one of the steps to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this scenario, the role of visceral adipose tissue is undoubted, but the same is not true for subcutaneous adipose tissue, especially in abdominal region. This confirms the importance of analysis of composition and distribution of adipose tissue in the whole body to define metabolic risk. If the role of adipose subcutaneous tissue is debatable, even more is the abdominal dermolipectomy impact on insulin sensitivity, measured by clamp. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of abdominal dermolipectomy on insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin). We evaluated 17 female patients, age range 22-51 years, obese or overweight. All patients were ex-morbid obese and had performed Roux en Y gastric bypass surgery, at least one year before the baseline, with lost of at least 30% of their initial body weight, with stable weight (but still with huge amount of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue). From these, 12 concluded the study, performing the clamp at the beginning of the protocol and three months after the plastic surgery. Clamp lasted three hours, with glucose and insulin samples drawn each ten minutes. Regular insulin infusion dose was 1 mU/kg/min to raise and sustain insulinaemia. At baseline from each test, samples were draw for biochemistry, hormones and adipocytokines. Glucose uptake (M-value) was calculated in mg of glucose, per kg of body weight per minute, considering the last thirty minutes. HOMA-IR was also calculated. Before underwent the first clamp, patients performed DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), all in the same equipment (Hologic), what enabled correlation of insulin sensitivity and fat free mass (FFM) in the first phase. Considering for statistical purposes the 12 patients, there was significant weight variation; from 84 kg to 81,8 kg (p=0,015) and also BMI variation from 31,1 x 30,3 kg/m2 (p=0,017). There was no FFM variation: 46,4 x 44,7 kg (p=0,119) neither glucose uptake (p=0,742). Even not of HOMA-IR (p=0,722) as expected, since there was not glucose uptake variation. In the first phase, insulin sensitivity was directly correlated with FFM (r=0,80; p=0,002) and inversely with age (r= - 0,71; p=0,10). There were no differences on adipocytokines: leptin (p=0,739) and adiponectin (p=0,940) before and after dermolipectomy. We conclude insulin sensitivity measured by clamp, was not modified by abdominal dermolipectomy in ex-morbid obese women, but still overwight or obese and metabolically healthy. Insulin sensitivity raises with FFM and lowers with age, after dermolipectomy, in this population.

Obesity and specifically central obesity is related to insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and other components of the so-called metabolic syndrome. The aim of this study was to elucidate the interplay between hormones, nutrients and adipose depots in normal and insulin-resistant fat cell metabolism. High levels of free fatty acids (FFAs) induce insulin resistance in muscle and liver in vivo. In the present study, rat adipocytes were treated with high physiological levels of oleic or palmitic acid in vitro for 4-24 h. This treatment had no effect on basal or insulin-stimulated glucose uptake capacity in these cells, neither did it affect the levels of the insulin signalling proteins; insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1 or –2, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K), protein kinase B (PKB) or glucose transporter (GLUT) 4, or the regulation of lipolysis rate. Visceral adiposity is considered to be more harmful than peripheral adiposity with respect to metabolic and cardiovascular complications. In adipose biopsies from subjects undergoing abdominal surgery, we found that glucose uptake capacity was elevated in omental as compared to subcutaneous adipocytes. The sensitivity (EC50) or maximum relative response to insulin, measured as % of basal, did however not differ between the depots. In women, subcutaneous adipocytes displayed a higher lipolysis rate following cAMP-stimulation than omental adipocytes, whereas there was a tendency towards the opposite in adipocytes from men. No differences were found between depots or sexes in the ability of insulin to inhibit lipolysis or in the levels of the lipolysis regulating proteins, i.e. protein kinase A (PKA), hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) and perilipin. Glucocorticoids, e.g. cortisol, exert pronounced insulin-antagonistic effects and are associated with redistribution of fat from peripheral to central fat depots in humans. Treatment of human subcutaneous and omental adipocytes in vitro, with the cortisol analogue dexamethasone, resulted in a dose dependent down-regulation of basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake capacity in omental, but not in subcutaneous cells. Concomitantly, the levels of IRS-1 and PKB were decreased only in omental adipocytes after dexamethasone treatment. The relative effect of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake was however not altered by dexamethasone treatment. The cAMP-stimulated lipolysis rate was elevated by dexamethasone treatment in cells from the subcutaneous depot in women and tended to be elevated in omental cells from men. No alterations however, were seen in the levels of the assessed lipolysis regulating proteins. Subcutaneous as well as omental fat cell size correlated negatively to insulin action in subcutaneous fat cells in vitro after adjusting for age, sex and body fat parameters in non-diabetic, but not in type 2 diabetic, subjects. Large subcutaneous fat cell size was strongly related to plasma leptin levels in non-diabetic and in type 2 diabetic subjects. We conclude that 1) adipocytes seem to be less vulnerable to elevated levels of fatty acids than muscle and liver cells, 2) the interactions between glucocorticoids and insulin in the regulation of glucose uptake differ between adipose depots, 3) depot specific hormonal lipolysis regulation differs between sexes and 4) fat cell size is related to insulin action in subcutaneous fat cells and to circulating levels of leptin.

