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一般優惠房貸公平性之影響分析陳祥銘, Chen, Hsiang-Ming Unknown Date (has links)
一般優惠房貸是政府提供購屋家戶進入房市購屋之貸款利息補助;然而,這項全面性的補貼措施究竟補貼到哪些購屋者?此問題將牽涉到該補貼措施是否公平。是以,本文試圖從申貸人及其所購產品之屬性探討該措施之公平性,透過二項羅吉特模型(Binomial Logistic Model)探究「什麼樣的購屋者,購買了什麼樣的房屋,會選擇申貸使用政府優惠房貸?」;另一方面,購屋者在具有其他政策性房貸申貸資格的情況下,「何種特質的特殊身份補貼購屋者會選擇搭配一般政府優惠房貸?」,本研究希望藉由上述兩項問題之討論,企圖了解優惠房貸政策對於個體家戶之影響,在補貼公平層面中究竟是扮演著「雪中送炭」或是「錦上添花」的角色。
研究結果發現,一般優惠房貸之提供在住宅補貼公平面成效上之效果是弊多於利。首先在補貼對象上,購屋目的為自住之購屋者,其選擇使用政府優惠房貸的發生比較非自住目的購屋者高出約2倍;而首購購屋者選擇使用政府優惠房貸之發生比較非首購購屋者多出了54%。這代表一般優惠房貸的提供讓首購自住購屋者有相對較高的機率使用政府優惠房貸達成購屋目標,在補貼對象上相對達到了部分效果;然而,由於政府過度利用貸款補貼方式刺激房市以達景氣復甦之效果,以及貸款利息補貼制度設計上的盲點(包括申貸資格之缺乏限制與多種補貼措施並行等),高所得貸款購屋者傾向選擇使用政府優惠房貸之發生比較低所得購屋者高出約3.23倍,因而造成這些購屋者得以接受雙重補貼;此外,當購屋者購買品質越好之住宅,其使用一般政府優惠房貸的機率也越大,上述結果皆表示這項補貼措施並不能排除高所得購屋者獲得政府優惠房貸補貼,也因而造成政府優惠房貸在補貼公平性之負面作用。是故,在未來的補貼政策中,除應繼續整合現行住宅貸款利息補貼措施外,並應試圖建立一套更嚴謹的申貸資格審查標準,以確保政府所提供之住宅補貼能夠對最需要的民眾有所幫助。
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Subsídios à agricultura no comércio internacional: teoria, regulação e práticaBruno, Flávio Marcelo Rodrigues 24 September 2010 (has links)
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Previous issue date: 2010-09-24 / Nenhuma / O presente estudo analisou a prática de subsídios à agricultura no comércio internacional, sendo concebido nos alicerces da interdisciplinaridade do movimento de Law and Economics. Estruturado a partir de estudos bibliográficos e levantamentos estatísticos sobre o cenário comercial internacional, tem como principal objetivo dimensionar a prática dos subsídios enquanto instrumento econômico fundamentalmente estratégico para o setor agrícola, especialmente para os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia. A doutrina econômica afirma que o derradeiro impacto dos subsídios é provocar distorções no comércio internacional e assegura que na prática isso tem se demonstrado. Este estudo dimensiona essas afirmações, buscando compreender como a doutrina chegou a essa conclusão e por quais motivos esses efeitos são sentidos na prática do comércio internacional. Uma completa proibição dos subsídios não é desejável porque sua prática, em essência, constitui uma alternativa à busca do bem-estar social da nação. Contudo, a utilização dos subsídios, na forma como vêm sendo praticados, em especial os concedidos à agricultura, constituem-se em intervenções de cunho protecionista que provocam distorções no comércio internacional. Pode-se identificar os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia como as nações que mais se utilizam de subsídios no comércio internacional, haja vista a quantidade de casos registrados na OMC que envolvem as duas nações como parte demandada, em matéria de direitos compensatórios à prática de subsídios. Demonstrou-se que os níveis de subsídios concedidos ao setor agrícola continuam em um patamar elevado, fator que tem gerado preocupações sobre a eficiência das regras internacionais que visam regular sua prática. Foi possível identificar que houve um aumento considerável das disputas comerciais em matéria de direitos compensatórios em relação ao total de disputas comerciais que envolvem o setor agrícola. Demonstrou-se que os Estados Unidos e a União Europeia são as economias que mais se utilizam deste instrumento de política comercial para intervirem no comércio internacional, examinando-se dois casos mais notórios para estas duas economias que foram submetidos à OMC, e que envolvem a concessão de subsídios na atuação destas nações no comércio agrícola internacional. / This study examined the practice of agricultural subsidies in international trade, being conceived on the foundations of the movement of the interdisciplinary Law and Economics. Designed based on bibliographical studies and statistics on international trade scenario, the main objective scale the practice of subsidies as a tool primarily economic strategy for the agricultural sector, especially to the United States and the European Union. The doctrine states that the ultimate economic impact of subsidies is causing distortions in international trade and ensures that in practice it has proved. This study dimensions such statements, trying to understand how the doctrine came to this conclusion and for what reasons these effects are felt in the practice of international trade. A complete ban on subsidies is not desirable because its practice, in essence, is an alternative to seeking the welfare of the nation. However, the use of subsidies, how they are being charged, especially those given to agriculture, are formed in nature protectionist interventions that distort international trade. One can identify the United States and European Union nations as they use most of subsidies in international trade, given the amount of registered cases in the WTO involving the two nations as the defendant in respect of countervailing duties to the practice of subsidizing. It was demonstrated that the levels of subsidies to the agricultural sector remain at a high level, a factor that has raised concerns about the effectiveness of international rules aimed at regulating their practice. It was identified that there was a considerable increase of trade disputes relating to countervailing duties in relation to total trade disputes involving agricultural sector. It was demonstrated that the United States and the European Union economies they use most of this trade policy instrument to intervene in international trade, examining two most notorious cases for these two economies that have been submitted to the WTO, which involve the granting subsidies in the performance of these nations in international agricultural trade.
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Distressed subsidized housing : effects, preventions and solutions.Seeto, Warren Quin January 1976 (has links)
Thesis. 1976. M.C.P.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Rotch. / Bibliography: leaves 148-149. / M.C.P.
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Issues on agricultural subsidies in WTO and their impact on ChinaSong, Xue Ping January 2008 (has links)
University of Macau / Faculty of Law
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An evalutation of the housing subsidy policy in Hong KongLeung, Ching-wah, Sandra., 梁靜華. January 1993 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration
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A critical review of the public housing subsidy policy in Hong KongPoon, Kin-leung., 潘建良. January 1996 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management
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A study of the policy on subsidies for public housing tenantsNg, Chin-ming, Stephen., 伍展明. January 1987 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences
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Evaluation of policy on subsidized housing in Hong KongHo, Sze-man., 何思敏. January 2003 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management
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An evaluation of government subvention policy to the voluntary welfareorganizations in Hong KongNg, Hak-kim, Eddie., 吳克儉. January 1981 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Public Administration / Master / Master of Social Sciences
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An examination of housing subsidy policy in Hong Kong: an alternativeLui, Po-chuen., 呂保存. January 1996 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Housing Management / Master / Master of Housing Management
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