Alors que les personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus consomment des substances psychoactives (SPA), le nombre de consultations en centre de réadaptation en dépendance (CRD) au Québec se serait accentué au cours des dernières années. Deux types de trajectoires sont principalement identifiés dans les études épidémiologiques. Certains auraient une consommation de SPA persistante sur plusieurs années. Pour d’autres, la trajectoire addictive commencerait dans une période liée au vieillissement où la consommation servirait à compenser des évènements difficiles de la vie. Jusqu’à maintenant, très peu d’études portent sur la perspective des personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus quant à leur consommation de SPA et aux motifs pouvant les amener à rechercher de l’aide. Le but de cette étude est de décrire et de comprendre les trajectoires addictives en lien avec les trajectoires de recherche d’aide et d’utilisation de services selon le point de vue de personnes âgées de 65 ans et plus. Un devis qualitatif descriptif interprétatif a été utilisé. Des entrevues semi-structurées en profondeur auprès de 11 personnes âgées en suivi thérapeutique ont été réalisées dans deux régions du Québec. Une analyse de trajectoire en tenant compte de la chronologie des évènements a été croisée à une analyse thématique. Trois types de trajectoires addictives chez les personnes âgées de l’étude émergent des données. Différents éléments influencent ces trajectoires, dont les problématiques associées de santé mentale et physique ainsi que des expériences de vie et le parcours d’utilisation de services. Les trajectoires de recherche d’aide et d’utilisation de services en dépendance sont également influencées par le réseau social qui comprend les membres de l’entourage, mais également les professionnels de la santé. Ces derniers semblent être un levier important à une référence vers un traitement en dépendance. L’étude a permis de mettre en lumière la complexité du phénomène de consommation, mais également l’hétérogénéité des expériences du vieillissement pouvant influencer la consommation de SPA. Les aspects directement liés à l’expérience du vieillissement doivent être pris en considération afin de bien saisir les raisons et les éléments contextuels influençant le parcours de consommation problématique. / Abstract : The problematic use of psychoactive substances (PS; alcohol, drugs, prescription medication) is a significant phenomenon among people aged 65 and over. Moreover, in addiction treatment services of the Québec Province, the presence of elderly persons has increased. Epidemiological studies have identified two types of addiction trajectories: some elderly has a PS use that has started long time ago and has persisted for several years and for others the addiction trajectory has begun recently, in a period associated with aging to cope with stressful life events. Diverse reasons can explain this difference, but very few studies have explored the point of view of the elderly about their use of PA and their reasons for seeking-help The aim of the study is to describe and understand the addiction trajectories in relation to help-seeking and service use trajectories from the perspectives of elderly people in addiction treatment for PA. A descriptive interpretative study design was used. It was based on in-depth interviews conducted with 11 elderly people receiving addiction treatment in two regions of the Québec Province. A trajectory analysis taking into account the chronology of the events was crossed with a thematic analysis The results suggest that there are three types of addiction trajectories in the elderly of the study. These trajectories are influenced by different factors, including the associated health, mental and physical problems and life experiences and the use of services in the past. The trajectories of seeking help and using dependency services are also influenced by their social network, which includes members of the entourage, but also health professionals. These seem to be a lever to a reference to addictive treatment. The study not only shows the complexity of the drug use phenomenon among the elderly, but also how the heterogeneity of the aging experiences could influence the consumption of elderly. Certain aspects related to the aging experience such as retirement, social participation are particularly important to understand how addictions could influence the elderly.

