<p>Истраживања из овира овог рада обухватила су испитивање тока ферментације подлога на бази екстракционог, ретког и густог сока као међупроизвода, и меласе као нуспроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе квасцем <em>Saccharomyces cerevisae.</em> Експериментално је потврђена изводљивост добијања етанола дисконтинуалном ферментацијом екстракционог, ретког и густог сока као и меласе из домаћих фабрика шећера&nbsp;квасцем Saccharomyces cerevisae у биореактору радне запремине 1,5 l.</p><p>Анализом резултата тока ферментације међупроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе дефинисани су параметри значајни за моделовање применом поступка одзивне површине функције. За опис одзивних функција броја ћелија квасца, садржаја етанола и укупног садржаја шећера током ферментације испитан је утицај почетног садржаја шећера у опсегу 5-25 % m/v и трајања ферментације у опсегу 0-48 h. Добијени модели допринели су бољем разумевању утицаја различитог почетног садржаја шећера, трајања ферментације и међусобнихи интеракција ових фактора на одабране одзиве тока ферментације хранљивих подлога на бази међупроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе.</p><p>Поред наведеног, циљ овог рада обухватио је и дефинисање оптималних вредности почетног садржаја шећера и трајања ферментације екстракционог, ретког и густог сока као међупроизвода и меласе као нуспроизвода технологије прераде шећерне репе, применом методе жељене функције у комбинацији са полиномским зависностима посматраних одзива. За екстракциони сок оптималне вредности варираних параметара, при којим жељена функција има највећу вредност су почетни садржај шећера 12,71 % m/v и трајање ферментације 38 h. Дефинисане оптималне вредности варираних параметара за густи сок су почетни садржај шећера 12,75 % m/v и трајање ферментације 42&nbsp;h. За меласу су дефинисане следеће оптималне вредности варираних параметара: почетни садржај шећера 11,59&nbsp;% m/v &nbsp;и трајање ферментације 34&nbsp;h.</p><p>Наставак истраживања је изведен са циљем провере валидности добијених резултата, односно њихове применљивости у увећаним размерама. Добијени резултати тока ферментације у биореактору радне запремине 10 l, при оптималним условима дефинисаним за ферментацију у биореактору радне запремине 1,5&nbsp;l су у доброј корелацији са вредностима оптимизованих одзива које су предвиђене моделима.</p> / <p>Istraživanja iz ovira ovog rada obuhvatila su ispitivanje toka fermentacije podloga na bazi ekstrakcionog, retkog i gustog soka kao međuproizvoda, i melase kao nusproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe kvascem <em>Saccharomyces cerevisae.</em> Eksperimentalno je potvrđena izvodljivost dobijanja etanola diskontinualnom fermentacijom ekstrakcionog, retkog i gustog soka kao i melase iz domaćih fabrika šećera&nbsp;kvascem Saccharomyces cerevisae u bioreaktoru radne zapremine 1,5 l.</p><p>Analizom rezultata toka fermentacije međuproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe definisani su parametri značajni za modelovanje primenom postupka odzivne površine funkcije. Za opis odzivnih funkcija broja ćelija kvasca, sadržaja etanola i ukupnog sadržaja šećera tokom fermentacije ispitan je uticaj početnog sadržaja šećera u opsegu 5-25 % m/v i trajanja fermentacije u opsegu 0-48 h. Dobijeni modeli doprineli su boljem razumevanju uticaja različitog početnog sadržaja šećera, trajanja fermentacije i međusobnihi interakcija ovih faktora na odabrane odzive toka fermentacije hranljivih podloga na bazi međuproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe.</p><p>Pored navedenog, cilj ovog rada obuhvatio je i definisanje optimalnih vrednosti početnog sadržaja šećera i trajanja fermentacije ekstrakcionog, retkog i gustog soka kao međuproizvoda i melase kao nusproizvoda tehnologije prerade šećerne repe, primenom metode željene funkcije u kombinaciji sa polinomskim zavisnostima posmatranih odziva. Za ekstrakcioni sok optimalne vrednosti variranih parametara, pri kojim željena funkcija ima najveću vrednost su početni sadržaj šećera 12,71 % m/v i trajanje fermentacije 38 h. Definisane optimalne vrednosti variranih parametara za gusti sok su početni sadržaj šećera 12,75 % m/v i trajanje fermentacije 42&nbsp;h. Za melasu su definisane sledeće optimalne vrednosti variranih parametara: početni sadržaj šećera 11,59&nbsp;% m/v &nbsp;i trajanje fermentacije 34&nbsp;h.</p><p>Nastavak istraživanja je izveden sa ciljem provere validnosti dobijenih rezultata, odnosno njihove primenljivosti u uvećanim razmerama. Dobijeni rezultati toka fermentacije u bioreaktoru radne zapremine 10 l, pri optimalnim uslovima definisanim za fermentaciju u bioreaktoru radne zapremine 1,5&nbsp;l su u dobroj korelaciji sa vrednostima optimizovanih odziva koje su predviđene modelima.