A obesidade induz resistência à insulina que é um dos passos para o diabetes do tipo 2 e as doenças cardiovasculares. Neste panorama, o papel do tecido adiposo visceral é inquestionável, mas o mesmo não é verdade para o tecido adiposo subcutâneo, especialmente da região abdominal. Isto confirma a importância da análise da composição e distribuição do tecido adiposo no corpo para definir risco metabólico. Se o papel do tecido adiposo subcutâneo é objeto de controvérsias, mais ainda é o efeito da retirada do mesmo, através da dermolipectomia na sensibilidade à insulina, aferida pelo clamp. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da dermolipectomia abdominal na sensibilidade à insulina e nas adipocitocinas (adiponectina e leptina). Avaliamos 17 pacientes do sexo feminino, com idades entre 22 e 51 anos, obesas ou com sobrepeso. Todas eram ex-obesas mórbidas que haviam sido submetidas à gastrectomia parcial em Y de Roux, há no mínimo um ano antes da entrada no protocolo, com perda de pelo menos 30% do peso inicial, com peso estável (mas, ainda com grande quantidade de tecido subcutâneo abdominal). Destas, 12 concluíram o estudo, com realização do clamp euglicêmico hiperinsulinêmico, no início e três meses após a cirurgia plástica. O clamp teve duração total de três horas, com coletas seriadas de glicose e insulina a cada 10 minutos. A dose de infusão de insulina regular foi de 1 mU/kg/min, para elevar de forma aguda e mantida a insulinemia. No momento basal de cada teste foram coletadas amostras para dosagens bioquímicas, hormonais e para as adipocitocinas. A captação de glicose (valor M) foi calculada em mg de glicose por kg de peso corpóreo total por minuto, considerando os últimos trinta minutos do teste. O HOMA-IR também foi calculado. Antes de realizar o primeiro clamp, as pacientes realizaram o exame de DEXA (densitometria de corpo inteiro), todas no aparelho Hologic, o que permitiu a correlação da sensibilidade à insulina com a massa magra no antes da dermolipectomia. Considerando para análise estatística, as 12 pacientes, houve variação significativa de peso de 84 kg na fase pré para 81,8 kg na fase pós (p=0,015) e também de IMC (31,1 x 30,3 kg/m2, com p=0,017). Não houve variação de massa magra (46,4 x 44,7 kg, com p=0,119) nem de captação de glicose (p=0,742). Não houve tampouco variação do HOMA-IR (p=0,722) como era de se esperar, já que não houve variação de captação. Notamos que na fase pré a sensibilidade à insulina correlacionou-se diretamente com a massa magra (r=0,80; p=0,002) e inversamente com a idade (r=-0,71; p=0,10). Não houve diferença das adipocitocinas: leptina (p=0,739) e adiponectina (p=0,940) quando comparadas as fases antes e depois da dermolipectomia. Concluímos que a sensibilidade à insulina, aferida pelo clamp não se altera com a dermolipectomia abdominal, em mulheres ex-obesas mórbidas, embora ainda com sobrepeso ou obesidade e metabolicamente normais. A sensibilidade à insulina aumenta com a massa magra e diminui com a idade, após a dermolipectomia, nesta população estudada. / Obesity induces insulin resistance, which is one of the steps to type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. In this scenario, the role of visceral adipose tissue is undoubted, but the same is not true for subcutaneous adipose tissue, especially in abdominal region. This confirms the importance of analysis of composition and distribution of adipose tissue in the whole body to define metabolic risk. If the role of adipose subcutaneous tissue is debatable, even more is the abdominal dermolipectomy impact on insulin sensitivity, measured by clamp. