La betterave sucrière est la deuxième plante en termes de production de sucre avec 19,6% du sucre produit dans le monde entre 2015 et 2016, derrière la canne à sucre. Cultivée dans les zones tempérées comme le nord de la France et la Belgique, elle est sensible au stress thermique modéré. En effet, une augmentation de 1°C de la température moyenne entraîne une perte de rendement de 29%. Dans le cadre du réchauffement climatique et afin de fournir aux agriculteurs des variétés ayant une meilleure résistance à la chaleur, la compréhension des réponses de la betterave sucrière au stress hyperthermique est nécessaire. Pour cela, une étude des réponses physiologiques et métaboliques a été effectuée avec trois hybrides : un hybride de type sucré avec 18% de sucre dans sa racine, un hybride de type lourd avec un meilleur rendement que la moyenne mais avec seulement 17% de sucre dans sa racine, et un hybride dit « résistant » au stress hyperthermique, ayant le meilleur rendement aux champs avec des températures plus élevées. Alors que la photosynthèse nette n’était pas modifiée en condition de stress, une croissance plus rapide de la rosette a été observée aux stades jeunes pour les trois hybrides. Une approche de modélisation suggère qu’une croissance de la rosette plus rapide contrecarre les effets du stress hyperthermique sur la production racinaire. Cette hypothèse est confirmée par le fait que l’hybride le plus performant a la croissance foliaire la plus rapide. Le stress hyperthermique provoque une forte diminution du stockage transitoire du carbone dans les feuilles matures. Dans les feuilles en cours de développement, le stockage transitoire du carbone, dont la moitié sous forme d’amidon, était seulement maintenu chez l’hybride le plus performant. Un calcul intégrant les besoins en carbone de la croissance foliaire suggère que ce maintien contribue significativement au maintien du rendement chez cet hybride. Par ailleurs, un marqueur putatif de la sensibilité au stress hyperthermique a été identifié lors de cette étude. Au final ce travail a permis de mieux comprendre comment la betterave sucrière répond à l’élévation de la température et ainsi proposer de nouvelles stratégies pour l’amélioration de cette espèce. / Sugar beet is the second largest sugar-producing crop, with 19.6% of the sugar produced in the world between 2015 and 2016, behind sugarcane. Cultivated in temperate zones like the north of France and Belgium, it is sensitive to moderate thermal stress. Indeed, an increase of 1°C in the average temperature leads to a loss of efficiency of 29%. In the context of global warming and in order to provide farmers with varieties with better resistance to heat, an understanding of sugar beet responses to hyperthermic stress is necessary. For this, a study of physiological and metabolic responses was carried out with three hybrids: a sweet-type hybrid with 18% sugar in the root, a heavy-type hybrid with a better yield than average but with only 17% sugar in the root, and a so-called "resistant" hybrid, which has the best yield at higher temperatures. While net photosynthesis was not altered in stress conditions, more rapid growth of the rosette was observed at the young stages for all three hybrids. A modeling approach suggests that faster rosette growth counteracts the effects of hyperthermic stress on root production. This hypothesis was confirmed by the fact that the best performing hybrid had the fastest shoot growth. Hyperthermic stress caused a significant decrease in transient carbon storage in mature leaves. In developing leaves, transient storage of carbon, half as starch, was only maintained in the best performing hybrid. A calculation incorporating the carbon requirement of foliar growth suggests that this maintenance contributes significantly to the maintenance of yield in this hybrid. In addition, a putative marker of hyperthermic stress sensitivity was identified in this study. In the end, this work provides a better understanding of how sugar beet responds to the rise in temperature, thus proposing new strategies for the improvement of this species.

The relative profitability of sugar beets and competitive crops were studied in Box Elder and Cache counties , Utah . Profitability ratios based on enterprise budget data and resource use requirements were used as a basis for comparison . Sugar beets was found to be more profitable than competing crops in returns per acre , in returns to water used and in returns to fixed investment and management. However, sugar beets was found to be less profitable than certain other crops in returns to operating capital and returns to labor . Also , on land rated low in productivity sugar beets was found to be less profitable than most competing crops . Linear programming techniques were used in studying the production response of sugar beets at various price levels . An aggregated supply curve was developed showing the acreage response in sugar beet production at varying sugar beet prices for the two county area . The price range over which sugar beet acreage was responsive ranged from $11 .70 per ton to a high of $16.70 per ton where the maximum acreage permitted in the model was attained .