</p> / <p>Research from the framework of this study included the examination of the course of fermentation based on raw, thin and thick juice as intermediate products, and molasses as by-products of sugar beet proccessing by yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>. The feasibility of ethanol production from raw, thin and thick juice and molasses from local sugar factories was experimentally confirmed in batch fermentation in a bioreactor of working volume 1.5 l. lmportant parameters for modeling of the process using response surface methodology were defined by analyzing the results of the course of fermentation of intermediate products of sugar beet processing. For description of the response function of the number of yeast cells, ethanol content and total sugar content during fermentation, the effects of initial sugar content in the range 5-25% w/v and duration of fermentation in the range 0-4g h were examined. Obtained models have contributed to a better understanding of the impact of different initial sugar content, fermentation time and interactions of these factors on the selected responses of the course of fermentation of culture media based on intermediate products of sugar beet processing.</p><p>ln addition, the goal of this work included the selection of the optimal values of the initial sugar content and duration of fermentation of raw, thin and thick juice and molasses applying the obtained second-degree polynomial models of the process. Optimal initial sugar content and fermentation time for ethanol production from raw juice were estimated to be 72.71% w/v and 38 h, respectively. For thin juice optimal values of varied parameters were the initial sugar content 12.75% w/v and fermentation time 42 h. The optimal values of initial sugar content and fermentation time for thick juice were defined to be 21,12% w/v and 47 h, respectively. For molasses were defined the following optimal values of varying parameters: the initial sugar content 11,59% w/v and fermentation time 34 h.<br />Further research was performed with the aim of validation of the obtained results and confirmation of their applicability in the enlarged scale. The results obtained during the fermentation in bioreactor of working volume 10 l, under optimal conditions defined for fermentation in the bioreactor of working volume 1.5 l, were in good correlation.</p>

Subsurface drainage has recently become common for agriculturally productive soils and key to maintain and improve crop production in poorly drained, frigid clay soils. The first study was conducted for four years (2014-17) at Casselton, ND to determine best combination of drainage, tillage and crop rotation for higher corn yield. Our finding suggested corn yield was highest with no drainage, CS and CH combination in years with drought conditions. The second study was conducted for three years (2015-17) to evaluate subsurface drainage spacing (9, 12, and 15m) and depth (0.9 and 1.2m) combination on corn, soybean and sugarbeet yields and residual soil nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) contents. Results indicated that 9 m drain spacing produced highest corn and soybean yield when average across three years in contrast with drain depth that has no effect on corn and soybean yield except for sugarbeet where the 1.2m depth yielded higher than the 0.9m depth. / North Dakota Corn Council / North Dakota Soybean Council / North Dakota Water Resources Research Institute

Leafy spurge (Euphorbia esula L.) is a costly noxious weed to manage in the Northern Great Plains; it invades rangelands and displaces native and desirable vegetation. Our first objective was to test the recommended full rate and half rate of selected herbicides applied in September following a spring burn on a leafy spurge invaded plant community. Our second objective was to determine if raffinate (desugared beet molasses) applied to leafy spurge invaded rangeland would attract cattle to consume leafy spurge. The aminocyclopyrachlor with chlorosulfuron treatment had the best leafy spurge control at the full rate, with stem density reductions of 95 percent for both sites nine and twelve months after treatment. The salt block treatment had the best success at reducing leafy spurge stem density. Herbicides can be the most common and effective type of management; however, manipulating livestock to graze noxious weeds converts a weed into a useable forage.

