No description available.

Sorghum ergot, caused by Claviceps africana Frederickson, Mantle & de Milliano, is a disease that affects non-fertilized ovaries in sorghum male-sterile plants and infects hybrids if there is pollen sterility at flowering time. Sphacelia containing macroconidia could play a role in the survival of the pathogen. This study developed risk assessment models and evaluated environmental conditions affecting viability of macroconidia and transition from sphacelial to sclerotial tissues. Effect of weather on ergot severity was evaluated under natural conditions (in monthly planting dates) in nine sorghum genotypes at College Station, Weslaco, Rio Bravo, and Celaya. Panicles were inoculated daily beginning at flower initiation with a suspension of 1.6 x 106 C. africana conidia ml-1. Weather triad values were used to identify weather parameters correlated with the disease. Ergot severity was statistically greater in A-lines than hybrids because of the possible interference of pollen on some dates. Celaya had the greatest amount of ergot in hybrids. A-line ATx2752 had the lowest average ergot severity throughout years, locations and planting dates, as did the hybrid NC+8R18. Maximum and minimum temperature had a negative correlation with ergot at Rio Bravo, College Station and Weslaco, while at Celaya it was positive. The highest correlation was 7 to 9 days before initiation of flowering, suggesting that cooler temperatures during this period could cause male sterility. A-lines showed the same relationships between ergot and maximum and minimum temperatures after initiation of flowering. Minimum relative humidity had a positive correlation with ergot after initiation of flowering in both sorghum plant types. Sphacelia stored under cool temperatures (-3oC to 7oC) maintained conidial viability, and newly-formed sphacelia located on the sphacelia surface had the highest conidial viability. However, they show a greater viability reduction through time compared with conidia from older sphacelia, showing that conidial maturity can play a role in the survival of the conidia. Sphacelia on plants grown at 10oC, 20oC and 30oC with low relative humidity did not had any sclerotial development up to 4 weeks after formation of sphacelia. However, higher temperatures promoted an increase in the sphacelia dry weight during that time.

No description available.

The fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary is capable of infecting over 400 plant species including canola (Brassica napus L.). The fungus secretes oxalic acid (OA), which plays an important role in infection and disease progression. An analysis of proteome-level changes associated with infection of susceptible canola leaves by S. sclerotiorum revealed significant changes in the abundance of 32 proteins, including proteins involved in photosynthesis and metabolism, hormone signaling, and antioxidant defense. A similar subset of 37 proteins was affected when leaves were treated with OA alone; this compound also caused a reduction in the activities of a number of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting an OA-mediated suppression of the oxidative burst. To further understand the mechanisms of pathogenesis, the role of Sssp, a predicted secreted protein from S. sclerotiorum, was targeted for analysis. Mutant strains of S. sclerotiorum were generated by disruption of the Sssp gene and characterized for virulence on canola. Based on the extent of symptom development, the virulence of the Sssp-disrupted mutants was significantly reduced relative to the wild-type, indicating that Sssp may play a role in the infection process. Finally, the development of sclerotia, long-term survival structures that serve as a primary source of inoculum for the fungus, was examined. A total of 88 proteins were found to exhibit temporal changes in abundance during sclerotium formation and maturation, including proteins involved in the regulation of melanogenesis. A total of 56 proteins were also identified in the sclerotial exudates, providing a basis for future studies. Collectively, the studies described in this dissertation represent the most comprehensive proteome-level analysis of the canola/S. sclerotiorum interaction and sclerotial development, and could contribute to the development of novel strategies for the management of S. sclerotiorum. / Plant Science