Introdução: A precocidade da iniciação do uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) por adolescentes é uma preocupação constante, visto que pode aumentar o risco de dependência futura, além de estar associada a uma série de comportamentos de risco, como acidentes, violência sexual e participação em gangues. Neste sentido, a literatura indica que a família pode atuar como fator de risco e/ou proteção e/ou prevenção da iniciação desse uso. Entretanto, especificidades dessa interação ainda necessitam estudos, especialmente na adolescência. Objetivo: Caracterizar a relação entre o perfil de consumo de SPAs, as dimensões da coparentalidade (cooperação, conflito e triangulação) e do conflito pais-filhos em problemas emocionais e de comportamento em adolescentes. Método: Estudo explicativo, de caráter quantitativo e de corte transversal. De uma amostra de N=126 adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas com idade entre 12 e 18 anos incompletos. Utilizou-se na coleta de dados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário sócio-biodemográfico, Escala de avaliação da coesão familiar (Faces III), Escala de Conflito Pais-filho (ECPF), Escala de Coparentalidade para Pais e Adolescentes (CI-PA), Inventário de Auto Avaliação de Jovens de 11 a 18 anos (YSR, Youth Self-Report) e o ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico SPSS, considerando o nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05), através de análises descritivas e inferenciais. Resultados: Constatou-se que quase metade (49,2%) dos adolescentes pesquisados indicou já ter feito uso de álcool e 8,7% de tabaco. Constatou-se que o uso de álcool correlacionou-se a conflitos com a mãe relacionados a “sair a noite” (r=0,289; p<0,001). O uso de maconha correlacionou-se com conflito com o pai relacionado ao “uso de drogas” (r=0,582; p<0,001). Também observou-se que o uso de maconha pelo adolescente estava correlacionado a maior intensidade do conflito com pai, caracterizado por “discutir intensamente ou gritar” (r=0,538; p<0,001) e “bater ou atirar coisas um no outro” (r= 0,912; p<0,001). Os preditores mais robustos para o consumo de álcool pelos adolescentes foram as variáveis relacionadas ao pai. Observou-se que a cooperação coparental do pai foi negativa, sendo protetora para consumo de álcool. Enquanto a intensidade do conflito do adolescente com o pai e o conflito coparental do pai com a mãe revelaram-se positivos. Conclusão: Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que existe relação entre uso de SPAs e problemas familiares. Além disso, podem indicar que a família que exerce a coparentalidade com coerência tem função de proteção para problemas emocionais e de comportamentos em adolescentes, bem como do uso de SPAs. / Introduction: The early initiation of psychoactive substances (PAS) use by adolescents is a constant concern, since it increases the risk of future dependence, being also associated with several risk behaviors, such as accidents, sexual violence and gang involvement. In this sense, the literature indicates that the family can act as a protection and / or prevention factor from this early use. However, specificities of this interaction still require studies, especially in adolescence. Objective: To characterize the relationships among the consumption profile of PAS, the dimensions of coparenting (cooperation, conflict and triangulation) and parent-child conflict in psychological symptoms and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents. Method: explanatory, quantitative and cross-sectional study. From a sample of N = 126 adolescent students from public schools aged between 12 and 18 incomplete years. The following instruments were used in the data collection: Socio-biodemographic questionnaire, Family Coevaluation Scale (Faces III), Parent-Child Conflict Scale (PCCS), Coparenting Inventory for Parent and Adolescents (CI-PA), Youth Self-Report (YSR) and ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program, considering the significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). Results: It was found that almost half (49.2%) of the adolescents surveyed indicated they had already used alcohol, while 8.7% had consumed tobacco. Alcohol use was correlated with conflicts with the mother over "go out at night" (r = 0.289, p <0.001). Marijuana use correlated with father-related conflict over "drug use" (r = 0.582, p <0.001). Adolescent marijuana use was also correlated with a higher intensity of conflict with the father, characterized by "loudly arguing or yelling" (r = 0.538, p <0.001) and "hitting or throwing things at each other" (r = 0.912, p <0.001). The most robust predictors of adolescent alcohol consumption are the variables related to the father. It was observed that father's coparenting is negative, being protective for alcohol consumption. While the intensity of the adolescent's conflict with the father and the coparental conflict between father and mother are positive. Conclusion: These results altogether suggest that there is a relationship between the use of PAS and family problems. They also may indicate that the family that exercises coparenting with coherence has the function of protecting adolescents from psychological and behaviors problems, as well as from the use of PAS.

