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Managing the challenges of conflict transformation and peace-building in South Sudan.Shulika, Lukong Stella. 15 November 2013 (has links)
Since its independence on July 9, 2011, the Republic of South Sudan, with the assistance of
various internal and external stakeholders, has been working towards viable and
constructive political and socio-economic change in the new state. These processes of
change are aimed at the effective development of South Sudan as a sovereign, peaceful and
stable nation-state that is capable of serving the short- and long-term needs and
expectations of its citizens and the environment at large. However, the successful
realisation of this transformation is facing serious challenges. These challenges are partly
attributable to the unresolved issues and consequences of South Sudan’s protracted years
of civil war with Sudan, and the difficulties that often confront post-conflict societies,
especially a post-independence state like South Sudan, which came into existence after two
prolonged civil wars. Given the complexity of South Sudan’s post-independence
environment, this study aims to gain a clearer understanding of South Sudan’s complex
transformational and peace-building challenges as an independent state; and to propose
recommendations on how they can be managed. This will be achieved through the use of
historical and qualitative research methods, which locate the study within a framework
that provides the basis for the analyses of the data collected on South Sudan and on the
subjects of conflict transformation and peace-building.
As South Sudan celebrated its one-year anniversary on July 9, 2012, it was recalled that the
country’s official independence was regarded as a historic event for the African continent
at large. While there were high expectations among the South Sudanese population and the
international community that this signalled an end to Africa’s longest conflict, it was soon
clouded by a myriad of political, economic, socio-cultural, peace, security and development
challenges. These include building an entirely new state out of the ruins of war, confronting
the unresolved resource and border demarcation conflicts with Sudan, and tackling South
Sudan’s own internal ethnic confrontations, among many other human resources and
capacity challenges. Given South Sudan’s challenging post-conflict and post-independence
environment, this study contends that contrary to the notion that the resolution and
transformation of the Sudan-South Sudan conflict and the birth of the new Republic of South Sudan ended the conflict between the two entities, the secession did not create a
cohesive and robust new state that is free from serious internal and external challenges.
The Government of South Sudan (GoSS) and external and internal stakeholders, including
the African Union (AU); the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD); the
United Nations (UN); civil society organisations (CSOs) and various individual countries
(among many other initiatives) have been and are actively engaged in joint efforts to
address and manage the challenges that confront South Sudan as an independent state.
However, such endeavours have mainly concentrated on state-building issues, resources
and border demarcation conflicts, and have focused less on the problems of nation-building.
As such, internal complexities such as social and national identity, the
decentralisation of power/broader representation in government and state affairs and
growing ethnic conflicts have continued to receive less attention. Bearing this in mind, this
study argues that unless these internal matters are given serious consideration, sustainable
peace and development in South Sudan will remain elusive. While negotiations to resolve
the cross-border South Sudan-Sudan conflicts continue, a solution that is acceptable to all
parties is only possible if all the conflicting parties are invited to the negotiation table to
engage in peaceful dialogue and find the means to reconcile their differences and build
trustworthy and mutually beneficial relationships. The study also identifies a need for the
promotion and coordination of a constructive relationship between the South Sudanese
state and civil society. It further recognises the importance of building inclusive political
processes to facilitate a state-society cooperative environment, and the development of
state capacity to perform its duties in a manner that satisfies the expectations of the
population that they will enjoy the fruits of their long-drawn out struggle for independence.
In terms of how these processes can be achieved, the study recommends an indigenous
intervention mechanism that encourages the active engagement of the entire post-conflict
society in its own peace-building and development initiatives. This mechanism is
encapsulated in John Paul Lederach’s Pyramid Model of conflict transformation, which
emphasises the importance of coordinating peace-building activities between and among
the various leadership levels – the top, middle and grassroots leaders of the post-conflict society. This model also advocates that the local community be encouraged to develop and
drive its own peace-building and development activities, which is a major step forward in
reconciling differences, building a sense of belonging, trust, mutual respect and ultimately
societal cohesion. These are very important considerations for any society or state with the
long-term goal of sustainable peace and development. The research study thus
recommends this model for managing South Sudan’s challenges. It urges all stakeholders to
promote the involvement of the local community in peace-building and development
activities and to facilitate peaceful dialogue and reconciliation within South Sudan and with
Sudan in order to achieve viable peace and development in the longer term. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2013.