Aflatoxin contamination accounts for millions of dollars worth of losses for corn and cotton in Texas. Two atoxigenic strains of Aspergillus flavus, AF36 and Afla-Guard, are labeled for its management. The purpose of this study was to measure differences in the ability of these strains to sporulate and to track movement of their conidia in corn and cotton fields. Sporulation was evaluated by incubating the two strains on their commercial formulations (inoculated on cereal grains) at six constant humidity levels ranging from 0-100%, using closed chambers with saturated salt solutions. Conidial production by Afla-Guard was 3-fold greater than that of AF36 at 100% humidity. Sporulation of the two strains was also evaluated on one substrate by inoculating their conidia on sterile, hulled barley. After 3 days, there was a 234-fold increase in conidia recovered from the barley inoculated with Afla-Guard, compared with a 21-fold increase in conidia recovered from the AF36-inoculated barley. These data suggest that the Afla-Guard strain sporulates better than the AF36 strain, which may be a factor in effectiveness for biological control. An in vitro de-Wit competition experiment showed that sporulation by the Afla-Guard strain was not affected by co-inoculation with either AF36 or the wildtype NRRL3357 toxin producing strain. To measure conidial movement, an Afla-Guard nitrate non-utilizing mutant colonizing autoclaved corn seed, was placed at one point in a field of cotton and corn. For detection, aliquots washed from leaf samples were plated onto a medium containing potassium chlorate. The mutant was recovered at a maximum distance of 6.4 m in corn fields along the same row and as far as 10.2 m across rows from the point source. In cotton fields, the mutant was recovered at 9.1 meters along the same row and 6.1 m across rows from the point source. There was no recovery at 24.3 m from the point source - the maximum distance evaluated. The experiment was repeated in a second year with similar results. These data suggest that plots in field trials may not need wide separation in order to avoid cross contamination. To assess the viability of a toxigenic and atoxigenic strain of A. flavus over time, polycarbonate packets containing conidia and sclerotia of both strains were buried in Ships Clay soil with the matric potential held constant at -24 kPa or -154 kPa. After 10 months, viable conidia were recovered in all treatments. After 14 months, viability of the atoxigenic strain incubated at -154 kPa ψm was lost, while other treatments remained viable. Ears of corn were inoculated via silk channel at different stages of silk senescence. Sclerotia were enumerated from the same plants following harvest of the crop. Sclerotial production by A. flavus was greatest from ears with silks inoculated at senescence, compared with inoculation when silks were green. The isolation frequency of Penicillium sp. from surface-sterilized kernels at harvest was the highest from ears that were inoculated with A. flavus when silks were fresh, as compared with A. flavus inoculation of ears with senescent silks. A Fusarium and Penicillium species was isolated from harvested kernels, and their sterile Czapek-Dox broth culture filtrates were tested for their effect on development of three strains of A. flavus on agar. The Penicillium broth filtrate greatly reduced sclerotial numbers relative to the control and the Fusarium filtrate (P<0.05). When A. flavus was grown in the presence of autoclaved Penicillium culture filtrate, there was no effect on sclerotial production. The Penicillium filtrate increased the rate of radial hyphal growth of the A. flavus isolates on agar compared to the control and the Fusarium culture filtrate.

Rhizoctonia solani causes damping-off, and root and crown rot of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and overwinters as sclerotia and mycelia. Research was conducted to determine how best to produce large quantities of sclerotia and mycelia in vitro, and compare their pathogenicity with traditionally used colonized barley grains to sugar beet in vitro and in vivo. The greatest number of sclerotia was produced on amended clarified V8 medium and sclerotia caused more disease compared to barley inoculum in the greenhouse. The bio-control potential of Penicillium pinophilum on R. solani AG2-2 on sugar beet was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results showed that the presence of P.pinophilum with R.solani reduced damping-off by 75% and thus have the potential to be developed as a bio-control agent for this pathogen.