The concern over depleting fossil fuel resources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions has prompted the research into alternative and renewable energy resources. Bioethanol is seen as a potential alternative to petroleum fuels and is mainly produced from sugar and starch containing crops such as sugar cane and maize. In South Africa the use of maize for ethanol production has been prohibited due to food security concerns; therefore, alternative feedstocks need to be investigated. Tropical sugar beet, a new variety of sugar beet, is a potential alternative as it is able to grow in tropical and subtropical climates using much less water than sugar cane. The main objective of this study was to determine the potential of using tropical sugar beet for ethanol production. The study focused on the effects of dilution ratio, pH, yeast concentration and the addition of a nitrogen supplement on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% and a glycerol yield of 0.08 g.g–1 was obtained when no additional water was added to the juice. The best dilution ratio was found to be 1:4 which gave a maximum ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% and a glycerol yield of 0.07 g.g–1. An ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% was achieved at a yeast concentration of 5 g.L–1 after four hours of fermentation. Nitrogen supplements such as urea, peptone, yeast extract and ammonium sulphate were added during fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement to fermentation had a positive effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% was achieved when urea was added to the fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement also decreased the amount of glycerol formed from 0.15 g.g –1 to 0.08 g.g–1. Ammonium sulphate was chosen as the preferred nitrogen source as it is a simple component that can enter the cell directly. A maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 88%, was achieved when 750 mg N.L–1 ammonium sulphate was added. Adjusting the pH prior to fermentation had no real effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved at all the pH values investigated. Therefore the natural pH of the juice, or pH values between 4 and 5.5, could be used. Adjusting the pH was done to merely reduce the risk of contamination. The optimal fermentation parameters were found to be pH 4, yeast concentration 5 g.L–1 and a ammonium sulphate concentration of 750 mg N.L–1. At these conditions, a maximum ethanol of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved. These results show that tropical sugar beet with a sugar content of approximately 21.8% (w.w–1) is a good feedstock for ethanol production in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

The concern over depleting fossil fuel resources and increasing greenhouse gas emissions has prompted the research into alternative and renewable energy resources. Bioethanol is seen as a potential alternative to petroleum fuels and is mainly produced from sugar and starch containing crops such as sugar cane and maize. In South Africa the use of maize for ethanol production has been prohibited due to food security concerns; therefore, alternative feedstocks need to be investigated. Tropical sugar beet, a new variety of sugar beet, is a potential alternative as it is able to grow in tropical and subtropical climates using much less water than sugar cane. The main objective of this study was to determine the potential of using tropical sugar beet for ethanol production. The study focused on the effects of dilution ratio, pH, yeast concentration and the addition of a nitrogen supplement on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% and a glycerol yield of 0.08 g.g–1 was obtained when no additional water was added to the juice. The best dilution ratio was found to be 1:4 which gave a maximum ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% and a glycerol yield of 0.07 g.g–1. An ethanol yield of 0.48 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 94% was achieved at a yeast concentration of 5 g.L–1 after four hours of fermentation. Nitrogen supplements such as urea, peptone, yeast extract and ammonium sulphate were added during fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement to fermentation had a positive effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.47 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 92% was achieved when urea was added to the fermentation. The addition of a nitrogen supplement also decreased the amount of glycerol formed from 0.15 g.g –1 to 0.08 g.g–1. Ammonium sulphate was chosen as the preferred nitrogen source as it is a simple component that can enter the cell directly. A maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 which is a conversion efficiency of 88%, was achieved when 750 mg N.L–1 ammonium sulphate was added. Adjusting the pH prior to fermentation had no real effect on the ethanol yield. The maximum ethanol yield of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved at all the pH values investigated. Therefore the natural pH of the juice, or pH values between 4 and 5.5, could be used. Adjusting the pH was done to merely reduce the risk of contamination. The optimal fermentation parameters were found to be pH 4, yeast concentration 5 g.L–1 and a ammonium sulphate concentration of 750 mg N.L–1. At these conditions, a maximum ethanol of 0.45 g.g–1 was achieved. These results show that tropical sugar beet with a sugar content of approximately 21.8% (w.w–1) is a good feedstock for ethanol production in South Africa. / Thesis (M.Sc. Engineering Sciences (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Thesis (M.S.)--Montana State University--Bozeman, 2004. / Typescript. Chairperson, Graduate Committee: Barry J. Jacobsen. Includes bibliographical references.