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of abdominal dermolipectomy on insulin sensitivity and adipocytokines (adiponectin and leptin). We evaluated 17 female patients, age range 22-51 years, obese or overweight. All patients were ex-morbid obese and had performed Roux en Y gastric bypass surgery, at least one year before the baseline, with lost of at least 30% of their initial body weight, with stable weight (but still with huge amount of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue). From these, 12 concluded the study, performing the clamp at the beginning of the protocol and three months after the plastic surgery. Clamp lasted three hours, with glucose and insulin samples drawn each ten minutes. Regular insulin infusion dose was 1 mU/kg/min to raise and sustain insulinaemia. At baseline from each test, samples were draw for biochemistry, hormones and adipocytokines. Glucose uptake (M-value) was calculated in mg of glucose, per kg of body weight per minute, considering the last thirty minutes. HOMA-IR was also calculated. Before underwent the first clamp, patients performed DEXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), all in the same equipment (Hologic), what enabled correlation of insulin sensitivity and fat free mass (FFM) in the first phase. Considering for statistical purposes the 12 patients, there was significant weight variation; from 84 kg to 81,8 kg (p=0,015) and also BMI variation from 31,1 x 30,3 kg/m2 (p=0,017). There was no FFM variation: 46,4 x 44,7 kg (p=0,119) neither glucose uptake (p=0,742). Even not of HOMA-IR (p=0,722) as expected, since there was not glucose uptake variation. In the first phase, insulin sensitivity was directly correlated with FFM (r=0,80; p=0,002) and inversely with age (r= - 0,71; p=0,10). There were no differences on adipocytokines: leptin (p=0,739) and adiponectin (p=0,940) before and after dermolipectomy. We conclude insulin sensitivity measured by clamp, was not modified by abdominal dermolipectomy in ex-morbid obese women, but still overwight or obese and metabolically healthy. Insulin sensitivity raises with FFM and lowers with age, after dermolipectomy, in this population.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-08-05T13:04:39Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Final_versão_biblioteca (2).pdf: 8187833 bytes, checksum: e76d125aa3b04c57265a2a3a15aca042 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-05T13:04:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese_Final_versão_biblioteca (2).pdf: 8187833 bytes, checksum: e76d125aa3b04c57265a2a3a15aca042 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-24 / Introdução: Os tecidos adiposos subcutâneo (TAS) e, sobretudo, o visceral (TAV), quando em excesso, predizem riscos cardiometabólicos. Os métodos de quantificação do TAV e do TAS têm uso limitado na prática clínica sendo necessário identificar um marcador de alta validade para estimar a adiposidade visceral, que seja simples e de baixo custo. A circunferência abdominal (CA) é uma medida comumente empregada como proxy do TAV. No entanto, existe uma grande variação de protocolos para sua obtenção, comprometendo seu uso e comparação de resultados. Objetivos: Estimar a concentração de TAV e TAS e os fatores associados; estimar o grau de variabilidade da CA em diferentes sítios anatômicos e comparar a performance dos locais de medição como preditores de TAV, TAS e anormalidades cardiometabólicas; desenvolver um modelo preditivo para estimar o volume de TAV, a partir de idade e parâmetros antropométricos factíveis de serem utilizados na prática clínica; avaliar o efeito da perda de peso no TAV e TAS, e os efeitos da redução do TAV no perfil cardiometabólico. Métodos: Foram desenvolvidos dois delineamentos: um corte transversal para avaliar os fatores associados à concentração de TAV e TAS e aspectos metodológicos na estimativa do TAV; e uma intervenção clínica para verificar o efeito da restrição calórica no TAV, após um período de 3 meses, envolvendo adultos com excesso de peso, atendidos em hospital no Nordeste brasileiro. O TAV e TAS foram quantificados por tomografia computadorizada. A CA foi avaliada em seis sítios de medição. Outros parâmetros antropométricos