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T14:19:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AlisonWeber.pdf: 1901250 bytes, checksum: c554c4802feb0647c03048f60b92b2a9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-01 / Data regression problems are common in the literature, therein it is desired to infer the relationship between the dependent (output) and independent variable (input) from a dataset. Infer the relationship between variables is not a simple task, many times there is a high non-linearity and noise in the data inside them. Two machine learning techniques that are able to work with this type of information are investigated, the Genetic Programming and Artificial Neural Networks. Still, in many cases the machine learning technique cannot find a satisfactory solution due to the unbalance of the database. Therefore, the aim of this study was to apply machine learning techniques in regression of unbalanced data, evaluating and comparing the results obtained with different approaches. The balancing method used is summarized in constructing weights to the data set, one for each sample, which represents the importance of example during the learning process model. This problem of unbalanced data modeling applies in a real agronomic data modeling, specifically in the study of white mold disease caused by the fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Due to the high destructive power of the disease to crops, knowledge of the presence of resistance structures called sclerotia in an area is of paramount importance so that appropriate actions are taken to treat the disease. In this case study, the task is to use learning techniques to build a predictive model of sclerotia from meteorological characteristics and location of the sample to the state of Paraná, using a set of unbalanced data. Different approaches to the techniques and the balancing method was employed for constructing the model. The Artificial Neural Networks with resilient propagation learning algorithm achieved better performance in creating the model for prediction of sclerotia able to predict the actual outcome with a correlation of 0.763 and a mean absolute error of 24.35. To identify if the employee balancing method improved the results we applied the Kruskal-Wallis test. The test showed that there is a statistically significant improvement between genetic programming with and without balancing technique. However the technique that showed the best results was the neural network with resilient propagation learning algorithm, the data set of white mold and in some cases experimental. / Problemas de regressão de dados são comuns na literatura, neles deseja-se inferir a relação entre variáveis dependentes (saída) e variáveis independentes (entrada) a partir de um conjunto de dados. Inferir esta relação entre as variáveis não é uma tarefa simples, por muitas vezes existirem uma alta não linearidade nos dados e pelo ruído existente neles. Duas técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina que são capazes de trabalhar com este tipo de informação são investigadas, a Programação Genética e as Redes Neurais Artificiais. Ainda assim, em muitos casos a técnica de aprendizado de máquina não consegue encontrar uma solução satisfatória, devido ao desbalanceamento da base de dados. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi aplicar técnicas de aprendizagem de máquina na regressão de dados desbalanceados, avaliando e comparando os resultados obtidos com diferentes abordagens. O método de balanceamento empregado resume-se em construir pesos para o conjunto de dados, um para cada exemplo, que representa a importância do exemplo durante o processo de aprendizagem do modelo. Este problema de modelagem em dados desbalanceados aplica-se em um caso real de modelagem de dados agronômicos, mais especificamente no estudo da doença mofo branco, causada pelo fungo Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary. Devido ao alto poder destrutivo da doença para as culturas, o conhecimento da presença das estruturas de resistência chamadas de escleródios em uma área é de suma importância para que se tomem atitudes adequadas para o tratamento da doença. Neste estudo de caso, a tarefa é utilizar as técnicas de aprendizagem para a construção de um modelo de previsão de escleródios a partir de características meteorológicas e do local da amostra para o estado do Paraná, utilizando um conjunto de dados desbalanceados. Diferentes abordagens com as técnicas e com o método de balanceamento foram empregadas na construção do modelo. As Redes Neurais Artificiais com o algoritmo de aprendizagem resilient propagation obtiveram um melhor desempenho na criação do modelo para previsão de escleródios, conseguindo prever o resultado real com uma correlação de 0,763 e um erro médio absoluto de 24,35. Para identificar se o método de balanceamento empregado melhorou os resultados obtidos foi aplicado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis. O teste mostrou que existe uma melhora estatisticamente significativa entre a programação genética com e sem a técnica de balanceamento. Porem a técnica que apresentou melhores resultados foi a Rede Neural com o algoritmo de aprendizagem resilient propagation, no conjunto de dados do mofo branco e em alguns casos experimentais.