<p>Najznačajniji ograničavajući činilac proizvodnje svih biljnih vrsta je nedostatak dovoljnih količina vode. Dobijanje novih genotipova sa povećanom tolerantno&scaron;ću prema nedostatku vode bi doveo do stabilnijih prinosa i u nepovoljnim uslovima, ali oplemenjivanje prema ovom abiotičkom faktoru je jo&scaron; uvek dugotrajno i iziskuje značajna finansijska sredstva. Do sada je bilo veoma malo istraživanja o uticaju nedostatka vode na &scaron;ećernu repi koristeći morfolo&scaron;ke i fiziolo&scaron;ke pokazatelje i kod roditeljskih linija i njihovih hibridnih kombinacija. Zbog toga, potraga za jednostavnim i brzim metodama za opis oplemenjivačkog materijala u odnosu na nedostatak vode igra važnu ulogu u programima oplemenjivanja.<br />Cilj istraživanja je bio da se u uslovima vodnog deficita ispitaju: razlike između roditeljskih linija i njihovih hibrida za 10 odabranih svojstava (masa svežeg korena, masa suvog korena, broj listova, masa liske po biljci, masa lisne dr&scaron;ke po biljci, gustina stoma, difuzni otpor stoma, sadržaj prolina, relativni sadržaj vode u listovima i specifična masa lista), kombinacione sposobnosti linija, međusobna povezanost između svojstava, kao i koja od ispitivanih svojstava bi se mogla koristiti kao pouzdan pokazatelj prema nedostatku vode.<br />Za materijal su odabrane: 4 jednoklične fertilne inbred linije &scaron;ećerne repe različite tolerantnosti prema venjenju u poljskim uslovima (linije 3, 4, 5 i 6), 2 monogermna citoplazmatski mu&scaron;ko sterilna testera ( linija 1 i 2 ) i njihovih 8 hibrida (3x1, 3x2, 4x1, 4x2, 5x1, 5x2, 6x1 i 6x2). Biljke su gajene u stakleniku, a primenjena su tri tretmana zalivanja i to: 30% od izmerene dnevne potro&scaron;nje vode (DPV), 60% od DPV i kontrola (100% od DPV).<br />Najmanja masa svežeg korena (jedna godina istraživanja) je zabeležena kod linija 3 i 4 (u polju ocenjene kao osetljive na nedostatak vode). Masa korena linija i hibrida kao jedno od najvažnijih svojstava u oplemenjivanju je bila u pozitivnoj korelaciji sa masom liske i masom lisne dr&scaron;ke u kontroli kao i u tretmanima. Masa liske osetljivih linija 3 i 4 je u jednoj godini bila najmanja u kontroli (100% DPV) i 60% DPV, a u uslovima najvećeg nedostatka vode skoro da nije bilo razlika između linija, kao ni&nbsp;između hibrida. Veći sadržaj prolina i veća specifična lisna masa se ne mogu koristiti kao pogodna svojstva za veću tolerantnost &scaron;ećerne repe prema nedostatku vode. Primenom PCA analize jasno su se izdvojile linije 3 i 4, koje su u poljskim uslovima ocenjene da su osetljive na nedostatak vode. Prema klaster analizi može se reći da su sa svojstvima korena najvi&scaron;e povezana: masa liske, masa lisne dr&scaron;ke, broj listova i RWC. Tako da su ova svojstva od većeg značaja za oplemenjivanje &scaron;ećerne repe u uslovima dobro obezbeđenih vodom kao i u uslovima sa smanjenim količinama vode. Svojstva koja su bila u najslabijoj vezi sa korenom &scaron;ećerne repe su: gustina stoma, difuzni otpor stoma, specifična masa listova i sadržaj prolina.</p> / <p>The most limiting factor for production of all plant species is the lack of appropriate amount of water. Breeding of new genotypes with increased tolerance to the water stress would lead to more stable yields under dry conditions. Breeding for this abiotic factor is time-consuming and requires significant financial resources. There have been very few researches of the impact of water stress in the sugar beet using morphological and physiological parameters in the parent lines and their hybrid combinations. Therefore, the search for simple and rapid methods for the description of breeding materials in relation to water stress, play an important role in breeding programs.<br />The aim of this research was to examine the differences between parental lines and their hybrids under water deficit for 10 selected traits: (fresh root weight, dry rootweight, number of leaves, lamina weight per plant, petiole weight per plant, stomatal density, stomatal diffusive resistance, proline content, relative water content in leaves and specific leaf weight). The aim of this research was also to test combining ability of lines, correlation between the traits and which trait could be used as a reliable parameter in water stress conditions.<br />As plant material were used: 4 monogerm fertile sugar beet inbred lines with different tolerance to leaf wilting in field conditions (lines 3, 4, 5 and 6), 2 monogerm cytoplasmic male sterile testers (lines 1 and 2) and their hybrids 8 (3x1, 3x2 , 4x1, 4x2, 5x1, 5x2, 6x1 and 6x2). Plants were grown in a greenhouse, and there were applied two treatments of irrigations: 30% of the daily water need (DWN), 60% of the DWN and control (100% of DWN).<br />Line 3 and 4 (in the field marked as sensitive to water stress) had a lowest fresh root weight. Root weight as one of the most important trait in breeding was positively correlated with the lamina weight and petiole weigh in the control and in the treatments. Lines 3 and 4 had lowest lamina weight in the control (100% DWN) and 60% of DWN. The higher content of proline and higher specific leaf weight cannot be&nbsp;used as a suitable trait for higher tolerance to water stress. Lines 3 and 4 were separeted by PCA analysis from other genotypes. These lines were marked as sensitive to water stress in field conditions. According to cluster analysis, the root traits were the most correlated with lamina weight, petiole weight, number of leaves and RWC. These traits are significant for sugar beet breeding in well water and dry water conditions. Stomatal density, stomatal diffusive resistance, specific leaf weight and proline content were in the lowest correlation with root traits.</p>