Submitted by Livia Mello (liviacmello@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-10-06T18:07:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:34:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T18:34:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T18:34:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissBRBP.pdf: 2167351 bytes, checksum: f2c630fe9ed1bb7730edefd064bfdbc5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-14 / Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT) / Bees are the most important pollinators of agricultural ecosystems by carrying out pollination of up to 90% of native plants and more than one third of cultivated plants. Studies conducted around the world have been demonstrating a phenomenon called CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder), whose causal agent several factors including diseases that affect this group. Among them, the varroa resulting from the Varroa destructor mite attack, is reported as pathogen major impact factor on the Apis mellifera. In view of this, the objective of this study was to test the efficiency of three methods to control V. destructor: alternative, obtained from the distillation of oregano (Origanum vulgare Linnaeus, 1753), thyme (Thymus vulgaris Linnaeus, 1753) and sugar beet (Beta vulgaris Linnaeus, 1753); biological, run base drones and larvae chemical, carried out with the application of active flumethrin principle. The results were evaluated by statistical analysis in R program to determine the differences between treatments and proposed mergers and select the best method of control. In the analysis, it was observed that the alternative method showed a significant difference by highlighting thyme distillation as more efficient because there is no significant killing of bees and cause the death of all the mites in a shorter time compared to the other distillates. The biological method hornets larvae base is also preferably effective due to mite in these individuals. In chemical control the use of the active ingredient flumethrin caused poisoning in bees, with diarrhea in the first 6 hours after application, and after 48 hours caused a mortality of 100%, which demonstrates be impractical to control the mite. / As abelhas são os agentes polinizadores mais importantes dos agroecossistemas por realizarem a polinização de até 90% das plantas nativas e de mais de 1/3 das plantas cultivadas. Estudos desenvolvidos ao redor do mundo vêm demostrando um fenômeno chamado CCD (Colony Collapse Disorder), que tem como agente causal vários fatores incluindo as doenças que afetam este grupo. Dentre elas, a varroose, resultante do ataque do ácaro Varroa destructor, é o patógeno relatado como fator de grande impacto sobre a espécie Apis mellifera. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi testar a eficiência de três métodos para o controle de V. destructor: o alternativo, obtido a partir da destilação de orégano (Origanum vulgare Lineus, 1753), tomilho (Thymus vulgaris Lineus, 1753) e beterraba (Beta vulgaris Lineus, 1753); o biológico, executado a base de larvas de zangões e o químico, realizado com a aplicação do princípio ativo flumetrina. Os resultados foram avaliados por meio de análise estatística no programa R para determinar as diferenças entre os tratamentos e as concentrações propostas e selecionar o melhor método para controle. Nas análises, foi observado que o método alternativo apresentou diferença significativa, destacando as destilações de tomilho como mais eficientes por não haver morte significativa das abelhas, além de causar a morte de todos os ácaros em menor tempo comparado, aos outros destilados. O método biológico a base de larvas de zangões também é eficiente devido a preferência do ácaro por estes indivíduos. No controle químico o uso do ingrediente ativo flumetrina, causou intoxicação nas abelhas, com diarreia nas primeiras 6 horas após aplicação, e depois de 48 horas causou uma mortalidade de 100%, o que demostra ser inviável para o controle do ácaro.

Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

This thesis examines Alberta and Manitoba sugar beet farms as carceral sites for displaced Japanese Canadians during the Second World War. Previous literature has focused on the relocation of Japanese Canadians but has not addressed the many distinct sites that marked the boundaries of incarceration for Japanese Canadians. By exploring issues of citizenship and history, this thesis examines the many ways that regulation was imposed on Japanese Canadians by state and extra-state organizations and individuals. This subject was explored using critical discourse analysis of the Calgary Herald and the Winnipeg Free Press for a twelve month period beginning February 1, 1942, two months prior to the announcement of the Sugar Beet Programme and ending January 31, 1943, as original beet contracts covered only the 1942 crop year. My analysis follows two major themes: sugar beet farms as carceral sites and the use of citizenship narratives to both legitimize and erase Japanese Canadian labour. Utilizing Fbucault's notion of 'carceral', I show how disciplinary strategies were used to strip Japanese Canadians of their social, economic and political citizenship. While Japanese Canadians were never formally incarcerated, I argue that the term carceral needs to be reworked in order to include losses of liberty that are not formally sanctioned. I examine newspaper reports regarding official state policy, local community responses, protests and individual letters to the editors, and conclude that, indeed, Japanese Canadians underwent surveillance, supervision, constraint and coercion, all markers of incarceration. Citizenship discourses were a crucial tool of both state and non-state agencies. Further, 'whiteness' was central to these discourses. Citizenship discourses such as patriotism and duty were directed at 'white' citizens to encourage their acceptance of Japanese Canadian relocation. Further, these same discourses were used to recruit a volunteer 'white' labour force. However, despite the significant contributions of Japanese Canadians to this wartime industry, never were these types of discursive rewards or the subsequent material benefits offered to them. Further, the voices of Japanese Canadians were also silenced by the media. Thus, Japanese Canadians became invisible and silent workers who could claim no voice and thus, no membership in the nation. / Arts, Faculty of / Sociology, Department of / Graduate

A new disease of sugar beet, named Fusarium yellowing decline, was recently found in in the Red River Valley of MN and ND. This disease is caused by a novel pathogen named Fusarium secorum. Pathogens such as F. secorum secrete proteins during infection called ‘effectors’ that help establish disease. Since pathogenicity and disease development may depend on effector proteins produced by F. secorum during infection, effector protein identification furthers our understanding of the biology of this important pathogen. A list of 11 candidate effectors was generated previously. In this study, to characterize putative effectors, we developed a transformation system using polyethylene glycol–mediated transformation. Several mutant lines were created with an effector deleted from the genome using a split-marker knock-out strategy. To explore their role in pathogenicity, mutant strains have been inoculated to sugarbeet and compared to WT F. secorum.

The migration of waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus) into northern sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) growing regions has prompted sugarbeet producers to utilize inter-row cultivation in their weed management program as no currently registered herbicides can control glyphosate-resistant waterhemp postemergence. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cultivation efficacy on waterhemp and common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and to evaluate cultivation safety on sugarbeet. Cultivation efficacy experiments demonstrated cultivation removes 65% of waterhemp and has no effect on further waterhemp emergence, but can be deleterious to common lambsquarters control if cultivation is timed before sugarbeet canopy closure. The ideal time to implement inter-row cultivation in sugarbeet is after sugarbeet canopy is closed and can suppress further weed emergence. Cultivation safety experiments demonstrated three cultivations as late as August 16 had no effect on sugarbeet yield and quality. Cultivation is a valuable tool to control glyphosate-resistant weeds with no deleterious effects if used correctly. / Sugarbeet Research and Education Board of Minnesota and North Dakota

