Examination of variation at polymorphic microsatellite loci is a widely accepted method for determining parentage and examining genetic diversity within rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) breeding programs. Genotyping costs are considerable; therefore, we developed a single-step method of co-amplifying twelve microsatellite loci in two hexaplex reactions. The protocol is explicitly described to ensure reproducible results. I applied the protocol to samples previously analyzed at the National Center for Cool and Coldwater Aquaculture (NCCCWA) with previously reported marker sets for a comparison of results. Each marker within the multiplex system was evaluated for duplication, null alleles, physical linkage, and probability of genotyping errors. Data from four of the 12 markers were excluded from parental analysis based on these criteria. Parental assignments were compared to those of a previous study that used five independently amplified microsatellites. Percentages of progeny assigned to parents were higher using the subset of eight markers from the multiplex system than with five markers used in the previous study (98% vs. 92%). Through multiplexing, use of additional markers improved parental allocation while also improving efficiency by reducing the number of PCR reactions and genotyping runs required. I evaluated the methods further through estimation of F-statistics, pairwise genetic distances, and cluster analysis among brood-years at the NCCCWA facility. These estimates were compared to those from nine independently amplified microsatellites used in a previous study. Fst metrics calculated between brood-years showed similar values of genetic differentiation using both marker sets. Estimates of individual pairwise genetic distances were used for constructing neighbor-joining trees. Both marker-sets yielded trees that showed similar subpopulation structuring and agreed with results from a model-based cluster analysis and available pedigree information. These approaches for detecting population substructure and admixture portions within individuals are particularly useful for new breeding programs where the founders' relatedness is unknown. The 2005 NCCCWA brood-year (75 full-sib families) was challenged with Flavobacterium psychrophilum, the causative agent of bacterial coldwater disease (BCWD). The overall mortality rate was 70%, with large variation among families. Resistance to the disease was assessed by monitoring post-challenge days-to-death. Phenotypic variation and additive genetic variation were estimated using mixed models of survival analysis. The microsatellite markers used were previously isolated from BAC clones that harbor genes of interest and mapped onto the rainbow trout genetic linkage map. A general relationship between UBA gene sequence types and MH-IA-linked microsatellite alleles indicated that microsatellites mapped near or within specific major histocompatibility (MH) loci reliably mark sequence variation at MH genes. The parents and grandparents of the 2005 brood-year families were genotyped with markers linked to the four MH genomic regions (MH-IA, MH-IB, TAP1, and MH-II) to assess linkage disequilibrium (LD) between those genomic regions and resistance to BCWD. Family analysis suggested that MH-IB and MH-II markers are linked to BCWD survivability. Tests for disease association at the population level substantiated the involvement of MH-IB with disease resistance. The impact of MH sequence variation on selective breeding for disease resistance is discussed in the context of aquaculture production. / Master of Science

Adaptation to chronic hypoxia induces endogenous cardioprotection and increases the heart resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury. The heart mitochondria, which produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) in addition to ATP, play an important role in these processes. During ischemia/reperfusion, ROS are produced in excessive amounts and damage the cells. However, in lower concentrations, ROS are involved in the signalling pathway of cardioprotection induced by adaptation to chronic hypoxia. In the heart, two mitochondrial subpopulations have been observed, subsarcolemmal mitochondria (SSM) and intermyofibrillar mitochondria (IMFM), which differ in cell localization as well as in morphological and biochemical properties. The aim of this work was to introduce the method of SSM and IMFM isolation in our laboratory and to analyse their antioxidative capacity after adaptation to chronic hypoxia. Adult male Wistar rats were kept either under normoxic conditions or exposed to intermittent high-altitude hypoxia (IHA; 7000 m, 5 days a week/8 hours a day, totally 25 exposures). Mitochondrial subpopulations were isolated from heart left ventricle and their functionality was verified by measuring oxygen consumption and enzyme activities. The IMFM had higher oxygen consumption in comparison with SSM and activities...