Σκοπός της παρούσας διατριβής ήταν η μελέτη της σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης στις τέσσερις βασικές μορφές της στους μυκηλιακούς μύκητες S. rolfsii, S. sclerotiorum, R. solani και S. minor σε σχέση με το οξειδωτικό στρες. Ως μάρτυρες για τους υπό μελέτη μύκητες χρησιμοποιήθηκαν αντίστοιχα μη σκληρωτιογόνα στελέχη. Τα πιο σημαντικά υπεροξείδια που συμβάλλουν στην δημιουργία οξειδωτικού στρες είναι: α) η ρίζα του σουπεροξειδίου (O2•-), που είναι το πρωταρχικό αίτιο του οξειδωτικού στρες, β) το υπεροξείδιο του υδρογόνου (H2O2), που κυρίως προκύπτει από την ένωση δύο μορίων O2•- (αντίδραση αυτοοξειδοαναγωγής) και γ) τα λιπιδικά υδροϋπεροξείδια (LOOH), που είναι από τα πρώιμα αποτελέσματα του οξειδωτικού στρες, λόγω της προσβολής των πολυακόρεστων λιπαρών οξέων. Επειδή λοιπόν στην διεθνή βιβλιογραφία δεν υπήρχε κατάλληλη μεθοδολογία για τον προσδιορισμό του O2•-, αναπτύχθηκε μια νέα μέθοδος εφαρμόσιμη εκτός από τους υπό μελέτη μύκητες, σε όλους τους οργανισμούς. Επιπλέον, χρησιμοποιήθηκε η ποσοτικοποίηση της συγκέντρωσης των βασικών ενζύμων που σχετίζονται με τα προαναφερθέντα υπεροξείδια τα οποία είναι: α) η δισμουτάση του O2•- (SOD), που επιταχύνει την αντίδραση αυτοοξειδοαναγωγής, β) η καταλάση (CAT), που καταναλώνει το H2O2, γ) οι μη εξειδικευμένες υπεροξειδάσες (NSPX) που χρησιμοποιούν το H2O2 και τα LOOH σαν υπόστρωμα για να οξειδώνουν άλλα μόρια και δ) η οξειδάση της ξανθίνης (ΧΟ), που ανιχνεύεται για πρώτη φορά σε μύκητες και είναι υπεύθυνη μεταξύ άλλων και για την παραγωγή του O2•- και H2O2 στους οργανισμούς. Ακόμη, έγινε εκτίμηση της οξειδωτικής καταστροφής των μεμβρανικών λιπιδίων με τη μέτρηση των αλδεϋδικών παραγώγων της υπεροξείδωσης των λιπιδίων (MDA). Τέλος, χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι εξής εξωγενείς τροποποιητές των παραπάνω μορίων: α) μιμητές της SOD β) H2O2 γ) υδροϋπεροξείδιο του κουμενίου (λιπιδικό υδροϋπεροξείδιο) και δ) αμινοτριαζόλη (αναστολέας της CAT). Τα αποτελέσματα της μελέτης επιβεβαίωσαν την αναγκαιότητα της ανάπτυξης της νέας μεθόδου ποσοτικοποίησης του O2•-. Συγκεκριμένα, δείχθηκε ότι οι τέσσερις μορφές σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης εξαρτώνται άμεσα από το οξειδωτικό στρες, και ότι οι σχετιζόμενοι με αυτό παράγοντες που εξετάστηκαν σε αυτή τη μελέτη μεταβάλλονται με διαφορετικό τρόπο σε κάθε μορφή σκληρωτιακής διαφοροποίησης. Τα βασικότερα συμπεράσματα αυτής της μελέτης είναι: α) το O2•- φαίνεται ότι παίζει έμμεσο ρόλο στην έναρξη της σκληρωτιογένεσης των μυκήτων S. rolfsii και S. sclerotiorum και άμεσο στων μυκήτων R. solani και S. minor και κύρια πηγή παραγωγής του O2•- είναι τα μιτοχόνδρια και δευτερευόντως η ΧΟ β) η SOD που υπάρχει σε όλους τους μύκητες χρησιμοποιείται από αυτούς για τη μετατροπή του O2•- σε H2O2 γ) η ΧΟ που μέχρι σήμερα δεν ήταν γνωστή η ύπαρξή της στους μύκητες, καθώς και η EC-SOD αλλά και το EC-H2O2, δεν σχετίζονται με τη διαφοροποίηση και ως γνωστόν μπορεί να εμπλέκονται στην προσβολή των φυτών ξενιστών από τους μύκητες αυτούς δ) το H2O2 επάγει την έναρξη της σκληρωτιογένεσης δρώντας σαν παράγοντας σημειακού κυτταρικού πολλαπλασιασμού ε) η CAT που υπάρχει σε όλους τους μύκητες στο αδιαφοροποίητο μόνο στάδιο, μάλλον χρησιμοποιείται από αυτούς ώστε ο κυτταρικός πολλαπλασιασμός να μην γίνεται σε μεγάλη ένταση και αναστείλλει την σημειακή διαφοροποίηση ζ) οι NSPX που εντοπίζονται σε όλους τους μύκητες φαίνεται ότι ελέγχουν τα επίπεδα του H2O2 κυρίως στο διαφοροποιημένο στάδιο η) τα LOOH φαίνεται να δρουν στις μεμβράνες των μυκήτων και σχετίζονται με διαδικασίες μεταβίβασης κυτταρικών μηνυμάτων που επηρεάζουν τον κυτταρικό κύκλο θ) οι