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Magistrantūros studijų baigiamojo darbo tyrimų tikslas buvo nustatyti optimalią karbamido tirpalo koncentraciją papildomam cukrinių runkelių tręšimui per lapus, derinyje su laisvųjų amino rūgščių preparatu Terra Sorb foliar, turinčią tiek maitinamąjį, tiek stimuliacinį poveikį augalams, užtikrinantį gausesnį šakniavaisių derlingumą bei geresnę produkcijos kokybę. Tyrimai vykdyti 2011 m. Marijampolės r. „Kuktų“ ž.ū.b. Dirvožemis sekliai karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas rudžemis (Epicalcari–Endohypogleyic Cambisols). Darbo objektas – cukriniai runkeliai (Beta vulgaris L., var. saccharifera), veislė –Marathon. Darbo metodai: Sausųjų medžiagų kiekis lapuose ir šaknyse buvo nustatomas džiovinant augalų bandinius termostate prie 105 0C iki jų pastovaus svorio. Runkelių šakniavaisių derlingumas ir vidutinis šakniavaisio svoris nustatytas svėrimo būdu pagal priimtas metodikas. Šakniavaisių cukringumas nustatytas Marijampolės cukraus fabrike. Tyrimų duomenys statistiškai įvertinti vieno veiksnio kiekybinių požymių dispersinės analizės ir koreliacinės regresijos metodais, taikant kompiuterines programas ANOVA, STAT ENG (Tarakanovas, Raudonius, 2003). Darbo rezultatai. Papildomas cukrinių runkelių tręšimas karbamido tirpalais, derinyje su laisvųjų amino rūgščių preparatu Terra Sorb foliar, didino jų šakniavaisių bei lapų derlius. 15% karbamido tirpalas labai apdegino lapus, ko pasekoje sumažėjo ir lapų, ir šakniavaisių derliai. Apipurškus augalus 15% karbamido tirpalu šakniavaisių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The main objective of Master thesis research was to determine the optimal concentration of urea solution in additional sugar beet fertilization through leaves, in combination with the free amino acids Terra Sorb foliar, which has both nutrient and stimulating effect on plants, ensuring richer root yields and better quality products. Research was carried out in 2011 in Marijampolė r. Agricultural company "Kuktai" ž.ū.b. Soil - shallow Endohypogleyic brown (Epicalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisols). The objective – sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. Saccharifera), sort ‘Marathon’. Working methods: dry matter content in leaves and roots was determined by drying the plant samples in a thermostat at 105 0C up to the constant weight. Sugar Beet root yield and average root weight was determined by weighing according to accepted procedures. Root sugar was determined in Marijampolė sugar factory. Research results. Additional sugar beet fertilization with urea solutions, in combination with the free amino acids in Terra Sorb foliar treatment, increased the root and leaf yield. The concentrations of 15% of the urea solution burned leaves, resulting in decreased leaf and root yields. When concentration of 1 and 5% urea solution was sprayed yield enhanced by a 3.8% and 9.4%. The biggest amount of Dry matter in the roots of sugar beet was obtained after spraying 10 and 15% urea solution. The highest amount of sugar in roots (18.4%), was obtained after spraying with 5% urea solution. Urea... [to full text]

Die Verbindung von genetischen, physikalischen und zytologischen Daten ist entscheidend für die Genom- und Chromosomenanalyse. Obwohl Beta vulgaris (2n = 18) als wichtige Kulturpflanze und Untersuchungsobjekt der Grundlagenforschung eine intensiv analysierte Art darstellt, existiert bisher keine Verknüpfung zwischen Kopplungsgruppen (LG) und Chromosomen. B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen können zudem aufgrund fehlender morphologischer Unterscheidungsmerkmale bisher nicht einzeln identifiziert und klassifiziert werden. Somit sind zytogenetisch gewonnene Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres auf genetische Kopplungsgruppen und physikalische Karten übertragbar. Zytogenetische Methoden können zur Analyse struktureller Chromosomenveränderungen, zur Identifizierung und Lokalisierung von repetitiver DNA sowie zur Kartierung schwierig zu positionierender Marker verwendet werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, ein FISH (Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung)-Verfahren zu etablieren, das die Kopplungsgruppen und Chromosomen der Zuckerrübe korreliert und die mikroskopische Identifizierung aller Chromosomenarme ermöglicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein FISH-Referenzkaryotyp der Zuckerrübe entwickelt. Durch ein Sondenset aus 18 BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome) sind alle Chromosomenarme der Zuckerrübe identifizierbar und werden mit den nördlichen und südlichen Enden der genetischen Kopplungsgruppen verknüpft. Somit ist eine einheitliche Nummerierung von Kopplungsgruppen und Chromosomen möglich. Durch die gleichzeitige Hybridisierung von chromosomenspezifischen BACs und den Satelliten-DNA-Sonden pAv34 und pBV VI beziehungsweise pEV und pBV wurden die Verteilungsmuster der Sequenzfamilien auf den Chromosomen ermittelt. Die gleichzeitige Hybridisierung aller vier repetitiven Sonden ergab ein chromosomenspezifisches Muster aus subtelomerischen, interkalaren und zentromerischen Signalen. Damit ist die Identifizierung aller B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen in einem einzelnen FISH-Experiment möglich. Zudem wurden dadurch die Chromosomen mit hohem Anteil an tandemartig angeordneten repetitiven Sequenzen identifiziert und die Chromosomenregionen lokalisiert, welche die Sequenzassemblierung behindern können. Sowohl das entwickelte BAC-Set als auch der Sondenpool aus repetitiver DNA unterscheiden die somatischen Metaphasechromosomen erstmals unabhängig von trisomen Linien. Da mit Hilfe der Satelliten-DNA-Sonden alle Chromosomen gleichzeitig markiert werden können, waren die spezifischen physikalischen Längen ermittelbar. Sie wurden mit den genetischen Längen der Kopplungsgruppen in Verbindung gebracht und deckten eine kopplungs-gruppenspezifische Rekombinationshäufigkeit zwischen 0,73 und 1,14 Mb/cM auf. Durch Hybridisierung der BACs und subtelomerischer beziehungsweise telomerischer Sonden auf Pachytänchromosomen wurde der Abstand der BACs sowie der in ihnen enthaltenen genetischen Marker zum physikalischen Chromosomenende abgeschätzt. An fünf Chromo-somenenden wurde ein deutlicher Abstand zwischen den Signalen des BACs und der terminalen Sonden festgestellt. Die zugehörigen Kopplungsgruppen sind demnach erweiterbar. Zudem wurden drei BACs mit nicht detektierbarem Abstand zum Chromosomenende durch FISH an gestreckten Chromatinfasern näher untersucht. Einer der drei BACs wurde eindeutig in unmittelbarer Nähe des Telomers nachgewiesen. Für dieses Ende (Chr 2N) ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit gering, dass die Kopplungsgruppe durch zusätzliche Marker erweitert werden kann; sie wird darum als abgeschlossen angesehen. Für die Enden Chr 4S und Chr 9S war der Abstand zwischen BAC und terminaler Sonde zu groß, um ihn durch Fiber-FISH zu ermitteln. Für sie sind weitere distal zu positionierende Marker wahrscheinlich. Weiterhin wurden bioinformatische Analysen an der verfügbaren B.-vulgaris-Genomsequenz RefBeet 1.0 durchgeführt. Scaffolds, welche die genetischen terminalen Marker enthalten, wurden bioinformatisch identifiziert und auf ihren Gehalt subtelomerischer und telomerischer Sequenzen untersucht. Vorhandene terminale Sequenzen sind ein Nachweis für eine terminale Lokalisierung der in-silico-Chromosomenabschnitte. Für drei Scaffolds mit zuvor ungeklärter Lage wurde dadurch das in-silico-Chromosom ermittelt beziehungsweise die nördliche oder südliche Position auf dem Chromosom dargestellt. Durch die Lokalisierung dieser Bereiche innerhalb der Sequenz in Bezug zum genetischen Marker und unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der Pachytän-FISH wurde die Strangorientierung von 16 Scaffolds ermittelt. Auf 14 Scaffolds wurden die Abstände der Marker zu den terminalen Sequenzen bestimmt. Der Median betrug etwa 196 kb. Für alle Kopplungsgruppenenden außer dem Norden von LG 2 und LG 4 ist das Vorhandensein weiterer distaler genetischer Marker wahrscheinlich. Satelliten-DNA ist innerhalb einer Art meist homogen, kann jedoch chromosomenspezifische Varianten ausbilden. Auf dem BAC-Marker für Chr 2N wurde durch Southern-Hybridisierung die subtelomerische Sequenzfamilie pAv34 detektiert. Von dem betreffenden BAC wurde eine Subklonbank erstellt. Durch Southern-Hybridisierung wurde der pAv34-Gehalt der Subklone analysiert. Positive Klone wurden sequenziert. Dabei wurden vier verschiedene vollständige pAv34-2N-Monomere detektiert. Im Vergleich mit pAv34-Volllängenmotiven aus der RefBeet 1.0 und dem Datensatz der nicht assemblierten Sequenzen der RefBeet 0.2 bilden die pAv34-2N-Einheiten mit pAv34-Kopien, die verschiedenen in-silico-Chromosomen und Contigs zugeordnet sind, eine Subfamilie. Aus den Sequenzen der Subklone wurden zwei Subklon-Contigs gebildet, die im in-silico-Chromosomenabschnitt von Chr 2N (Bvchr2.un.sca001) positioniert wurden. Dadurch wurden Regionen bisher unbekannter Sequenz entschlüsselt. Abweichungen zwischen den assemblierten Daten und den Subklonsequenzen deuten auf Assemblierungsfehler der Genomsequenz in repetitiven Bereichen hin. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse ermöglichen erstmalig die eindeutige Identifizierung aller B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen unabhängig vom Zellzyklusstadium und im Einklang mit genetischen Informationen. Zytogenetische sind jetzt mit molekularen Daten integrierbar und können verwendet werden, um den chromosomenspezifischen Satelliten-DNA-Gehalt aufzudecken und mögliche chromosomenspezifische Subfamilien zu identifizieren. Sie erlauben, physikalische Abstände zwischen Markern zu ermitteln und die Abdeckung von Kopplungsgruppen im terminalen Bereich zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, Marker und nicht zugeordnete Contigs und Scaffolds zu kartieren, Ursachen für Lücken aufzudecken und damit die Sequenzdaten des Zuckerrübengenoms zu einer fortlaufenden, hochqualitativen Sequenz zu assemblieren. Die zytogenetischen Daten bilden zudem die Basis für zukünftige Untersuchungen struktureller Umbauten von Chromosomen, die während der Genomevolution stattfanden. / The correlation of genetic, physical and cytological data is crucial for interdisciplinary genome and chromosome analyses. Beta vulgaris (2n = 18) is an important crop and an object of basic research. Although it is an intensely analysed species, its genetic linkage groups (LG) have not been assigned to chromosomes. Additionally, sugar beet chromosomes lack distinct morphological features and could therefore not be identified and classified individually. Consequently, results generated by cytogenetic