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Oil, conflict and displacement in Sudan /Moro, Leben Nelson. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (D.Phil.)--University of Oxford, 2008. / Supervisors: Dr Dawn Chatty, Douglas H. Johnson. Bibliography: leaves 366-398.
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The Darfur conflict from the perspective of the rebel justice and equality movementHeleta, Savo January 2009 (has links)
In 2003, a conflict broke out in Darfur, Sudan’s western province, between the mainly “African” rebels and the government forces and their proxy “Arab” militias. It is estimated that about 200,000 people have so far died in the conflict from fighting, disease, and starvation. The UN and aid agencies estimate that over two million Darfurians, out of the population of about six million, are living in refugee camps. Even though the majority of all deaths in Darfur have occurred in 2003 and 2004, the conflict is nowhere near the end. Even after more than five years since the Darfur conflict began, there is hardly any comprehensive information about the rebels’ aims, objectives, and plans for the future. We cannot fully understand the conflict and plan peace negotiations between the warring parties if we do not know enough about the rebels. This study has critically explored the aims and perspectives of the Justice and Equality Movement, currently the most powerful Darfur rebel movement. The author has used the first-hand information gathered through interviews with the representatives of the rebel movement and additional data about the conflict and the rebels collected through an extensive literature analysis to portray the movement and its aims, perspectives, and plans for the future. Using the grounded theory approach as the data analysis tool, the author has presented key findings about the Darfur conflict from the perspective of the Justice and Equality Movement that have emerged from the data collected in this study.
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The efficacy of the United Nations in conflict resolution: a study of the response of the security council to the Darfur conflict in the SudanFabrice, Tambe Endoh January 2012 (has links)
Sudan is located in the Northern part of the African continent and has a total land mass of 2.5 million square kilometres, with an estimated population of about 39.15 million people.1 Before the secession that established the South as an independent state from the North, Sudan was the largest country on the continent and hitherto was administered as a colony under the British mandate. From 1898 the United Kingdom (UK) and Egypt administered Sudan as an Anglo-Egyptian territory but North and South Sudan were administered as separate provinces of the condominium.2 In the early 1920s, the British passed the Closed District Ordinances which stipulated that passports were required for travelling between the two zones. Permits were also required to conduct business from one zone to the other, and totally separate administrations prevailed.3 However, in 1946 the British administration reversed its policy and decided to integrate North and South Sudan under one government. The South Sudanese authorities were informed at the Juba Conference of 1947 that they will be governed in the future under a common administrative authority with the north.5 From 1948, 13 delegates nominated by the British authorities represented the South in the Sudan Legislative Assembly. Many Southerners felt betrayed by the British as they were largely excluded from the new government. To them, it was a strategy by the British aimed at protecting their interest as far as colonial legacy is concerned.6 They complained that the language of the new government was Arabic and they were under represented. Of the eight hundred positions vacated by the British in 1953, only four were given to the Southerners. The political structure in the South was not as organized as that in the North and for this reason, political groupings and parties from the South were not represented at the various conferences that established the modern state of Sudan. As a result, many southerners did not consider Sudan to be a legitimate state. Although the Sudanese state was considered illegitimate by the Southerners, the Sudanese parliament unilaterally declared Sudan’s independence on 1st January 1956.8 Subsequently, the Arab-led Khartoum government reneged on promises it had made to Southerners to create a federal system. This led to a mutiny led by Southern army officers and sparked off a civil war after independence in 1956.9 Besides the issues highlighted above, the Abyei region of Sudan is rich in natural mineral resources and has been a bone of contention between the North and South. It has also affected Darfur negatively as most of the rebel groups involved in the Darfur conflict, like the Sudan Liberation Movement (SLM) and the Justice and Equity Movement (JEM), also seek for a share in the wealth of the region.10 However, before the June 2011 referendum, the UN Secretary-General, Ban Ki-moon called for the Sudan to withdraw all police officers from the Abyei region of South Sudan.11 Although the referendum resulted in the Republic of South Sudan, separating it from the North which remains the Republic of Sudan, political views expressed by the provinces in the North region have further captured more attention from the international community.12 The quest for Arab domination is common in this area and, one among the leading regions that have fallen prey to this practice is Darfur
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An investigation into the recruitment procedures in the Public Service: a case study of the Ministry of Labour, Public Service and Human Resources Development- Republic of South Sudan-JubaKhamis, Emmanuel Abusingia January 2013 (has links)
This document is a research report (Thesis) on the topic an Investigation in to the Recruitment Procedures in the Public Service a case study of the Ministry of Labour Public Service and Human Resource Development Republic of South Sudan. In line with the objectives, the study established a significant number of policies and legislations that guide recruitment in the ministry and in the South Sudan Public Service. The findings of the study revealed that recruitment procedures exist in the public service of South Sudan amidst challenges. The researcher provided recommendations to the challenges in the last chapter of this thesis. However, there will be a need for further research on some of the issues that affect recruitment in the ministry as provided by the respondents of this study. These issues are discussed in chapter four. Thus recruitment is very important to research on further in the Public Service of South Sudan so as to ensure efficient and effective service delivery through recruiting competent staff.