μιμητές της SOD Tiron και Tempol, που είχαν ανασταλτική δράση στην διαφοροποίηση θα μπορούσαν να χρησιμοποιηθούν ως μη τοξικά αντιμυκητιακά παρασκευάσματα. / The purpose of this dissertation was the study of sclerotial differentiation, represented by four basic sclerotial types expressed by the filamentous fungi S. rolfsii, R. solani, S. sclerotiorum and S. minor in relation to oxidative stress. Non-sclerotium producing fungi were used as controls of the corresponding wild type strains. The most important peroxides that are responsible for oxidative stress are: a) superoxide radical (O2•-), the primary cause element of oxidative stress, b) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), produced by the reaction between two O2•- (dismutation reaction), and c) lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), the primary consequences of oxidative destruction due to free radical attack to polyunsaturated fatty acids. Since there was not available any appropriate method for the quantification of O2•-, a new method was developed for the purpose of this study and its applicability was extended to any organism. In addition, the estimation of the concentration of certain enzymes that regulate the levels of the peroxides mentioned above was also used. These enzymes are a) superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyzes the dismutation reaction, b) catalase (CAT), which destroys H2O2, c) non-specific peroxidases (NSPX), which use either H2O2 or LOOH as substrates in order to oxidize other molecules and d) xanthine oxidase (XO), which was detected for the first time in fungi and is responsible, among other functions, for the production of O2•- in organisms. Furthermore, the aldehydic adducts of lipid peroxidation (MDA) were measured in order to evaluate the oxidative destruction of membrane lipids. Finally, specific externally added modulators of the above molecules were used, like: a) SOD mimetics b) H2O2 c) cumene hydroperoxide (lipid hydroperoxide) and d) aminotriazole (CAT inhibitor). The results of this study verified the need for the development of the new method for the quantification of O2•-. Specifically, it was found that the four studied types of sclerotial differentiation are directly related with oxidative stress, and that its components, tested in this study, are formed and changed variously, depending on the type of sclerotial differentiation. The most important conclusions of this study are: a) O2•- plays an indirect role in the initiation of sclerotiogenesis in fungi S. rolfsii and S. sclerotiorum, while in R. solani and S. minor its role is direct, and the main source that produces it in all four fungi are mitochondria and secondarily the ΧΟ enzyme, b) SOD is used by these fungi in order to convert O2•- to H2O2 via the dismutation reaction, c) ΧΟ which was found for the first time in fungi as well as EC-SOD and EC-H2O2, are not related with differentiation and possibly they are involved in tha attack of target plants by these fungi, d) H2O2 induces the initiation of sclerotiogenesis acting as a cell proliferating factor, e) CAT which was found in all fungi only in the undifferentiated stage, is probably used by them in order to control cell proliferation so as to avoid inhibition of sclerotiogenesis, f) NSPX are possibly used by these fungi in order to control H2O2 concentration mainly in the differentiated stage, g) LOOH appear to act on cell membrane and are related to signal transduction processes which affect cell cycle and h) SOD mimetics Tiron and Tempol, which reduced differentiation could be used as non-toxic fungicides.