avaliados foram: Índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC), Razão Cintura Quadril, Razão Cintura-Estatura, Diâmetro Sagital, Índice Sagital, Índice de Conicidade, Circunferência do Pescoço, Razão Pescoço-Coxa, Razão Cintura-Coxa e Índice de Adiposidade Corporal. Resultados: O estudo transversal envolveu 109 pacientes (50,3±12,2anos). Os homens apresentaram maior concentração de TAV. Presença de hipertensão arterial (HA), maior IMC e menor consumo de alimentos protetores associaram-se à maior concentração de TAV em homens (R²ajustado=46,4%); maior idade, presença de HA, maior IMC e consumo de álcool foram associadas ao TAV em mulheres (R2ajustado=17,6%). Houve maior variabilidade nos valores de CA no sexo feminino. A cintura mínima apresentou maior correlação com o TAV (r=0,70) em homens. Entre as mulheres, as medidas da CA apresentaram maior correlação com o TAS. A equação preditiva para os homens apresentou maior poder preditivo (64,1%), que o modelo desenvolvido para as mulheres (40,4%). Dos 51 pacientes submetidos à intervenção dietética, houve uma redução ponderal de 5,8(±6,2)% nos homens, com redução de 11,2(±7,9)% de TAV; 6,8(±11,2)% de TAS e 54,9% nos triglicérides. Entre as mulheres, a redução de 4,1(±2,5)% do peso inicial, resultou em uma diminuição de 11,1(±8,8)% de TAV; 5,6(±7,4)% de TAS, 12,2% no colesterol e 31,4% nos triglicérides. Conclusão: Múltiplos fatores determinam o volume de TAV e TAS em homens e mulheres. Maior variabilidade entre os sítios de medição de CA foi observada no sexo feminino. Nos homens, a cintura mínima apresentou melhor poder preditivo do TAV. Uma perda ponderal de aproximadamente 5% promoveu uma mobilização substancial de TAV e TAS, com potenciais benefícios cardiometabólicos. / Introduction: When in excess, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and, remarkably, visceral adipose tissue (VAT) predict cardiometabolic risks. Quantification methods of SAT, and VAT have limited use in clinical practice, and the identification of a simple, low cost, high value marker, to estimate visceral fat, is nedeed. Abdominal cirumference (AC) is a common method used as VAT‟s proxy. However, there‟s a great protocol variation for its execution, wich jeorpadizes its use, and the results‟ comparison. Objectives: To estimate concentration of VAT and SAT , and associated factors; to estimate variability of AC in different anatomical regions, and compare measurament sites performance as predictors of SAT, VAT, and cardiometabolic anormalities; to develop a predective model to estimate volume of VAT from athropometric criteria easily applied in clinical practice; to evaluate weight loss effect on VAT, and SAT, and also VAT reduction effects on cardiometabolic profile. Method: Two designs were developed: a cross-sectional study to analyse associated factors to SAT and VAT concentration, and methodological aspects of VAT valuation; a clinical intervention to verify the result of calorie restriction on VAT after 3 months, involving overweight adults assisted in a northeastern Brazilian hospital. VAT and SAT were quantified by computerized tomography. AC was measured in six different sites. Other anthropometric parameters evaluated were: Body Mass Index (BMI), Waist-Hip Ratio, Waist-Height Ratio, Sagittal Diameter, Sagittal Index, Conicity Index, Neck Circumference, Neck-Thigh Ratio, Waist-Thigh Ratio, Body Adiposity Index. Results: The transversal study involved 109 patients (50,3±12,2years). Higher concentration of VAT was found in males. Arterial Hypertension (AH), higher BMI , and lower ingestion of protective food were associated with higher concentration of VAT in men (R²adjusted=46.4%); older age, AH, higher BMI e alcohol consumption were associated to VAT in women (R2adjusted=17.6%). Greater variability on AC values was found in females. Minimal waist size showed greater correlation with VAT (r=0,70) in males. Among women, AC measures