Sudden phase anomalies (SPA) of low-frequency radio waves reflected from the D-region of the lower ionosphere exclusively occur during the daylight hours when rapid changes in the ionospheric reflection height take place. They lead to abrupt changes in the linear superposition of the ground wave and the sky wave and consequently in the total field strength of the received signal. Such sudden rapid reflection height changes are usually connected with shortperiod (minutes to hours) enhancements of electron density in the lower ionosphere following solar flares, which sometimes are associated with a dramatically increase of solar X-ray radiation. This additional wave radiation can penetrate into the lower ionosphere and intensify the D region ionisation. The mean level and the number of solar X-ray bursts varies with the 11-year sunspot cycle, so that statistically investigations of number and intensity of observed SPAs can give insight into solar-terrestrial connections concerning the upper atmosphere. At Collm Observatory, SPAs are recorded since several decades. These records are combined to an index characterising the monthly mean disturbance state of the ionosphere 1983-2002. / Plötzliche Phasenanomalien (engl. sudden phase anomalies, SPA) von Langwellen, die in den Tageslichtstunden von der ionosphärischen D- Region reflektiert werden, treten auf, wenn schnelle Änderungen in der Reflexionshöhe stattfinden. Sie führen zu einer abrupten Änderung der linearen Superposition von Raum- und Bodenwelle am Beobachtungspunkt und in der Folge im Feldstärkebetrag der empfangenen Signale. Solche plötzlichen schnellen Reflexionshöhenänderungen sind gewöhnlich mit einer kurzen (Minuten bis Stunden) Zunahme der Elektronendichte in der unteren Ionosphäre verbunden und nach Sonneneruptionseffekten zu beobachten, die mit einer erheblichen Erhöhung der emittierten kurzwelligen Röntgenstrahlung einhergehen. Das mittlere Strahlungsniveau und die Anzahl von Bursts variiert mit dem 11-jährigen Sonnenfleckenzyklus, so dass statistische Untersuchungen von Anzahl und Intensität der SPA- Effekte spezielle Hinweise auf solar-terrestrische, die obere Atmosphäre betreffende Verbindungen geben können. An der Außenstelle Observatorium Collm der Universität Leipzig werden SPAs seit mehreren Jahrzehnten registriert. Sie stellen eine Datenbasis für die Jahre 1983-2002 zur Untersuchung solar-terrestrischer Beziehungen dar.

Bakgrund: Möten med anhöriga ingår i sjuksköterskans dagliga arbete inom slutenvården och plötslig död är något som kan inträffa på alla vårdavdelningar. Syfte: Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att sammanställa sjusköterskors upplevelser av att möta anhöriga till patienter som drabbats av plötslig död inom slutenvården. Metod: Litteraturöversikten genomfördes med kvalitativ ansats och baserades på 10 vetenskapliga studier. Databassökningar gjordes i CINAHL och PubMed. Resultat: Analysen av de utvalda studiernas resultat visade sjuksköterskors upplevda otrygghet i mötet med anhöriga som drabbats av plötslig förlust, svårigheter att hantera de egna känslorna relaterat till döden samt sjuksköterskornas upplevda betydelse av att etablera goda relationer med anhöriga för att kunna tillgodose deras omvårdnadsbehov. Konklusion: Det råder osäkerhet bland sjuksköterskor gällande möten och kommunikation med anjöriga till patienter som drabbats av plötslig död och många sjuksköterskor önskar mer stöd gällande den egna känslohanteringen i relation till mötet med dessa anhöriga. / Background: Encounters with the people having close relationships with patients occurs daily for nurses working in a hospital setting and sudden death is something that can arrive in any department of care. Aim: The aim of this litterature review was to assemble nurses´ experiences of caring for the suddenly bereaved. Method: The litterature review was conducted with a qualitative approach using Friberg´s method book (2017) and is based on 10 scientific studies collected from the two databases CINAHL and PubMed. Result: The analysis of the chosen studies showed how the nurses felt uncertain in the encounters with the suddenly bereaved, the struggle of dealing with their own emotions related to death and the nurses´ perceptions of the importance of establishing good relationships with the next of kin to be able to provide good care for them. Conclusion: There is a general feeling of uncertainty among nurses regarding the encounters with, and the communication with next of kin suffering from sudden loss. Many nurses need further emotional support regarding their own feelings in relation to the encounters with the suddensly bereaved next of kin.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第19606号 / 医博第4113号 / 新制||医||1015(附属図書館) / 32642 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 小池 薫, 教授 YOUSSEFIAN Shohab, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