Με στόχο την απομόνωση και χαρακτηρισμό εγγενών μυκοπαράσιτων του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, απομονώθηκαν 199 υποψήφια μυκοπαράσιτα από χώματα καλλιεργουμένων εδαφών ή κήπων της δυτικής Ελλάδας. Από την προκαταρκτική αξιολόγηση των μυκοπαράσιτων αυτών επιλέχθηκαν τα πλέον αποτελεσματικά δεκαοκτώ, τα οποία αξιολογήθηκαν σε άγαρ ύδατος, σε αποστειρωμένο χώμα και σε μη-αποστειρωμένο (φυσικό χώμα). Σε γενικές γραμμές τα 18 μυκοπαράσιτα έδωσαν υψηλά επίπεδα παρασιτισμού του φυτοπαθογόνου απουσία ενδογενών ανταγωνιστών ενώ ένα από τα απομονωθέντα στελέχη του γένους Gliocladium παρουσίασε άριστα αποτελέσματα και παρουσία ενδογενών ανταγωνιστών. Ειδικότερα η απομόνωση Α-9 εκδήλωσε άριστη ανταγωνιστική δράση. Η μορφή του μολύσματος (υφές, σπόρια) αλλά και το περιβάλλον (άγαρ ύδατος, αποστειρωμένο και μη αποστειρωμένο χώμα) επηρεάζουν αποφασιστικά την συμπεριφορά και ικανότητα μυκοπαρασιτισμού των μυκοπαράσιτων με αποτέλεσμα στα πειράματα αξιολόγησης να παρατηρούνται σημαντικές διαφορές. Τα πλέον σταθερά στην συμπεριφορά τους ήταν τρία στελέχη που ανήκουν στο γένος Gliocladium. Ο ανταγωνισμός που υφίστανται τα προστιθέμενα μυκοπαράσιτα από τα ιθαγενή μικρόβια είναι σημαντικός και είναι ένας παράγοντας που θα πρέπει να λαμβάνεται σοβαρά υπόψη. Η ιστοπαθολογική μελέτη του παρασιτισμού των σκληρωτίων έδειξε ότι ένα από τα απομονωθέντα στελέχη του γένους Gliocladium ήταν το ταχύτερο και καταστρεπτικότερο μυκοπαράσιτο των σκληρωτίων του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα. Αρχικά διαπιστώθηκαν οι υφές του μυκοπαράσιτου κάτω από τον φλοιό του σκληρωτίου και λίγο αργότερα στην εντεριώνη. Παράλληλα σχηματίσθηκαν τα πρώτα χλαμυδοσπόρια κοντά στον φλοιό ακολουθούμενα από την εμφάνιση μεγάλα διάκενων. Τελικά οι υφές του μυκοπαράσιτου αποίκισαν ολόκληρο το σκληρώτιο και ακολούθησε αποδιοργάνωση του σκληρωτίου. Η μελέτη στο ηλεκτρονικό μικροσκόπιο σάρωσης έδειξε ότι η βλάστηση των σπορίων γενικεύεται στις 15 ώρες επώασης. Στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις διαπιστώθηκε περιπλάνηση των βλαστικών σωλήνων πριν τη διείσδυσή τους εντός του σκληρωτίου, ενώ δεν διαπιστώθηκε σχηματισμός απρεσσορίων και διακλαδώσεων του βλαστικού σωλήνα. Τα πειράματα θερμοκηπίου έδειξαν ότι το πλέον καταστρεπτικό μυκοπαράσιτο του γένους Gliocladium συνέβαλε στη μέγιστη προστασία των σποριόφυτων λάχανου έναντι του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα S. sclerotiorum, γεγονός που υποδηλώνει ότι το μυκοπαράσιτο αυτό μπορεί να χρησιμοποιηθεί για την αποτελεσματική καταπολέμηση του φυτοπαθογόνου μύκητα στον αγρό. / In order to isolate and characterize endogenous mycoparasites against the phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, we isolated 199 candidate mycoparasites from soils of western Greece. Preliminary evaluation resulted in the isolation of 18 isolates with significant mycoparasitic efficiency. Evaluation of these isolates in water agar, sterilized soil and natural soil gave good results upon the parasitism of sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum and revealed that one of them belonging to genus Gliocladium was the most efficient under all tried conditions. This isolate showed high efficiency at both presence and absence of endogenous antagonist. Particularly, isolation A-9 revealed excellent antagonistic action. Histopathology studies demonstrated that the isolated A-9 (Gliocladium spp) was the most fast in parasitizing and destroying the sclerotia of S. sclerotiorum. At the beginning of the infection, there were observed mycoparasite hyphae under the rind and little later into the medulla of the sclerotia. At the same time the first chlamydospores were formed near the rind followed by the appearance of gaps. Finally, the mycoparasite hyphae colonize the whole sclerotium leading to there disorganization. The added mycoparasites face out strong antagonism from the indigenous microorganism and this (antagonism) is an agent that must be seriously taken account. The scanning electron microscopy study showed spore germination initiation about 12 hours after the beginning of incubation and (the spore germination) is generalised after 15 hours of incubation. In most cases it was observed wandering of the germination tubes before sclerotic penetration. Formation of appressoria was difficult to be observed because of the shape of the surface and the crust that exists