Dendritische Zellen (DCs) sind befähigt, als potenteste Antigen-präsentierende Zelle anti¬genspezifische Immunantworten zu initiieren und zu regulieren. Mittels in vivo Antigen¬beladung von spezifischen DC-Subpopulationen mit rekombinanten Antigen-gekoppelten Antikörpern gegen C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren konnte im Mausmodell erfolgreich adaptive zelluläre und humorale Immunantworten hervorgerufen werden. Im Menschen kann dieser Ansatz therapeutisch noch nicht zum Einsatz kommen, da DC-Subpopulationen im humanen Gewebe momentan nicht ausreichend charakterisiert sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden humane Gewebe auf das Vorhandensein der im peripheren Blut beschriebenen DC-Subpopulationen (mDC-1 DCs: CD11c+BDCA1+, mDC-2 DCs: CD11clowBDCA3+ und pDCs: CD11c-CD123+BDCA2+) und die Expression von C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (DC-SIGN, MMR, Langerin, DCIR und DEC205) mittels Immun¬fluoreszenz untersucht. Anhand der vorge¬gebenen Marker im peripheren Blut konnten alle drei DC-Subpopulationen in der Milz, Thymus und Tonsillen detektiert werden. Zusätzlich konnte hier erstmalig eine vierte CD11c-CD123-BDCA2+ pDC-2 DC-Subpopulation in der Milz beschrieben werden, deren Funktion derzeit noch näher untersucht wird. Im Thymus konnte CD26 nach FACS-Analysen von Gordon Heidkamp als spezifischer Marker für mDC-2 DCs identifiziert und dies in der vorliegenden Arbeit auch durch Immun¬fluores¬zenzaufnahmen von Gewebeschnitten verifi¬ziert werden. CD26 stellt damit erstmalig einen Marker dar, der erfolgreich als alternativer Marker für BDCA3, welcher unspezifisch an Thrombomodulin bindet, zur Identifikation von mDC-2 DCs in der Immunfluoreszenz von Thymusproben eingesetzt werden könnte. Die getesteten Anti¬körper XCR-1 (monoklonal) und Clec9a (polyklonal) hingegen erschienen in der Immun¬fluoreszenz sowie in FACS-Analysen (Gordon Heidkamp) nicht geeignet. Weiterhin wurde die Expression ausgewählter C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (MMR, Langerin, DCIR, DC-SIGN und DEC205) im vorhandenen Gewebe näher betrachtet. Nach Auswertung der Immun¬fluoreszenzen konnte eine weit verbreitete Expression der untersuchten C-Typ-Lektin¬rezeptoren in humaner Milz und Thymus gefunden werden. Einzig hDCIR war auf vereinzelten Zellen exprimiert, und Langerin im Thymus nicht detektierbar. Um nicht verfügbare monoklonale Antikörper gegen C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren zu produzieren und später Antigene an diese koppeln zu können, sollten lösliche Proteine einiger C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (humanes und murines Clec9a, Dectin-1 und -2, Langerin) produziert werden. Dabei gelang es bereits, lösliche Proteine der C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren von humanem und murinem Dectin-1 zu generieren und diese zur weiteren Antikör¬per¬produktion einzusetzen.