methods can not be readily applied to genetic and physical maps. Cytogenetic approaches enable analysing structural chromosomal changes, identifying and localizing repetitive DNA, and mapping of markers which are difficult to place within linkage maps. Therefore, the main objective of this work has been the development of a FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) procedure that correlates LGs with chromosomes of sugar beet and that allows the microscopic identification of individual chromosome arms. In this work a FISH reference karyotype for sugar beet has been established. A set of 18 BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome) allows the unequivocal identification of each sugar beet chromosome and assigns them to the southern and northern ends of LGs. Hence, the chromosomes are numbered in accordance with the genetic map. The arm-specific BACs and the satellite DNA families pBV and pBV VI or pEV and pAv34 have been hybridized simultaneously to assign the distribution patterns of the highly abundant sequence families to chromosomes. Simultaneous hybridization of the four repetitive probes revealed a chromosome-specific pattern of subtelomeric, intercalary and centromeric signals. Thus, each of the sugar beet chromosomes can be identified in a single FISH experiment. Furthermore, chromosomes with a high content of repetitive DNA have been identified and chromosomal regions that may hinder the correct sequence assembly have been localized. The BAC set as well as the pooled satellite DNA probes discriminate the somatic chromosomes for the first time independently from trisomic lines. Since the chromosomes are differentially labelled with the satellite DNA probes their physical distances could be determined and correlated with genetic distances of the corresponding LGs. A LG-specific recombination frequency from 0.73 to 1.14 Mb/cM has been disclosed. BACs and subtelomeric or telomeric sequences have been hybridized simultaneously on pachytene chromosomes to estimate distances between BACs plus the markers they contain and the physical chromosome ends. Five BACs showed substantial distances to the physical chromosome ends; the corresponding LGs could thus be extended by additional markers. Furthermore, three BACs showing only minor distances to chromosome ends have been investigated in detail by fiber-FISH. One of these BACs was localized closely adjacent to the telomere. For this chromosome end (Chr 2N) it is unlikely that the LG could be extended distally by additional markers and is therefore considered to be closed. The BACs for the chromosome ends Chr 4S and Chr 9S have been too distant from the terminal probe to be bridged by fiber-FISH. For them it is likely that further markers can be placed distally. Furthermore, the B. vulgaris genomic sequence RefBeet 1.0 has been investigated. Scaffolds containing terminal genetic markers have been identified bioinformatically and analysed for the content of subtelomeric and telomeric sequences. The occurrence of terminal sequences confirms the terminal localization of in silico chromosome segments. Three scaffolds with an initially unknown position could thus be allocated to in silico chromosomes and to the northern or southern position on the chromosome. The strand orientation of 16 scaffolds has been determined based on the localization of terminal sequences in relation to the genetic marker considering the results of FISH on pachytene chromosomes. The distance between markers and terminal sequences has been determined for 14 scaffolds. The median is 196 kb. It is likely that further markers can be placed distally from all LG ends except for the north of LG 2 and LG 4. Satellite DNA is usually homogenous within one species; however, it can form chromosome-specific variants. Southern hybridization revealed that the BAC marker for Chr 2N contains the subtelomeric sequence family pAv34. The BAC has been subcloned and the pAv34 content of the subclones has been analysed by Southern hybridization. Positive clones have been sequenced. Thereby, four pAv34-2N monomeres have been detected. Compared to full-length pAv34 motives derived from the RefBeet 1.0 and from unassembled sequence data of the RefBeet 0.2 the pAv34-2N units form a subfamily together with pAv34 copies assigned to different in silico chromosomes and contigs. The subclone sequences have been assembled to two subclone contigs, which have been positioned within the in silico chromosome segment of Chr 2N (Bvchr2.un.sca001). Thereby, regions of unknown sequence have been decoded and probable misassemblies in repetitive regions within the RefBeet 1.0 have been disclosed. The results obtained in this work enable the identification of all sugar beet chromosomes independently from their stage of cell division and in accordance with genetic information. Cytogenetic data are integrated with molecular data and can be used for identifying the chromosome-specific distribution of repeats and chromosome-specific repeat variants. They enable determining physical distances between markers and investigating the terminal coverage of LGs. The results support the correct mapping of markers and unassigned contigs, uncover reasons for gaps within maps and sequence assemblies, and thus contribute to assembling data into a continuous high quality genome sequence of sugar beet. Moreover, the cytogenetic data represent the basis for future investigations of structural chromosomal changes that took place during evolution.