<p>Hemometrijskim metodama (deskriptivna statistika, analiza glavnih komponenti, ve&scaron;tačke neuronske mreže i fazi optimizacija) analizirani su rezultati procesa osmotske dehidratacije mesa srebrnog kara&scaron;a, sa ciljem unapređenja efikasnosti osmotskog tretmana i pronalaženja optimalnih tehnolo&scaron;kih parametara.<br />Osmotski tretman se odvijao u tri osmotska rastvora (vodeni rastvor natrijum hlorida i<br />saharoze, kombinacija vodenog rastvora natrijum hlorida i saharoze i melase i melasa &scaron;ećerne repe) različitih koncentracija, na četiri temperature (10&deg;C, 20&deg;C, 35&deg;C i 50&deg;C) i pri tri vremena procesa (1, 3 i 5h). Posmatrani su sledeći odzivi sistema: gubitak vode, prira&scaron;taj suve materije, povećanje sadržaja suve materije, sniženje aktivnosti vode i promena sadržaja minerala (Na, K, Ca i Mg). Karakterizacijom osmotski dehidriranog ribljeg polupoizvoda, poja&scaron;njeni su efekti osmotskog tretmana i inovatinog osmotskog rastvora na senzorne osobine, hemijski i mikrobiolo&scaron;ki profil tretiranog mesa ribe. Rezultati ispitivanja pokazuju da se primenom procesa osmotske dehidratacije povećava gubitak vode, prira&scaron;taj suve materije i sadržaj suve materije u svim uzorcima mesa srebrnog kara&scaron;a. Za sva tri osmotska rastvora, najveće vrednosti dobijene su nakon 5 časova, pri najvi&scaron;im temperaturama i u najvećim koncentracijama rastvora.<br />Povećavanjem temperature procesa, koncentracije rastvora i vremena trajanja procesa, povećan je sadržaj posmatranih minerala u tretiranom mesu ribe. Rezultati<br />ANOVA testa pokazali su da na vrednosti posmatranih odziva statistički značajno utiču<br />sva tri parametra: vreme, temperatura i koncentracija. PCA analizom procesa utvrđeno je da su pri izračunavanju prve glavne komponente najveći uticaj imale vrednosti svih odziva osim aw vrednosti, dok je ona najvi&scaron;e uticala na proračun druge glavne komponente. Iako su modeli ve&scaron;tačkih neuronskih mreža kompleksniji od modela polinoma drugog reda, mreže su pokazale bolji učinak usled visoke<br />nelinearnosti razvijenih sistema. Primenom fazi optimizacije postignute optimalne vrednosti procesnih parametara za vodeni rastvor natrijum hlorida i saharoze su bile na nižim temperaturama i nižim koncentracijama rastvora, dok su za rastvore sa melasom &scaron;ećerne repe optimalne vrednosti na maksimumima posmatranih opsega temperature i koncentracije rastvora. Procesom osmotske dehidratacije smanjen je inicijalni broj bakterija u mesu srebrnog kara&scaron;a. Hemijskim i senzorskim analizama utvrđeno je da je melasa &scaron;ećerne repe zbog svog kompleksnog nutritivnog sastava<br />povoljnije je delovala na promenu hemijskog sastava i senzorne osobine uzoraka u odnosu na druga dva rastvora.</p> / <p>Chemometric methods (descriptive statistics, principal components analysis, artificial neural networks and fuzzy optimization) were used to analyze the results of osmotic dehydration of silver crucian carp, with the aim of improving the efficiency of the osmotic treatment and finding the optimal technological parameters.<br />The osmotic treatment was carried out in three osmotic solution (aqueous sodium chloride and sucrose solution, sugar beet molasses and the combination of these two solutions) of varying concentrations, at four temperatures (10&deg;C, 20&deg;C, 35&deg;C and 50&deg;C) and at three processing times (1, 3 and 5 h). The observed system responses were: water loss, solid gain, increase in dry matter content, reduction of water activity<br />and changes in mineral content (Na, K, Ca and Mg). The characterization of dehydrated fish, explained the effects of osmotic treatment on its sensory properties, chemical and microbiological profile. Results have shown that the application of osmotic dehydration increases water loss, solid gain and dry matter content in all samples of fish meat. For all three osmotic solution, the highest values were obtained after 5h, at the highest temperatures and in the highest concentration of the solution. By increasing the process temperature, concentration and time, increased the mineral content in the fish meat. The results of the ANOVA test have shown that the values of the observed responses significantly affect all three parameters: time, temperature and concentration. PCA analysis process has found that on calculation of the first principal component all response values except aw value had the greatest impact, while aw value had the most influence on the calculation of the other major component. Although models of artificial neural network models are more complex than second order polynomial, the network showed better performance due to the high nonlinearity of the developed system. Application of fuzzy optimization obtained optimal values of the process parameters for aqueous solution of sodium chloride and sucrose were at lower temperatures and lower concentrations of the solution, while the solutions with molasses optimal values of the maxima observed ranges<br />of temperature and solution concentration. The process of osmotic dehydration has reduced the initial number of bacteria in meat silver carp. Chemical and sensory analyzes have shown that the sugar beet molasses due to its complex nutritional composition has a better effect on changing the chemical composition and sensory characteristics of the samples.</p>