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Wyoming, 2008. / Title from PDF title page (viewed on August 6, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 88-102).

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Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe pateikiami baltojo gūžinio kopūsto veislių atsparumo runkeliniam nematodui (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871) tyrimų in vitro ir in vivo sąlygomis rezultatai. Darbo objektas – in vivo ir in vitro sąlygomis išauginti baltųjų gūžinių kopūstų daigai, užkrėsti runkelinio nematodo (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871) cistomis. Darbo metodai: įvairių veislių gūžinio kopūsto veislių atsparumas in vitro sąlygomis atliktas įterpiant runkelinio nematodo cistas prie augalo šaknų (Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998; Soliman et al., 2005). Prieš įterpimą cistos buvo sterilizuotos 0,05 % HgCl2 tirpalu, laikant jas tirpale 3 min, po to tris kartus nuplaunant steriliu distiliuotu vandeniu (Müller, 1978; Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998). In vivo sąlygomis kopūstų daigai taip pat užkrėsti įterpiant prie augalo šaknų runkelinio nematodo cistas. Iš augalo šaknų nematodai buvo išskirti modifikuotu piltuvėliniu Bermano metodu kambario temperatūroje esant 2 parų ekspozicijai naudojantis binokuliaru MБC – 1 (Zuckerman ir kt., 1985; Šlepetienė, 1981). Augalų atsparumo vertinimas atliekamas nustatant naujos kartos patelių/cistų, rastų ant šaknų sistemos, skaičių (Harrewijn, 1987; Lelivelt, 1995; Voss et al., 1999; Cook, Noel, 2002). Darbo rezultatai. Baltojo gūžinio kopūsto veislės 'Jetma F1', 'Amager Kurzsturnking', 'Zora', 'Brunswick', 'Kamienna Glowa' ir 'Golden Acre' yra tinkamos H. schachtii plitimui, kaip augalai šeimininkai. Tiek in... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The master work presents the results of white cabbage variety resistance for sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt., 1871) in vivo and in vitro conditions. Object of the work – In vivo and in vitro conditions grown white head cabbage seedlings infected by sugar beet nematode (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt., 1871) cysts. Method of the work – different varieties of cabbages species resistance in vitro is performed by inserting sugar beet cyst nematode to the plant roots (Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998, Soliman et al., 2005). Prior to insertion of cysts were sterilized 0.05% HgCl2 solution, keeping them in a solution of 3 min, followed by rinsing three times with sterile distilled water (Muller, 1978; Feyaerts, Coosemans, 1992; Jalali, 1998). In vivo cabbage seedlings are also infected with the insertion of the plant's root cyst nematode. The plant's root nematodes were identified by Berman modified funnel method at room temperature for 2 days of exposure using binoculars MБC - 1 (Zuckerman et al., 1985; Slepetiene, 1981). Plant resistance assessment in identifying the next generation of females / cysts found on the root system (Harrewijn, 1987; Lelivelt, 1995, Voss et al., 1999; Cook, Noel, 2002). The results of work. White Cabbages cultivar 'Jetma F1', 'Amager Kurzsturnking', 'Zora', 'Brunswick', 'Kamienna Glowa' and 'Golden Acre' is suitable for (Heterodera schachtii Schmidt, 1871) spread as host plants. Both in vitro and in vivo conditions found that... [to full text]

Cercospora leaf spot is an economically devastating disease of sugar beet caused by the fungus Cercospora beticola. It has been demonstrated recently that the C. beticola CTB cluster is larger than previously recognized and includes novel genes involved in cercosporin biosynthesis and a partial duplication of the CTB cluster. Several genes in the C. nicotianae CTB cluster are known to be regulated by ‘feedback’ transcriptional inhibition. Expression analysis was conducted in wild type (WT) and CTB mutant backgrounds to determine if feedback inhibition occurs in C. beticola. My research showed that the transcription factor CTB8 which regulates the CTB cluster expression in C. nicotianae also regulates gene expression in the C. beticola CTB cluster. Expression analysis has shown that feedback inhibition occurs within some of the expanded CTB cluster genes. The partial duplication of the CTB cluster was not found to be light activated or subject to feedback inhibition. / USDA Bolton Sugar Beet Pathology Lab

Rhizoctonia solani causes damping-off, and root and crown rot of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and overwinters as sclerotia and mycelia. Research was conducted to determine how best to produce large quantities of sclerotia and mycelia in vitro, and compare their pathogenicity with traditionally used colonized barley grains to sugar beet in vitro and in vivo. The greatest number of sclerotia was produced on amended clarified V8 medium and sclerotia caused more disease compared to barley inoculum in the greenhouse. The bio-control potential of Penicillium pinophilum on R. solani AG2-2 on sugar beet was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that the presence of P.pinophilum with R.solani reduced damping-off by 75% and thus have the potential to be developed as a bio-control agent for this pathogen.