ABSTRACT Every year approximately 90,500 people die in Sweden, about 19 000 of these die suddenly. A large portion dies in the hospital and many times the death comes unexpected. It is the health professionals task to find and support the relatives. Nurses working with emergency care, almost daily come in contact with relatives who have lost a loved one and they are expected to manage the related parties grief in a professional manner. Some of the people have undergone a preparation time, while others may experience a more unexpected and sudden death of their relatives. The aim of this literature overview was to examine nurses' experiences to meet and take care of the relatives after a sudden death in emergency care. The method has been implemented as a literature review with descriptive design that is to say that the result is based on an already published research, which the author has compiled into an elaborated text in the results section. The literature review is based on fourteen scientific articles. Articles were searched in approved scientific databases and all the articles included was of good quality according to the guidelines from Sophiahemmets quality control and all the included articles were relevant to the literature review purpose. The result is based on three main categories that were developed during the data analysis. The main categories were the nurse's perspective, factors influencing the meeting with the relatives and the effect of care relationship when meeting with the relatives. The nurse's obvious task was to support and see and meet the needs of the related parties. To do so required a good care relationship. The articles gave examples of what the nurses were considered to be part of and the difficulty in the meeting with the relatives who have suddenly lost a loved one. Articles highlights the nurses own feelings and experiences, but also the organization behind the nurses, both the good and bad sides. The nurses also noticed a deficiency in their education and that they lacked the knowledge and guidance of activities in the area. The discussion shows that in situations where relatives lose their loved one suddenly and unexpectedly, often perceived as a difficulty by nurses. In some cases nurses are experiencing emotional difficulties and discomfort that causes that they feel that they are not enough for the family and their needs and expectations. Which means that the nurses are unsure whether they satisfy the related enough in these situations. From previous studies it is seen that nurses' experiences is that the training and knowledge of the subject is, and inadequate grounds. In order to prevent their negative thought patterns and their uncertainty in the care of relatives who unexpectedly lost a loved one, it will need more knowledge and theoretical knowledge given space in practice. Conclusion of the literature is that emergency nurse would strengthen their working profession in the care of relatives who have suddenly lost a loved one through more knowledge and then with both theoretical and practical teaching, better structure and clearer guidelines. Keywords: Sudden death, relatives, emergency care, nurse and experiences. / Varje år dör det cirka 90 500 människor i Sverige, cirka 19 000 av dessa dör plötsligt. En stor del avlider på sjukhuset och många gånger mycket oväntat. Det är vårdpersonalens uppgift att finnas och stötta de närstående. Sjuksköterskor som arbetar inom akutsjukvård kommer nästan dagligen i kontakt med närstående som förlorat en anhörig och förväntas kunna hantera de närståendes sorg på ett professionellt sätt. En del närstående har genomgått en förberedelse tid medan andra får uppleva en mer oväntad och plötsligt bortgång av sina anhöriga. Syftet med litteraturöversikten var att belysa sjuksköterskors upplevelser av att möta och ta hand om de närstående efter ett plötsligt dödsfall inom akutsjukvård. Metoden har genomförts som en litteraturöversikt med deskriptiv design det vill säga att resultatet bygger på ett redan publicerat forskningsresultat som författaren har sammanställt till en genomarbetad text i resultatdelen. Litteraturöversikten bygger på 14 vetenskapliga artiklar. Artiklarna söktes i vetenskapliga godkända databaser och alla artiklar som inkluderades höll god kvalitet enligt riktlinjer från Sophiahemmets kvalitetsgranskning och alla inkluderade artiklar var relevanta till litteraturöversiktens syfte. Resultatet grundar sig på tre huvudkategorier som arbetades fram under dataanalysen. Huvudkategorierna var sjuksköterskans perspektiv, faktorer som påverkar möte med närstående och vårdrelationens betydelse i mötet med närstående. Sjuksköterskans tydligaste arbetsuppgift var att stödja och se och tillmötesgå de närståendes behov. För att kunna göra det krävdes en god vårdrelation. Artiklarna gav exempel på vad sjuksköterskorna ansågs vara en del av svårigheten i att möta närstående som förlorat en anhörig plötsligt. Artiklarna lyfter framförallt fram sjuksköterskornas egna känslor och erfarenheter men även verksamheterna och då både bra respektive dåliga orsaker. Sjuksköterskorna upplevde även en bristfällighet i deras grundutbildning och att de saknade kunskap och riktlinjer från verksamheten inom området. Diskussionen visar att i situationer där närstående förlora sin anhörig plötsligt och oväntat många gånger upplevs som en svårighet av sjuksköterskorna. I vissa fall upplever sjuksköterskorna känslomässiga svårigheter och obehag som leder till att de upplever en känsla av att de inte räcker till för de närstående och deras behov och förväntningar. Det leder till att sjuksköterskorna är osäkra på om de tillgodoser de närstående tillräckligt i dessa situationer. Tidigare studier visar att sjuksköterskor upplever att grundutbildningen är bristfällig, utbildningen erbjuder inte tillräckligt med kunskap om vården av närstående. För att förhindra deras negativa tankemönster och osäkerhet vid omvårdnaden av närstående som plötsligt har förlorat en anhörig, behövs mer kunskap och att den teoretiska kunskapen får utrymme i praktiken. Slutsatsen är att akutsjuksköterskan skulle stärka sin yrkesprofession i omhändertagandet av närstående som plötsligt har förlorat en anhörig genom mer kunskap och då med både teoretiskt och praktiskt undervisning, bättre struktur och tydligare riktlinjer ute i verksamheten.

