Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / In Sudan there are currently no programmes targeting dentists to improve their own knowledge about how they can be part of human identification by keeping good dental records. In addition, no guidelines are stated by the health authorities about making, keeping and retention of dental records. The aim of this research was to assess the accuracy of dental records drawn up by the general dentists in Sudan with regard to forensic dental identification and compare these records to an ideal dental record. Dental records of 180 patients obtained from six sites (major dental sectors) were reviewed and compared with an ideal dental record. The data was captured in Excel and statistically analyzed. The results showed that two third of the dentists do not undertake full tooth charting prior to treatment and sometimes this is not shown in their dental records; The dentist name who examined and treated the patient was clearly mentioned in 55.6% of the dental records examined. Dentists in Sudan do not request many radiographs but they depend mainly on intra oral periapical views (PV) and Orthopantomographs (OPG) with a fair to good quality. The medical history was recorded in 44% of the total number of records examined. The quality of dental records in this study was poor in general dental practices but was fair in governmental hospitals. An integrated education programmes to increase the awareness of the dentists in Sudan about accurate record keeping is recommended. Clear guide lines from the health authorities for dental recording system should be developed.

The problem addressed in this thesis is the role of external development aid in the growth process with special reference to Sudan's experience of growth and development with foreign aid resources over the past two decades (1960-1980). The study is taken in the light of the basic ideas on which foreign aid theories have been conceived and in view of the critics of aid argument. Chapter 1 presents the aim of the study, the method of approach and the outline of the study. In Chapters 2 and 3 we present a review of the basic approa to the theory of foreign aid in economic growth, and examine the criticisms regarding the validity of their assumptions and operation-11. al usefulness as well as the modifications introduced to them. In Chapters 4 and 5 we highlight the salient features of the structure of the Sudanese economy and analyze the development performance and constraints over the past two decades in the light of the growth constraints identified by aid growth models. Chapter 6 consists of an account of the general characteristics of the flow of external development aid received by the Sudan during the period of study. Chapters 7and 8 deal explicitly with the impact of foreign resources on domestic savings, investment and growth with reference to Sudan's experience over the past two decades. Chapter 9 considers the problems that hindered the effective use of foreign aid resources in the Sudan during the period of study and highlights the main areas in which reform measures are needed. In Chapter 10 an estimate of the savings gap and the foreign exchange gap for the Sudan for the forthcoming Six Year Plan 1983/84-1988/89 is provided on the basis of the two gap approach.

No description available.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / Background: Reports on the global incidence of oral neoplasms indicate reduced data from Africa. Population based studies of oral cancer in Sudan and other regions of Africa are scarce. Oral cancer in Sudan constitutes a serious health problem, and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most prevalent type of oral malignancy. There are descriptive epidemiologic studies from Sudan that have reported high a frequency rate of oral cancer in Sudanese males, linking this high incidence to Toombak, a product of oral snuff mixed with sodium bicarbonate (Idris et al, 1995(b)), but to date no population-based studies of oral cancer incidence in Sudan have been performed or published. Title: Epidemiology of Oral Malignancy in Sudan (2004-2008). Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to analyse the pattern of distribution and to determine the minimum age standardized incidence rates (ASIR) and the cumulative (lifetime) risk (CR) of oral & lip squamous cell carcinoma / oral malignancy by site, age and gender for the 5-year period 2004-2008. Methods: The records of patients with oral & maxillofacial and salivary malignancies (OMFS) referred to Khartoum Dental Teaching Hospital (KDTH) and the population census data were accessioned. Data was captured using Microsoft Excel 2007® and the ASIRs for oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) were calculated using the direct International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) method. These results were compared with the on-line global cancer statistics database (GLOBOCAN -WHO/IARC) for 2008 and 2012. Records of oral cancer cases during the period of the study were obtained from KDTH. The information included in the raw data collected were the file number for patient identification, year of diagnosis, age, sex, site of the lesion, histological diagnosis, the International Classification of Diseases-10 (ICD10) codes, the referring unit and the state from which the patient was referred. The population data for the years of the study and the five age group stratifications was obtained from the Central Statistical Office in Khartoum, Sudan. The data was analysed using Microsoft Excel, 2007®. Age standardized incidence rate of oral & lip squamous cell carcinoma/ oral malignancy was calculated using the direct IARC method. Results: Of the total Sudanese population of 36.3 million in 2006, 649 OMFS malignancies (M:F=1.44:1) were captured at KDTH during the 5-year period; 390 (M:F=1.67:1) were (intra) oral squamous cancers (OSCC) and verrucous carcinomas (VC). The ASIR for OSCC/VC in Sudan was calculated as 3.19 for males and 1.83 for females (M:F=1.74:1), however the pooled ASIR in the Khartoum and Gezira States was 30% higher for males (4.21) and 14% higher for females (2.09, M:F=2.01:1).The incidence over the 5 years of separately recorded lip SCC/VC in Sudanese males was 26 and 8 for females (M:F=3.25:1).The ASIRs of combined oral & lip SCC/VC in Sudanese males was 3.45 and 1.88 for females (M:F=1.84:1). These compare relatively well with the GLOBOCAN data which estimates a slightly lower ASIR of 3.3 for males and somewhat higher ASIR of 2.1 for females (M:F=1.57:1). The cumulative (lifetime) risk (CR 0-74) of developing oral and lip cancer was 1: 182 for males compared to 1: 831 for females. For oral cancer (excluding lip), the CR was almost similar for males (1: 181); while females showed a markedly higher CR (1: 344). Conclusion: The combined ASIRs of oral & lip SCC/VC from the Khartoum and Gezira states differed from the ASIRs calculated for the entire Sudan and from the GLOBOCAN estimates. The recording of cancer incidence data can vary according to the (incorrect) labelling of anatomical locations and diagnosis. The numbers are influenced by geo-political, environmental and socio-economic factors, and referral bias.