Dendritische Zellen (DCs) sind befähigt, als potenteste Antigen-präsentierende Zelle anti¬genspezifische Immunantworten zu initiieren und zu regulieren. Mittels in vivo Antigen¬beladung von spezifischen DC-Subpopulationen mit rekombinanten Antigen-gekoppelten Antikörpern gegen C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren konnte im Mausmodell erfolgreich adaptive zelluläre und humorale Immunantworten hervorgerufen werden. Im Menschen kann dieser Ansatz therapeutisch noch nicht zum Einsatz kommen, da DC-Subpopulationen im humanen Gewebe momentan nicht ausreichend charakterisiert sind. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden humane Gewebe auf das Vorhandensein der im peripheren Blut beschriebenen DC-Subpopulationen (mDC-1 DCs: CD11c+BDCA1+, mDC-2 DCs: CD11clowBDCA3+ und pDCs: CD11c-CD123+BDCA2+) und die Expression von C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (DC-SIGN, MMR, Langerin, DCIR und DEC205) mittels Immun¬fluoreszenz untersucht. Anhand der vorge¬gebenen Marker im peripheren Blut konnten alle drei DC-Subpopulationen in der Milz, Thymus und Tonsillen detektiert werden. Zusätzlich konnte hier erstmalig eine vierte CD11c-CD123-BDCA2+ pDC-2 DC-Subpopulation in der Milz beschrieben werden, deren Funktion derzeit noch näher untersucht wird. Im Thymus konnte CD26 nach FACS-Analysen von Gordon Heidkamp als spezifischer Marker für mDC-2 DCs identifiziert und dies in der vorliegenden Arbeit auch durch Immun¬fluores¬zenzaufnahmen von Gewebeschnitten verifi¬ziert werden. CD26 stellt damit erstmalig einen Marker dar, der erfolgreich als alternativer Marker für BDCA3, welcher unspezifisch an Thrombomodulin bindet, zur Identifikation von mDC-2 DCs in der Immunfluoreszenz von Thymusproben eingesetzt werden könnte. Die getesteten Anti¬körper XCR-1 (monoklonal) und Clec9a (polyklonal) hingegen erschienen in der Immun¬fluoreszenz sowie in FACS-Analysen (Gordon Heidkamp) nicht geeignet. Weiterhin wurde die Expression ausgewählter C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (MMR, Langerin, DCIR, DC-SIGN und DEC205) im vorhandenen Gewebe näher betrachtet. Nach Auswertung der Immun¬fluoreszenzen konnte eine weit verbreitete Expression der untersuchten C-Typ-Lektin¬rezeptoren in humaner Milz und Thymus gefunden werden. Einzig hDCIR war auf vereinzelten Zellen exprimiert, und Langerin im Thymus nicht detektierbar. Um nicht verfügbare monoklonale Antikörper gegen C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren zu produzieren und später Antigene an diese koppeln zu können, sollten lösliche Proteine einiger C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren (humanes und murines Clec9a, Dectin-1 und -2, Langerin) produziert werden. Dabei gelang es bereits, lösliche Proteine der C-Typ-Lektinrezeptoren von humanem und murinem Dectin-1 zu generieren und diese zur weiteren Antikör¬per¬produktion einzusetzen.

La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA. Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV. / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the major causes of economic losses in the chicken industry. Vaccination is the main tool against the disease, and the susceptible birds should be vaccinated as soon as the maternal antibody (MA) becomes low enough to allow the vaccine to break through. Estimation of vaccination time is currently performed by Deventer formula which uses initial anti-IBDV titer and antibody half-life to predict the titer. Considering the increased growth rate of chicken in the last decades and the wide variations of MA, we have examined the effects of chick’s weight gain on MA decline and the use of weight in predicting IBD vaccination time. The virus neutralization test and ELISA results demonstrated that fast-growing birds had a faster rate of antibody decline whereas slow-growing birds demonstrated a slower rate. Based on the effect of weight-gain on maternal antibody decline, a new formula for predicting IBD vaccination time was introduced and tested. The predicted IBD vaccination time made by this weight formula showed higher correlation with the measured ELISA titers in the experiment. Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is another cause of immunosuppression in chicken which is characterized by increased pathogenicity of secondary infectious agents, sub-optimal antibody responses and mortality. CIAV subclinical infections can result in immunosuppression and enhancement of pathogenicity of co-infecting agents such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effects of pathogenic CIAV and IBDV coinfection on chick’s health and immune responses are investigated in different studies. In this study, newly hatched specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chicks were vaccinated with CAV-VAC® (Intervet) vaccine and /or inoculated with a low-virulent Québec isolate of IBDV at 14 days post CIAV vaccination. Inoculation of the CIAV vaccinal strain at hatch resulted in subclinical infection associated with viral persistency in spleen and thymus, alteration of thymopoiesis and transient humoral response in SPF chicks. Subclinical infection, viral persistency and lack of antibody responses were also shown in CIAV inoculated commercial chicks with high MA. Infection of the low-virulent IBDV in the CIAV vaccinated SPF chicks lead to extended viral persistence of CIAV in lymphoid organs, transient immune responses to both CIAV and IBDV, and alteration of lymphocytes subpopulation in the lymphoid organs. In the coinfected commercial chicks, presence the CIAV in the lymphoid organs was controlled by MA in the first 1-2 weeks after hatch. Thereafter, the immune disorders, viral persistence and lack of humoral responses almost similar to the coinfected SPF chicks were recorded.