L'éthanol est un composé à usages très variés allant de la chimie à l'agroalimentaire. Cependant, la croissance actuelle du marché se fait essentiellement autour de l'utilisation de l'éthanol en tant que carburant. L'objectif de ce projet est d'intensifier la production d'éthanol à partir du sirop basse pureté, produit de la seconde cristallisation des jus d'extraction de betterave, afin de diminuer les consommations en énergie et en eau pour la production d'éthanol. Pour ce faire, en partenariat avec l'UNGDA et l'ADEME, nous avons mené des travaux de recherche sur les fermentations à haute densité afin d'obtenir des vins à teneur plus élevée en éthanol. A l'issu d'un état de l'art et de quatre visites dans des ateliers de production, une stratégie de recherche en trois points a été établie. Le premier point a consisté en la recherche d'une composition de milieu de fermentation permettant d'augmenter la concentration finale en éthanol. Le second point a eu pour but de déterminer si les besoins en nutriments se limitaient uniquement à la phase de croissance ou au contraire si l'apport de ces nutriments était bénéfique tout au long de la fermentation. Le dernier point a quant à lui utilisé l'ensemble des résultats obtenus pour définir une conduite de procédé, permettant d'obtenir la concentration finale en éthanol la plus élevée possible. Ces résultats montrent qu'il est possible de réaliser des fermentations haute densité à partir de sirop basse pureté et d'obtenir 15,2 % (v/v) d'éthanol en fin de fermentation. L'application de ces travaux dans les ateliers de production permettrait d'économiser par litre d'éthanol pur, entre 20 et 30 % d'énergie pour la distillation, entre 35 et 49 % d'eau pour la réalisation des milieux de fermentation à partir de SBP et de diminuer de 23 à 38 % le volume de déchet produit après distillation. / Ethanol is a compound with a wide usage range from chemistry to food. However, the current market growth mainly concerns the use of ethanol as fuel. The objective of this project was to intensify ethanol production from low purity syrup 2, which is a substrate from sugar beet, in order to reduce the consumptions of energy and water for its production. To do this, in partnership with UNGDA and ADEME, we have conducted research on high-gravity fermentations in order to increase the ethanol concentration at the end of the fermentation. With the coming of a state of the art and four visits in production facilities, a three points research strategy has been established. The first point consisted of fermentation medium composition finding in order to increase the final ethanol concentration at the end of the fermentation. The second point was to determine if the nutrients requirements were limited only during the growth phase or, on the contrary, if nutriments were beneficial throughout the fermentation. The latter point was to use the overall results to define a fermentation process, to obtain a final ethanol concentration as high as possible. These results show that it is possible to achieve high gravity fermentation from low purity syrup and reach a final ethanol concentration of 15.2 % (v/v). The application of this work in production facilities could save per liter of pure ethanol between 20 and 30% energy for distillation, between 35 and 49 % water for the production of fermentation media from SBP and decrease from 23 to 38 % of the volume of waste produced after distillation.