Introdução: A precocidade da iniciação do uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) por adolescentes é uma preocupação constante, visto que pode aumentar o risco de dependência futura, além de estar associada a uma série de comportamentos de risco, como acidentes, violência sexual e participação em gangues. Neste sentido, a literatura indica que a família pode atuar como fator de risco e/ou proteção e/ou prevenção da iniciação desse uso. Entretanto, especificidades dessa interação ainda necessitam estudos, especialmente na adolescência. Objetivo: Caracterizar a relação entre o perfil de consumo de SPAs, as dimensões da coparentalidade (cooperação, conflito e triangulação) e do conflito pais-filhos em problemas emocionais e de comportamento em adolescentes. Método: Estudo explicativo, de caráter quantitativo e de corte transversal. De uma amostra de N=126 adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas com idade entre 12 e 18 anos incompletos. Utilizou-se na coleta de dados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário sócio-biodemográfico, Escala de avaliação da coesão familiar (Faces III), Escala de Conflito Pais-filho (ECPF), Escala de Coparentalidade para Pais e Adolescentes (CI-PA), Inventário de Auto Avaliação de Jovens de 11 a 18 anos (YSR, Youth Self-Report) e o ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico SPSS, considerando o nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05), através de análises descritivas e inferenciais. Resultados: Constatou-se que quase metade (49,2%) dos adolescentes pesquisados indicou já ter feito uso de álcool e 8,7% de tabaco. Constatou-se que o uso de álcool correlacionou-se a conflitos com a mãe relacionados a “sair a noite” (r=0,289; p<0,001). O uso de maconha correlacionou-se com conflito com o pai relacionado ao “uso de drogas” (r=0,582; p<0,001). Também observou-se que o uso de maconha pelo adolescente estava correlacionado a maior intensidade do conflito com pai, caracterizado por “discutir intensamente ou gritar” (r=0,538; p<0,001) e “bater ou atirar coisas um no outro” (r= 0,912; p<0,001). Os preditores mais robustos para o consumo de álcool pelos adolescentes foram as variáveis relacionadas ao pai. Observou-se que a cooperação coparental do pai foi negativa, sendo protetora para consumo de álcool. Enquanto a intensidade do conflito do adolescente com o pai e o conflito coparental do pai com a mãe revelaram-se positivos. Conclusão: Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que existe relação entre uso de SPAs e problemas familiares. Além disso, podem indicar que a família que exerce a coparentalidade com coerência tem função de proteção para problemas emocionais e de comportamentos em adolescentes, bem como do uso de SPAs. / Introduction: The early initiation of psychoactive substances (PAS) use by adolescents is a constant concern, since it increases the risk of future dependence, being also associated with several risk behaviors, such as accidents, sexual violence and gang involvement. In this sense, the literature indicates that the family can act as a protection and / or prevention factor from this early use. However, specificities of this interaction still require studies, especially in adolescence. Objective: To characterize the relationships among the consumption profile of PAS, the dimensions of coparenting (cooperation, conflict and triangulation) and parent-child conflict in psychological symptoms and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents. Method: explanatory, quantitative and cross-sectional study. From a sample of N = 126 adolescent students from public schools aged between 12 and 18 incomplete years. The following instruments were used in the data collection: Socio-biodemographic questionnaire, Family Coevaluation Scale (Faces III), Parent-Child Conflict Scale (PCCS), Coparenting Inventory for Parent and Adolescents (CI-PA), Youth Self-Report (YSR) and ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program, considering the significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). Results: It was found that almost half (49.2%) of the adolescents surveyed indicated they had already used alcohol, while 8.7% had consumed tobacco. Alcohol use was correlated with conflicts with the mother over "go out at night" (r = 0.289, p <0.001). Marijuana use correlated with father-related conflict over "drug use" (r = 0.582, p <0.001). Adolescent marijuana use was also correlated with a higher intensity of conflict with the father, characterized by "loudly arguing or yelling" (r = 0.538, p <0.001) and "hitting or throwing things at each other" (r = 0.912, p <0.001). The most robust predictors of adolescent alcohol consumption are the variables related to the father. It was observed that father's coparenting is negative, being protective for alcohol consumption. While the intensity of the adolescent's conflict with the father and the coparental conflict between father and mother are positive. Conclusion: These results altogether suggest that there is a relationship between the use of PAS and family problems. They also may indicate that the family that exercises coparenting with coherence has the function of protecting adolescents from psychological and behaviors problems, as well as from the use of PAS.