<p>Termalne osobine svinjskog mesa (Longissimus dorsi) osmotski dehidratisanog u melasi &scaron;ećerne repe i svežeg svinjskog mesa praćene su metodama termalne analize: Diferencijalnom skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (DSC), termogravimetrijskom analizom (TGA), modulovanom diferencijalnom skenirajućom kalorimetrijom (MDSC). Dobijeni rezultati pokazuju postojanje novonastale proteinske osnove osmotski dehidratisanog svinjskog mesa koji je posledica smanjenja količine vode i interakcije komponenti melase s proteinima mesa. Nađeno je da osmotskom dehidratacijom dolazi do promene i pregrupisavanja preostale slobodne vode u dva oblika, &scaron;to ukazuje na mehaničko strukturne promene u interfibrilarnoj mreži i pojednostavljivanje strukture proteinske osnove. Definisani su nastali strukturni nivoi proteinske osnove: strukturni nivo vode vezane na protein tj. postojanje proteinske strukture i posle osmotske dehidratacije -strukturni nivo I; strukturni nivo mreže sa ujednačeno manjim porama tj. nivo energetski jače vezane imobilizirane -strukturni nivo II; strukturni nivo mreže sa ujednačeno većim porama tj. nivo energetski slabije vezane imobilizirane -strukturni nivo III.<br />Ispitivanjem termalnih osobina uzoraka osmotski dehidratisanog mesa sa smanjenom vlagom ( ispod 20%) nađeno je postojanje staklastog prelaza po&scaron;to je najveća količina vode vezana za čvrsti matriks. Definisani su optimalni uslovi rehidratacije osmotski dehidratisanog svinjskog mesa, te su određene Pelegove konstante rehidratacije. Nađeno je postojanje nativnih struktura proteina u osmotski dehidtiranom mesu i određeni su kinetički parametri denaturacije (Ea, kb) svežeg i osmotski dehidriranog mesa. Određen je sadržaj makroelemenata osmotski su&scaron;enog svinjskog mesa. Radi obja&scaron;njenja složenosti interakcija proteina mesa i sastojaka osmotskog rastvora melase koje se odvijaju pri dehidrataciji, kao model sistem poslužila je interakcija proteina albumina goveđeg seruma (BSA) s jonima nekih makroelemenata prisutnih u melasi.</p> / <p>Thermal properties of pork meat (Longissimus dorsi) osmotically dehydrated in sugar beet molasses and fresh pork were followed by the methods of thermal analysis: Differential Scanning Calorimertry (DSC), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry (MDSC). The results indicate the existence of newly formed protein matrix as a consequence of osmotic dehydration of pork meat: reducing the amount of water and the interaction of the components of molasses and meat proteins. It has been found that changes were induced by the process of osmotic dehydration, and rearrangeement of the remaining free water in two forms. Also as a consequence of the osmotic dehydration, structural changes in the interfibrilar network and simplifying of the original structure of the meat protein matrix were occurred. A structural levels of protein matrix were defined: as structural level of the water bound to the protein, meaning the existence of protein structure and after osmotic dehydration Structural level I; a structural level with uniformly small pores in the network of formed protein matrix: energy level of more tightly immobilized water &ndash;Structural level II; and structural level of network with uniformly larger pores, energy level of lower bound immobilized water - Structural level III. By characterization of the thermal properties of the samples of osmotically dehydrated meat with reduced moisture (below 20%) the glass transition was found, as most of the water bound to a solid matrix.The optimal conditions for rehydration of dehydrated pork meat were defined, and Peleg&lsquo;s rehydration constants were obtained. It was found that the existence of the native structure of the protein in the osmotically dehydrated meat, and the kinetic parameters of protein denaturation (Ea, kb) of fresh and dehydrated meat were obtained. The content of macroelements in the osmotically dehydrated, fresh pork meat and in the sugar beet molasses were obtained. In order to explain the complexity of the interaction of meat proteins with the components of the osmotic solution -molasses that occur in the dehydration process, the model-system of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) interaction with the ions were implied to present simple interaction of some major elements with a protein matrix followed by DSC and ITC .</p>