<p>Pri proizvodnji kvalitetnog belog konzumnog &scaron;ećera iz &scaron;ećerne repe, srećemo se sa problemom prisustva makromolekularnih jedinjenja u soku &scaron;ećerne repe koja su &scaron;tetna pa ih je neophodno odstraniti. Uklanjanje ovih jedinjenja, koja čine oko 60 % od ukupno sadržanih nesaharoznih materija u soku &scaron;ećerne repe, zasniva se&nbsp; na principu taloženja uz primenu različitih koagulanata (najče&scaron;će jedinjenja koja sadrže pozitivne jone kalcijuma). Međutim, afinitet vezivanja kalcijuma sa nepoželjnim makromolekulima iz soka &scaron;ećerne repe je mali, pa su potrebne velike količine ovog jedinjenja u svakodnevnoj proizvodnji &scaron;ećera.</p><p>Cilj istraživanja obuhvaćenih ovom doktorskom disertacijom usmeren je ka primeni alternativnih koagulanata sa dvo- i trovalentnim katjonima, pre svega soli aluminijuma i bakra koja izlazivaju proces razelektrisavanja makromolekula soka &scaron;ećerne repe.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Merenjem elektrokinetičkih potencijala utvrđene su optimalne količine koagulanata potrebne za uspe&scaron;nu koagulaciju makromolekularnih jedinjenja iz soka &scaron;ećerne repe. Ispitivan je i uticaj drugih procesnih veličina kao &scaron;to su pH, koncentracija makromolekula i uticaj brzine me&scaron;anja na efikasnost taloženja makromolekula.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Predložen je mehanizam razelektrisavanja makromolekularnih jedinjenja kao i model dvojnogelektričnog sloja koji okružuje&nbsp; koloidne čestice u soku &scaron;ećerne repe.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Ispitivana su dva model-rastvora komercijalno raspoloživih pektina u koncentracijama koje odgovaraju koncentracijama u soku &scaron;ećerne repe kao i jedan model-rastvor proteinskog preparata. Ispitivani sistemi su tretirani rastvorima CuSO₄&nbsp;i Al2(SO₄)₃ i rastvorima njihovih sme&scaron;a u različitim odnosima.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Dokazano je, za sva tri ispitivana preparata, da su manje količine Cu⁺² jona u odnosu na Al⁺³^&nbsp;jone potrebne za sniženje vrednosti Zeta potencijala na nulu. Međutim, zbog mogućih nepoželjnih efekata CuSO₄&nbsp;u obradi hrane, Al(SO₄)₃ bi se mogao upotrebiti umesto tradicionalnog koagulanta CaO, kako zbog manje potro&scaron;nje koagulanta, tako i zbog očuvanja životne sredine.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Cilj eksperimenata sa sme&scaron;ama je ispitivanje mogućnosti pobolj&scaron;anja koagulacionih karakteristika često kori&scaron;ćene soli&nbsp;Al2(SO₄)₃, dodavanjem malih količina Cu⁺² jona. Međutim, čiste soli su pokazale bolja koagulaciona svojstva.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Istraživanja sa flokulantima, odnose se na odabiranje najpogodnijeg tipa i optimalne količine flokulanata, uz primenu predloženih koagulanata. Najveća efikasnost či&scaron;ćenja soka &scaron;ećerne repe, uočena je nakon primene anjonskog flokulanta koncentracije 3 mg/dm³. Dokazano je da ovaj tip flokulanata dodatno smanjuje vrednost Zeta potencijala prisutnih makromolekula čime se smanjuje potrebna količina ispitivanih koagulanata&nbsp;&nbsp;CuSO₄i&nbsp;Al(SO₄)₃.</p><p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p><p><br /><br />&nbsp;</p><p>&nbsp;</p> / <p>During production of full quality consumed white sugar from sugar beet, there is a problem of the presence<br />of macrom olecular compounds in sugar beet juice, which are harmful and we have to be removed.<br />Separation ofthese compounds, which make around 60% oflotal non-sucrose compounds in sugar beetjuice,<br />is done by the principle of sedimentation with different types of coagulants (mostly compounds with calcium<br />ion). However, affinity of calcium binding with undesirable macromolecules fiom sugar beet juice is not<br />significant and in that way it is necessary a lot of quantities of this compound throughout daily production of<br />sugar.<br />The aim of this doctoral thesis is to consider the application of alternative coagulants with divalent and<br />trivalent cations, especially the salt of aluminum and cooper, which cause the process of dischargeable<br />macromolecules in sugar beet juice.<br />Optimal quantities of coagulants needing for the efficient coagulation of macromolecules compounds from<br />sugar beet juice were determined by means of measuring of electrokinetic potentials. It was investigated the<br />influence of other process variables such as pH, concentration of macromolecules and the impact of speed<br />mixing on the efficiency of sedimentation of macromolecules.<br />Mechanism of discharge of macromolecules compounds as well as the model of double electric layer<br />surrounding colloidal particles in sugar beetjuice are suggested for sugar beetjuice clarification.<br />Two model solutions of pectin are investigated together with one model solution of protein. Their<br />concentration correspond to concentration of these macromolecules in sugar beet juice. All investigated<br />systems were treated by using both solutions of CuSO4 as well as Al2(SO4)3 and slutions of their mixtures in<br />different proportion.<br />It was proven for all three investigated samples that fewer quantities of Cu+2 ions compared to the values of<br />Al+3 ions are needed to reach zero Zeta potential. However, due to possible undesirable effects of CuSO4 on<br />food processing, Al2(SO4)3 is proposed instead of traditional coagulant CaO, not only because of lower<br />consumptions of coagulants but owing to protection of the environment.<br />The objective in the experiments with mixtures was to investigate enhancement of coagulated characteristics<br />with commonly used salt Al2(SO4)3 by adding small quantities of Cu+2 ions. It was proven that pure salts<br />showed better-coagulated properties.<br />Further investigation was focused to selection of the most appropriate type and optimal quantity of chosen<br />flocculants. The highest efficiency of clarification of sugar beet juice was noticed by applying anion<br />flocculants of concentration 3 mg/dm3. It was shown that this type of flocculants additionally decreased the<br />value of Zeta potential of present macromolecules which further reduce required quantity of investigated<br />coagulants CuSO4 and Al2(SO4)3.</p>