Thesis summary The process of B cell lymphogenesis in swine remains uncertain. Some reports indicate that pigs belong to a group of animal that use ileal Peyers's patches (IPP) for the generation of B cells while others point to the possibility that the bone marrow is functional throughout life. The functional subpopulations of B cells in swine are also unknown. Together with other ruminants, and also birds, γδ T cells in swine may account for >70% of all T cells which is in apparent contrast with humans and mice. The purpose of this thesis was to address these discrepancies and unresolved issues. The results disprove the existing paradigm that the IPP is primary lymphoid tissue and that B cells develop in IPP in an antigen-independent manner. On the other hand, it shows that bone marrow is fully capable of B cell lymphogenesis and remains active at least for the same period of time as it had been speculated for the IPP. This thesis also identified functionally different subsets of porcine peripheral B cells, and shows that CD21 molecules can be expressed in differential forms. Finally, this thesis identifies two lineages of γδ T cells that differ in many functional and phenotype features. This finding may explain why γδ T cells constitute of minority of lymphocytes in circulation of humans and mice.

La bursite infectieuse aviaire (IBD) est une des causes majeures de pertes économiques pour l’industrie aviaire. La vaccination est le principal outil de contrôle de cette maladie et les oiseaux susceptibles doivent être vaccinés aussitôt que le niveau des anticorps maternels (MA) anti-IBDV est suffisamment bas. L’estimation du moment de vaccination est habituellement déterminée par la formule de Deventer qui utilise le titre initial de MA anti-IBDV et la demi-vie des anticorps pour prédire l’évolution du titre. Dans la présente étude, l’effet du gain de poids sur la vitesse de disparition des MA a été étudié dans le but de l’utiliser pour prédire la détermination du moment de la vaccination. L’analyse des taux d’anticorps neutralisants par ELISA a montré que les poussins avec une forte croissance avaient un taux de disparition plus rapide des MA que ceux à faible croissance. Une formule pour la prédiction du moment de vaccination contre le IBDV, basée sur le gain de poids et le niveau des MA a été développée et vérifiée. La prédiction du moment de vaccination avec cette formule a montré une haute corrélation avec les titres de MA mesurés par ELISA. Le virus de l’anémie infectieuse aviaire (CIAV) est une cause importante d’immunosuppression chez le poulet augmentant la pathogénicité des infections secondaires et en entraînant une réponse humorale suboptimale et une forte mortalité. D’autre part, l’infections sub-clinique du au CIAV provoque une immunosuppression qui facilite la coinfection par d’autre virus tel que le IBDV. Les effets de la coinfection à J1 avec une souche vaccinale de CIAV CAV-VAC® (Intervet) et à J14 avec une souche faiblement virulente de IBDV isolée au Québec, sur l’état de santé des poussins, sur la persistance virale et sur la réponse immunitaire ont été étudiés autant chez des poussins de 1 jour d’âge exempts d’agents pathogènes specifique (SPF) que ceux provenant d’élevages commerciaux. Les résultats ont montré que l’inoculation de la souche vaccinale du CIAV a entraîné une infection sub-clinique, une persistance virale dans la rate et le thymus, une altération de la thymopoièse et une réponse humorale temporaire chez les poussins SPF. Ces effets ont aussi été mis en évidence chez des poussins d’élevage commerciaux malgré des taux élevés de MA. Lors de l’infection avec la souche de IBDV chez des poussins déjà vaccinés contre le CIAV, la persistance du CIAV dans les organes lymphoïdes a été aggravée par une présence de réponses humorales temporaires contre les deux virus et une altération des populations lymphocytaires dans les organes lymphoïdes. Par contre, la présence des MA contre le CIAV a limité temporairement ces effets. Ces travaux ont mis en évidence des désordres immunitaires cellulaires et humoraux et une persistance virale chez des poussins vaccinés contre le CIAV et co-infectés avec le IBDV. / Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the major causes of economic losses in the chicken industry. Vaccination is the main tool against the disease, and the susceptible birds should be vaccinated as soon as the maternal antibody (MA) becomes low enough to allow the vaccine to break through. Estimation