Various ammonium salts, urea, aqua ammonia, and anhydrous ammonia are important sources of nitrogen for the fertilization of agricultural crops. While ammonia and its compounds are useful as fertilizers, they can be, and often are, toxic to many plants (Willis and Rankin, 1930; Stout and Tolman, 1941; Raleigh, 1942; Stoll, 1954; Lorenz, 1955; Grogan and Zink, 1956; Allen, 1962; Cooke, 1962; Allred, 1963; Court et al, 1964; Hood and Ensminger, 1964). There are also products which have been designed to retard the oxidation of ammonia and its compounds (Go ring, 1962). It is therefore important that the effects of ammonia and its compounds on plants, plant growth and plant metabolism be fully understood.

Magistrantūros studijų baigiamojo darbo tyrimų tikslas buvo ištirti cukrinių runkelių ligotumą, nustatyti grybinių lapų ligų paplitimą ir žalingumą cukriniuose runkeliuose bei nustatyti apsaugos priemonių, mažinančių ligų plitimą efektyvumą. Lauko eksperimentas buvo atliktas 2012 m. Lietuvos agrarinių ir miškų mokslų centro (LAMMC) Rumokų bandymų stotyje. Dirvožemis sekliai glėjiškas paprastasis išplautžemis (Haplic-Epihypogleyic Luvisol – Idg8-p). Darbo objektas - cukrinių runkelių (Beta vulgaris saccharifera) grybinės lapų ligos. Darbo metodai: Cukrinių runkelių lapų ligotumo, fungicidų biologinio efektyvumo, ligų žalingumo matavimai nustatyti tiesioginio matavimo, skaičiavimo ar svėrimo būdu pagal priimtas lauko eksperimento vykdymo metodikas (Šurkus, Gaurilčikienė, 2002). Tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti vieno veiksnio arba dviejų veiksnių kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės metodais, taikant kompiuterinę programą ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Darbo rezultatai: Tyrimų metais cukriniuose runkeliuose labiausiai plito cukrinių runkelių rudmargė ir baltuliai, kurių pažeidimo intensyvumas atitinkamai siekė 11,91 ir 1,81 proc. Didžiausias biologinis fungicido efektyvumas nuo cukrinių runkelių rudmargės nustatytas laukeliuose, kuriuose vieną ir du kartus buvo naudojamas fungicidas Maredo (vienkartinio purškimo norma 1,0 l ha-1, dukartinio - 0,75 l ha-1). Jo biologinis efektyvumas atitinkamai siekė 65,79 – 92,06 proc. ir 86,39 – 94,19 proc. Didžiausias... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of Master thesis research was to investigate the intensity of sugar beet diseases, determine the fungal disease prevalence and harmfulness of sugar beets, and determine the effect of chemical plant control against sugar beet diseases.The research was made in the Rumokai Experimental Station of the Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry in 2012. The soil type – Haplic-Epihypogleyic Luvisol – Idg8-p. Object of the research – sugar beet (Beta vulgaris saccharifera) fungal leaf diseases. Working methods: biological effectiveness of fungicides and disease harmfulness measurements were determined while using direct measurements, calculations or weighing according field experimental techniques (Šurkus, Gaurilčikienė, 2002). Research data have been statistically evaluated with a single factor or two factor analysis of variance of quantitative methods of evidence, using a computer program ANOVA (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Research results: The most effective fungicide against Cercospora leaf spot disease in the once and twice treatment field of sugar beet plants was Maredo (once treatment rate 1,0 l ha-1, twice treatment rate 0,75 l ha-1). Its efficiency was highest and reached 65,79 – 92,06 % and 86,39 – 94,19 %. The most effective fungicideagainst Ramularia leaf spot disease in the once and twice treatment field of sugar beet plants was also Maredo. Its efficiency reached 75,41 – 93,52 % and 82,76 – 93,89 %. The highest significant root... [to full text]