No description available.

Dorothy Marchus Senesh Fellowship / The full-text of this thesis will be embargoed until further notice.

No description available.

This case study considers the relative costs of conflict prevention and post-crisis intervention for Sudan during the period 2004-2018.

yes / P5. The evaluation was undertaken by Bradford University, Channel Research Ltd, the PARC & Associated Consultants. The Sudan Case study was carried out by Mr Emery Brusset of Channel Research Limited. Work was conducted in three phases. The first was London-based, and involved situating the ACPP activities in the context of UK approaches to conflict prevention and the overall policy framework of the ACPP. The second phase, the most intense, involved fieldwork in the Sudan and Kenya. The third phase involved consultations in London through October and November, with ACPP representatives, and specifically with the joint FCO-DFID Sudan Unit in London. P7. The Sudan Case Study is one of six studies undertaken within the framework of the evaluation of the Conflict Prevention Pools. In accordance with the Terms of Reference (ToRs) and the Inception Report, the Evaluation placed maximum emphasis on the macro level: the policy processes in Whitehall by which decisions on allocations are made and implemented by the CPPs. Considerable attention has also been placed on the meso level: the degree to which CPP policies and activities in a given conflict form part of a coherent package of direct interventions by the international community and local actors to the problems of particular large scale deadly conflicts or potential conflicts. The microlevel of analysis (review of specific projects) confines itself largely to the way in which projects impact on the meso and macro levels. The Evaluation has not analysed systematically whether specific projects funded by the CPPs have been well managed and whether they have achieved their specific project goals. Single projects have been analysed to the extent that they reflect on the macro and meso levels. P8. The main findings of the evaluation, reflected in this Synthesis Report, are that the CPPs are doing significant work funding worthwhile activities that make positive contributions to effective conflict prevention, although it is far too early in the day to assess impact. The progress achieved through the CPP mechanisms is significant enough to justify their continuation.

Although Sudan is a country with enormous agricultural potential, agriculture has not prospered over the last two decades and Sudan now finds itself a bankrupt net importer of food. Much of the country's agricultural resource base is found in the rainfed agricultural region of Western Sudan, which includes Kordofan. This study focuses on Kordofan, and reports on data gathered during work for the Western Sudan Agricultural Research Project. Rather than following the production orientation usually employed by economists, it addresses issues related to the role of marketing in agricultural economic development. Marketing in Kordofan, as well as production, is subject to disruption because of climatic variations characteristic of arid and semi-arid regions. Extended annual dry periods and droughts distort price performance for agricultural commodities and cause shifts in marketing channel structure. Risk levels are substantially increased for producers and small traders, while at the same time they must take on increased responsibility for many channel functions. Marketing also suffers from infrastructure deficiencies: roads are often impassable during the rainy season, and storage losses become huge over the course of a year. The private marketing system in Kordofan has adapted to these conditions, and is performing quite effectively, efficiently, and equitably, given the adverse conditions. Competition is extensive, farmers have many alternatives when selling crops, and merchants operate on fairly modest profit margins. A widespread bias against the private sector has led to extensive government intervention into marketing spheres. These policies include direct operation of some marketing channels, manipulation of price structures through artificial exchange rates and price controls, and restrictive licensing practices. Wherever such policies have been applied in Kordofan, they have led to declining production of government controlled crops, they have restricted competition in marketing channels, and they have lowered living standards for producers and consumers. Sudan has not successfully identified areas where private channels in Kordofan cannot solve problems, and which therefore require public intervention. The government seems to have based its economic decisions upon ideological considerations and intervened in areas which it cannot perform as well as the private market.