Introdução: A precocidade da iniciação do uso de substâncias psicoativas (SPAs) por adolescentes é uma preocupação constante, visto que pode aumentar o risco de dependência futura, além de estar associada a uma série de comportamentos de risco, como acidentes, violência sexual e participação em gangues. Neste sentido, a literatura indica que a família pode atuar como fator de risco e/ou proteção e/ou prevenção da iniciação desse uso. Entretanto, especificidades dessa interação ainda necessitam estudos, especialmente na adolescência. Objetivo: Caracterizar a relação entre o perfil de consumo de SPAs, as dimensões da coparentalidade (cooperação, conflito e triangulação) e do conflito pais-filhos em problemas emocionais e de comportamento em adolescentes. Método: Estudo explicativo, de caráter quantitativo e de corte transversal. De uma amostra de N=126 adolescentes estudantes de escolas públicas com idade entre 12 e 18 anos incompletos. Utilizou-se na coleta de dados os seguintes instrumentos: Questionário sócio-biodemográfico, Escala de avaliação da coesão familiar (Faces III), Escala de Conflito Pais-filho (ECPF), Escala de Coparentalidade para Pais e Adolescentes (CI-PA), Inventário de Auto Avaliação de Jovens de 11 a 18 anos (YSR, Youth Self-Report) e o ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). Os dados foram analisados por meio do programa estatístico SPSS, considerando o nível de significância de 5% (p≤0,05), através de análises descritivas e inferenciais. Resultados: Constatou-se que quase metade (49,2%) dos adolescentes pesquisados indicou já ter feito uso de álcool e 8,7% de tabaco. Constatou-se que o uso de álcool correlacionou-se a conflitos com a mãe relacionados a “sair a noite” (r=0,289; p<0,001). O uso de maconha correlacionou-se com conflito com o pai relacionado ao “uso de drogas” (r=0,582; p<0,001). Também observou-se que o uso de maconha pelo adolescente estava correlacionado a maior intensidade do conflito com pai, caracterizado por “discutir intensamente ou gritar” (r=0,538; p<0,001) e “bater ou atirar coisas um no outro” (r= 0,912; p<0,001). Os preditores mais robustos para o consumo de álcool pelos adolescentes foram as variáveis relacionadas ao pai. Observou-se que a cooperação coparental do pai foi negativa, sendo protetora para consumo de álcool. Enquanto a intensidade do conflito do adolescente com o pai e o conflito coparental do pai com a mãe revelaram-se positivos. Conclusão: Em conjunto, esses resultados sugerem que existe relação entre uso de SPAs e problemas familiares. Além disso, podem indicar que a família que exerce a coparentalidade com coerência tem função de proteção para problemas emocionais e de comportamentos em adolescentes, bem como do uso de SPAs. / Introduction: The early initiation of psychoactive substances (PAS) use by adolescents is a constant concern, since it increases the risk of future dependence, being also associated with several risk behaviors, such as accidents, sexual violence and gang involvement. In this sense, the literature indicates that the family can act as a protection and / or prevention factor from this early use. However, specificities of this interaction still require studies, especially in adolescence. Objective: To characterize the relationships among the consumption profile of PAS, the dimensions of coparenting (cooperation, conflict and triangulation) and parent-child conflict in psychological symptoms and emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents. Method: explanatory, quantitative and cross-sectional study. From a sample of N = 126 adolescent students from public schools aged between 12 and 18 incomplete years. The following instruments were used in the data collection: Socio-biodemographic questionnaire, Family Coevaluation Scale (Faces III), Parent-Child Conflict Scale (PCCS), Coparenting Inventory for Parent and Adolescents (CI-PA), Youth Self-Report (YSR) and ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test). Data were analyzed using the SPSS statistical program, considering the significance level of 5% (p≤0.05). Results: It was found that almost half (49.2%) of the adolescents surveyed indicated they had already used alcohol, while 8.7% had consumed tobacco. Alcohol use was