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The political challenges of the new Southern Sudan StateAllar, Yasser Wagi 03 November 2014 (has links)
MAIR / Department of Development Studies
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The impact of the Sudanese Women's General Union savings and micro-finance/credit projects on poverty : alleviation at the household level with special emphasis on women's vulnerability and empowermentAbdalla, Nagwa Babiker 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis / The objective of this study is to assess the nature of women’s empowerment promoted by the
Sudanese Women General Union (SWGU) in Sudan as a strategy for simultaneously addressing
both poverty alleviation and women's empowerment using microcredit as a tool in the fight
against poverty and women's empowerment at the household level during the period 1999-2005.
The SWGU directed its development efforts towards promoting the women's cause officially and
unofficially through the whole spectrum of governmental institutions and non-governmental
organizations. Therefore, the government support these initiatives of women development
processes and assisted in establishing the SWGU in 1990 as a strategic planning and coordination
mechanism for poverty alleviation through the lead of the Ministry of Welfare and Social
Development and with the cooperation from other ministries, government and non-government
organisations at national, state and grassroots levels.
The problem of the research reveals that majority of women in Sudan live with low or no income;
economically they are dependent on their husbands' income; burdened with their household
activities and responsibilities to feed; educate and take care of many children, encounter a core
problem which is lack of access to credit and financial services to economically, socially and
politically empower themselves and improve their status.
The study reviewed the relevant literature, the context of women's poverty in Sudan, Sudan
poverty strategies and policies, SWGU's role in strategic planning, coordination and
implementation of the microcredit programmes. The achievements of the study on the socioeconomic
empowerment of women at the household levels, the constraints and the
recommendations were summarised.
The researcher carried out this study during the period 2005-2009, to add to the body of the
empirical literature of women studies in particular to the SWGU's microcredit projects best
ii
practices and lessons learned. In addition the study could help in conducting further womenstudies in Sudan and other developing counties. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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The impact of the Sudanese Women's General Union savings and micro-finance/credit projects on poverty : alleviation at the household level with special emphasis on women's vulnerability and empowermentAbdalla, Nagwa Babiker 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis / The objective of this study is to assess the nature of women’s empowerment promoted by the
Sudanese Women General Union (SWGU) in Sudan as a strategy for simultaneously addressing
both poverty alleviation and women's empowerment using microcredit as a tool in the fight
against poverty and women's empowerment at the household level during the period 1999-2005.
The SWGU directed its development efforts towards promoting the women's cause officially and
unofficially through the whole spectrum of governmental institutions and non-governmental
organizations. Therefore, the government support these initiatives of women development
processes and assisted in establishing the SWGU in 1990 as a strategic planning and coordination
mechanism for poverty alleviation through the lead of the Ministry of Welfare and Social
Development and with the cooperation from other ministries, government and non-government
organisations at national, state and grassroots levels.
The problem of the research reveals that majority of women in Sudan live with low or no income;
economically they are dependent on their husbands' income; burdened with their household
activities and responsibilities to feed; educate and take care of many children, encounter a core
problem which is lack of access to credit and financial services to economically, socially and
politically empower themselves and improve their status.