of vaccination time is currently performed by Deventer formula which uses initial anti-IBDV titer and antibody half-life to predict the titer. Considering the increased growth rate of chicken in the last decades and the wide variations of MA, we have examined the effects of chick’s weight gain on MA decline and the use of weight in predicting IBD vaccination time. The virus neutralization test and ELISA results demonstrated that fast-growing birds had a faster rate of antibody decline whereas slow-growing birds demonstrated a slower rate. Based on the effect of weight-gain on maternal antibody decline, a new formula for predicting IBD vaccination time was introduced and tested. The predicted IBD vaccination time made by this weight formula showed higher correlation with the measured ELISA titers in the experiment. Chicken infectious anemia virus (CIAV) is another cause of immunosuppression in chicken which is characterized by increased pathogenicity of secondary infectious agents, sub-optimal antibody responses and mortality. CIAV subclinical infections can result in immunosuppression and enhancement of pathogenicity of co-infecting agents such as infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV). Effects of pathogenic CIAV and IBDV coinfection on chick’s health and immune responses are investigated in different studies. In this study, newly hatched specific pathogen free (SPF) and commercial chicks were vaccinated with CAV-VAC® (Intervet) vaccine and /or inoculated with a low-virulent Québec isolate of IBDV at 14 days post CIAV vaccination. Inoculation of the CIAV vaccinal strain at hatch resulted in subclinical infection associated with viral persistency in spleen and thymus, alteration of thymopoiesis and transient humoral response in SPF chicks. Subclinical infection, viral persistency and lack of antibody responses were also shown in CIAV inoculated commercial chicks with high MA. Infection of the low-virulent IBDV in the CIAV vaccinated SPF chicks lead to extended viral persistence of CIAV in lymphoid organs, transient immune responses to both CIAV and IBDV, and alteration of lymphocytes subpopulation in the lymphoid organs. In the coinfected commercial chicks, presence the CIAV in the lymphoid organs was controlled by MA in the first 1-2 weeks after hatch. Thereafter, the immune disorders, viral persistence and lack of humoral responses almost similar to the coinfected SPF chicks were recorded.

No description available.

<p>  </p> <p>Inhalation is a primary route of environmental and occupational exposures. Inhalation toxicology studies have thoroughly demonstrated the efficacy and adverse effects of a large number of chemicals, metals, pharmaceuticals, and agrochemicals. With the rapid development of new technologies and emergence of prominent subpopulations, some emerging exposure issues have arisen. To better protect public health, it is necessary to address these numerous emerging issues related to inhalation toxicology including 1) exposures to complex and unknown chemical emissions generated as we resolve infrastructure needs, 2) real-world exposure scenarios such as nanoparticle (NP) mixtures that may induce unique toxicity, and 3) variations in toxicity responses that occur in vulnerable and prevalent subpopulations following exposures. We designed three aims 1) to characterize differential representative composite manufacturing emissions (CMEs) and toxicity assessment of inhalation exposure to CMEs, 2) to examine the contribution of variable iron and manganese NP components in welding fumes to pulmonary toxicity, and 3) to evaluate metabolic syndrome (MetS)-induced variations in NP-Biocorona (NP-BC) composition following inhalation and modulation of pulmonary toxicity. Overall, this proposal aimed to characterize the emerging and complex exposures occurring in the real world and elucidate the mechanisms of differential pulmonary toxicity and susceptibility associated with CMEs, different metal NP components in welding fumes, and underlying diseases such as MetS. The conclusions from this project can help to improve the application of water infrastructure repairing technology and the utilization of welding and understand the mechanism of susceptibility to NP exposure among individuals with underlying diseases. Furthermore, the findings from these evaluations have supported and improved worldwide regulation, which promotes a safer utilization of novel materials, newly developed medicines, and complex chemicals.</p>