correlated with conflicts with the mother over "go out at night" (r = 0.289, p <0.001). Marijuana use correlated with father-related conflict over "drug use" (r = 0.582, p <0.001). Adolescent marijuana use was also correlated with a higher intensity of conflict with the father, characterized by "loudly arguing or yelling" (r = 0.538, p <0.001) and "hitting or throwing things at each other" (r = 0.912, p <0.001). The most robust predictors of adolescent alcohol consumption are the variables related to the father. It was observed that father's coparenting is negative, being protective for alcohol consumption. While the intensity of the adolescent's conflict with the father and the coparental conflict between father and mother are positive. Conclusion: These results altogether suggest that there is a relationship between the use of PAS and family problems. They also may indicate that the family that exercises coparenting with coherence has the function of protecting adolescents from psychological and behaviors problems, as well as from the use of PAS.

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La plus haute prévalence de l'usage de substances psychoactives illicites lors de l'entrée dans l'âge adulte a fait l'objet de nombreux travaux interprétatifs, s'inspirant des rites de passage dans d'autres sociétés mais ne considérant pas la spécificité des cadres de son expérience dans la nôtre. Cette thèse propose une approche compréhensive de la définition des incidences de cette pratique sur cette période de la vie auprès de trente personnes qui sont sorties en rave-parties entre 1990 et 2010. Il importe en effet de prendre en compte dans l'analyse les évolutions qu'ont connues, au cours de cette période historique, les catégories de pensée de l'usage de produits illicites et les interactions au sein de la rave et avec les représentants de l’État. A partir du travail de N. E. ZINBERG, cet usage est ici appréhendé comme une expérience sociale et la définition de ses incidences comme procédant d'une subjectivation selon la définition qu'en donne V. DE GAULEJAC. Après vérification de l'existence de différentes interprétations de l'expérience, il s'agit de mettre au jour les variables explicatives du 'choix' de l'une ou l'autre, et de saisir l'incidence du rapport au stigmate sur le récit de l'expérience et le sens qui lui est donné. La méthode repose sur deux principes de la sociologie clinique : la co-construction du savoir avec les personnes interviewées et l'analyse des effets possibles de l'interaction avec le chercheur sur leurs propos. L’analyse inductive et clinique des récits et des interprétations permet de saisir des variations dans l'expression des affects suscités par la conscience de posséder un attribut discréditable, et d’en proposer une explication à partir de la notion de définition de la situation. / The higher rate of illicit psychoactives substances use during the entering adulthood is currently analysed with reference to rituals of passage to adulthood in other societies but without considering its frame of experience in our. This thesis suggest a comprehensive approach about definition of the impacts of this practice on entering adulthood by thirty persons who went to rave parties between 1990 and 2010. Really, evolutions of the rave and of categories of thought of the use of illicit psychoactives substances during this period have to be considered. In refer to work's N. E. ZINBERG, this use is defined as a social experience and and its individuals meanings are apprehended as results of subjectivation such as defined by V. DE GAULEJAC. After vérification of different meanings experience, the goal is incover the explanatory variables to the choice of one or other meaning, by integrating analysis of relation with stigma. Method is based on two principles of clinical sociology : the « co-construction » of the knowledge with interviewees and the analysis about impacts of interaction with the researcher on their remarks. The redirection toward a inductive and clinical analysis of stories and meanings provided an understanding of its variations expression of affects on an attribute what bring someone into disrepute, and an explaining its variations by “définition of situation”.