The study reviewed the relevant literature, the context of women's poverty in Sudan, Sudan
poverty strategies and policies, SWGU's role in strategic planning, coordination and
implementation of the microcredit programmes. The achievements of the study on the socioeconomic
empowerment of women at the household levels, the constraints and the
recommendations were summarised.
The researcher carried out this study during the period 2005-2009, to add to the body of the
empirical literature of women studies in particular to the SWGU's microcredit projects best
ii
practices and lessons learned. In addition the study could help in conducting further womenstudies in Sudan and other developing counties. / Development Studies / D.Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)
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Examining the role of local government County legislative council in promoting service delivery in South Sudan, case of Yei River County, Central Equatoria StateOba Cicilia Tito Towongo January 2013 (has links)
This Study was conducted in Yei River County, Central Equatoria State the Republic of South Sudan from July-December/2012 under the topic: Examining the role of Local Government County Legislative Council in promoting service delivery. The Legislative Council in Yei was established since 2007 inaccordance with the provisions of the Transition Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011:166, LG Act, 2009:8-29 and Governors’ Decree dated 25/August/2007 with the mandate to enact laws and policies and supervise the Executive to implement its decisions. The study investigated into why there was under performance of Legislative Council in promoting service delivery in Yei River County (YRC) and how can service delivery be improved in YRC. The findings revealed that, the capacity of the Council is low in making appropriate decisions and supervising the Executive to implement its decisions, it lacks the necessary working requirements to facilitate its duties, some of its directives are not implemented by the Executive and negative attitudes towards the work of the Council by some members of the Executive. Despite the difficulties encountered, the Council was able to enact 31 laws, conducted some joint consultative meetings on County projects and the study recommended that, the relevant institutions of Local Government to review the irregularities in the Local Government Act of 2009 to regulate the duties of the Council and to guide the recruitment of the future Councillors, training of the Councillors to improve performance, improve the working conditions of the Council, conduct public awareness on the role of the Council and promotion of exchange programs for further learning purposes. The significance of this study is that, the topic was good according to the participants, the recommendations of the study may be adopted by the Local Government Authorities to address the identified gaps and challenges facing the Council not only in Yei River County but also in other parts of the Country and finally, the report may be used by the University of Fort Hare for further Academic purposes and/or other interested individuals/institutions or organizations of the same or similar objectives.
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Transitioning from civil war to government: leadership in post-conflict reconstruction in South Sudan and MozambiqueGatehouse, Clare Annabel January 2017 (has links)
A research report submitted to the Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts, June 2017 / This study examines leadership and statebuilding in the very specific context of the transition of a rebel group to a governing entity of a post-conflict state by comparing the cases of Mozambique and South Sudan. Drawing on theories of political leadership, statebuilding and post-conflict reconstruction, and recent studies on political legitimacy, this study provides insight into the processes by which leaders interact with and build the institutions of state that both enable their governance and that may ultimately constrain their authority, and the impact of external actors on these processes. This study focuses particularly on the critical interaction between political leaders and the institution of the rebel group turned political party that they lead in the fragile post-conflict period. This study traces how FRELIMO in Mozambique and the SPLM in South Sudan built sufficient political legitimacy in order to be considered the natural party of governance upon independence in each country. It also compares how RENAMO in Mozambique sought to make the transition from rebels to politicians. It then closely examines how leaders’ and parties’ political legitimacy was built or lost in subsequent years and the impact of this on building the critical institutions of state and ultimately on the stability of that state.
Both cases highlight, for different reasons, that leaders matter particularly when institutions are weak. This report contends that a critical causal mechanism in a successful transition from fighting a war to governing a country is establishing and maintaining legitimacy – both internally with the governed population and externally with key international partners. How leaders balance internally derived and externally derived legitimacy often proves to be important. External actors are often fundamental in bestowing legitimacy on armed groups, even when there are other groups claiming to represent the interests of the population. While externally derived legitimacy is important in getting these parties into power, sources of internal legitimacy, derived from their own populations by parties and leaders, are critical in shaping their ability to offer stable government. Each case demonstrates that legitimacy must be maintained in order to maintain stability. / XL2018
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