demonstrated greater correlation with SAT. Predictive equation for men exposed higher predictive power (64.1%) than the model developed for women (40.4%). There was a weight loss of 5.8(±6.2)% in males from the 51 patientes submitted to intervention on diet, a reduction of VAT of 11.2(±7.9)%; 6.8(±11.2)% of SAT, and 54.9% of triglycerides. Among females, reduction of 4.1(±2.5)% from the initial weight resulted in a decrease of 11.1(±8.8)% of VAT; 5.6(±7.4)% of SAT, 12.2% of choleterol, and 31,4% of triglycerides. Conclusion: Multiple factors determine volume of VAT and SAT in men and women. Greater variability of measurement sites were observed in females. Among men, minimal waist determined better predictive power of VAT. A 5% loss of weight promoted a significant mobilization of SAT and VAT, with potential cardiometabolic benefits.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da imunocastração e de diferentes beta-agonistas (BAA) sobre características de carcaça e rendimento dos cortes comerciais, de animais machos da raça Nelore, terminados em confinamento. Foram avaliados 96 bovinos, divididos em dois grupos, imunocastrados e não-castrados. Após 70 dias de confinamento, os animais foram divididos em três grupos e alimentados com uma das seguintes dietas: CON - dieta padrão, sem a adição de BAA; ZIL - dieta padrão acrescida Cloridrato de Zilpaterol (80 mg/animal/dia) e RAC - dieta padrão acrescida Cloridrato de Ractopamina (300 mg/animal/dia). Após 24 horas de resfriamento, foram obtidos o peso da carcaça fria (PCF) e rendimento de carcaça fria (RCF), além das perdas por refrigeração (PR). Em seguida foram obtidos os pesos e as percentagens do dianteiro, traseiro pistola e ponta de agulha de cada um dos cortes individuais e do total da porção comestível. Não houve interação entre a condição sexual e os tratamentos. Não houve efeito da condição sexual e de BAA sobre o PCF, PR e EGS, entretanto, animais do tratamento ZIL apresentaram maior RCF em comparação ao CON e RAC, que não diferiram entre si. Animais não castrados apresentaram maior peso dos cortes primários e dos cortes individuais. Com relação aos BAA, os maiores pesos e percentagens de cortes primários e individuais foram observados para o tratamento ZIL em comparação ao CON. O tratamento RAC apresentou valores intermediários em relação aos demais. Os BAA aumentam o peso e a percentagem dos cortes das carcaças em relação a animais sem BAA. / This research aimed to evaluate the effects of different immunocastration and beta-agonists on carcass traits of male Nellore, finished in feedlot. Evaluated 96 cattle and divided in two groups, non-castrated e immunocastrated. After 70 days of feedlot, the animals were divided into three groups and fed one of the following diets: STD - standard diet used, without addiction of BAA; ZIL - standard diet plus zilpaterol hydrochloride (80 mg/animal/day) e RAC - standard diet plus ractopamine hydrochloride (300 mg/animal/day). After 48 hours of cooling, the cold carcass weight (CCW) and cold dressing percentage (CDP) were obtained, in addition to cooling losses (CL) and subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Then the weights and percentages of the forequarter, hindquarter and side cut of each of the individual sections and the total edible portion were obtained. There was no interaction between sex condition and treatments. No effect of sex condition and BAA about the CCW, CL and SFT, however, the animals of ZIL treatment showed higher CDP compared to STD and RAC, which did not differ. Uncastrated animals showed greater weight of primal cuts and individual cuts. With respect to the BAA, the higher weight percentages of primary and individual sections were observed for treatment ZIL compared to CON. The RAC treatment showed intermediate values in relation to others. The BAA increases the weight and the proportion of the carcass cuts compared to animals without BAA.