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Fusarium virguliforme (Aoki, O’Donnell, Homma & Lattanzi), the causal agent of sudden death syndrome (SDS) of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merrill), is responsible for major soybean yield losses in North America and South America. Despite the importance of SDS, few agronomic practices have been used to manage SDS successfully. Understanding the pathogen and the mechanisms it uses to cause disease is vital to devise effective disease control strategies. However, our knowledge of the pathogenicity mechanisms used by F. virguliforme is limited. The identification of pathogenic genes will shed light on the molecular basis of the interaction between F.virguliforme and soybean, which may ultimately lead to better management of SDS. Therefore, the studies presented in this thesis were aimed at identifying and characterizing candidate pathogenicity genes in F. virguliforme.To fulfill this objective, 40 candidate pathogenicity genes of F. virguliforme were identified based on a combined approach, which included hands-on literature and database mining, functional genomics as well as transcriptome analyses. From these genes, the FvSNF1gene (a sucrose non-fermenting protein kinase 1 ortholog), the Fvstr1 gene (a striatin protein ortholog) were functionally characterized through a gene knock-out strategy. Targeted disruption of the FvSNF1 locus in wild type F. virguliforme strain reduced virulence significantly on soybean and abolished galactose utilization. In addition, the FvΔSNF1 mutant displayed significant reduction in expression of several CWDEs genes and was defective in colonizing the vascular system of the roots. To identify putative target genes regulated by FvSNF1, transcriptome analyses were performed in the FvSNF1 deletion mutant and in the wild-type. Disruption of FvSNF1 affected the level of transcription of 393 genes and a majority of the genes were involved in carbohydrate metabolism, lignin degradation, and cellular signaling pathway. The disruption of Fvstr1, a striatin ortholog in F. virguliforme, resulted in a complete loss of virulence as well as impaired conidiation, conidiophore development and pigmentation in the fungus. The FvΔstr1 mutant also failed to colonize the vascular tissues of roots of inoculated soybean plants. The results suggest that FvSNF1and Fvstr1 have critical roles in pathogenicity. Another part of the study was to investigate the efficacy of ILeVO®, a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor fungicide from Bayer CropScience, against F. virguliforme. Our results showed that ILeVO® was very active against F. virguliforme in vitro and was very effective in minimizing F. virguliforme infection thus providing yet another tool to combat SDS.

My dissertation consists of two chapters exploring several aspects of empirical corporate finance with a special focus on founder CEOs and family firms. Chapter 1 focuses on the impact of founder CEO leadership on firm value in publicly listed U.S. firms. Previous research on how founder CEOs affect firm value shows mixed results. Using a natural experiment whereby I measure the impact of the sudden deaths of CEOs during the period 1964–2018, I document that stock prices increase by 1.56% upon founder CEOs’ deaths and decrease by 2.89% upon professional CEOs’ deaths. Next, I develop a novel measure of managerial private benefits and discuss several new insights. First, I document that the positive stock price reactions to the sudden deaths of founder CEOs are mainly driven by the fact that founder CEOs extract two times greater private benefits relative to professional CEOs. Second, segregating private benefits into two parts – nepotism and non-nepotism – I find that investors react to both types of private benefits. Third, investor reactions are more pronounced for tunneling-related disclosed private benefits than for investment-related non-disclosed private benefits. Fourth, investors reactions are more pronounced for private benefits related to underinvestment than for private benefits related to overinvestment. Overall, my paper highlights the impact of CEO leadership styles on shareholder wealth. Chapter 2 examines significant family ownership in publicly listed U.S. firms. Instead of holding a diversified portfolio, family owners, such as the Waltons of Walmart, hold large fractions of their wealth in a single stock. To explain this decision, we build a unique model of ambiguity aversion wherein the family’s information advantage in their firm allows them to more accurately estimate value-at-risk in tail events relative to the diversified portfolio. Using an index of macroeconomic uncertainty, we find a strong, negative relation between the uncertainty beta and both family ownership and involvement. Also consistent with our predictions, we document that families with high absolute wealth or risk aversion are unlikely to exit the firm. Our analysis provides an explanation for a family owner’s decision to hold a concentrated stake in a single firm in countries with well-developed financial markets and legal regimes. / Business Administration/Finance

The movement of the exotic and destructive plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum into unquarantined areas via the plant nursery trade provides a potential outlet for transmission into eastern United States forests. A two-year survey of Phytophthora species in a forest adjacent to an ornamental plant nursery in Mississippi isolated P. ramorum 20 times from water and once from vegetation, with an additional detection of 14 Phytophthora species and one provisional species. Isolates were recovered from soil, water, and vegetation using baiting and filtering techniques, and verified by their DNA through Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) followed by genomic sequencing. This study confirms the ability of P. ramorum to sustain itself in Mississippi, although disease progression appears to be inhibited by the relatively small window of favorable environmental conditions.

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