due to deflation of exudates. Evaluation of plant-protection capability in pot-trials showed that the isolated A-9 (Gliocladium spp) with the faster and highest parasitic exhibited presented the highest plant-protection capability a fact that indicates that this mycoparasite could be used for large-scale biocontrol applications against the phytopathogenic fungi, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-08-23T18:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Héria de Freitas Teles - 2012.pdf: 1742099 bytes, checksum: c17b10bd83f906fe0f498b63f9478d7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-08-24T11:59:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Héria de Freitas Teles - 2012.pdf: 1742099 bytes, checksum: c17b10bd83f906fe0f498b63f9478d7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T11:59:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Héria de Freitas Teles - 2012.pdf: 1742099 bytes, checksum: c17b10bd83f906fe0f498b63f9478d7c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) is considered the worldwide leader in oilseed production and consumption, and currently the main source of vegetable protein available. In the field, the crop is infected by a large number of diseases. Among the fungal diseases, the white mold, caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, has emerged as one of the most serious, affecting the quality of seed, which can also be influenced by processing and storage. The pathogen survives in soil through resistance structures (sclerotia) and can attack more than 400 host species. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological quality and S. sclerotiorum incidence of soybean seeds during processing and six months after in cold and dry storage and environment conditions. Seeds from eight cultivars, coming from production fields, naturally infested with S. sclerotiorum, located in Vianópolis, Silvânia, Luziânia and Orizona in the State of Goiás, in the seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 were studied. Samples were collected at each stage of processing: in the hopper (reception), after pre-cleaning, discard one (precleaning), after cleaning, after the sieve classifiers (three sieve sizes), after the spiral (three sieve sizes), after gravity table (three sizes of sieve) and final disposal, totalizing 14 samples. The following analysis were done: moisture content, physical purity, germination and tetrazolium test, and tests for S. sclerotiorum detection in rolled paper and Neon method. PCA analysis was performed and Pearson correlations study between the averages of the variables in processing stages for each cultivar. Processing improves physical and physiological quality of soybean seeds, which is efficient for S. sclerotiorum control, eliminating the sclerotia associated to the seeds and reducing the amount of inoculum that could return to the planting area. Physical purity, germination, viability and vigor are positively correlated together and negatively with the mass of sclerotia. Processing also reduces significantly the inoculum potential in the mycelial form of S. sclerotiorum in the seeds. Storage does not influence the incidence of S. sclerotiorum in mycelial form in seeds, which can increase or not during this period, regardless the storage conditions, in a cold and dry storage or in environment condition. / A soja (Glycine max L. Merrill) é considerada a oleaginosa líder em produção e consumo em todo o mundo, sendo, atualmente, a principal fonte de proteína vegetal disponível. Em campo, a cultura é infectada por grande número de doenças. Entre as doenças fúngicas, o mofo-branco, causado por Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary, tem se destacado como uma das mais graves, afetando a qualidade das sementes, a qual também pode ser influenciada pelo beneficiamento e armazenamento. O patógeno sobrevive no solo por meio de estruturas de resistência (escleródios) e pode atacar mais de 400 espécies hospedeiras. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física e fisiológica e a incidência de S. sclerotiorum em sementes de soja durante o processo de beneficiamento e após seis meses de armazenamento em câmara fria e seca e em condição ambiente. Trabalhou-se com sementes de oito cultivares, provenientes de campos de produção naturalmente infestados por S. sclerotiorum, situados em Vianópolis, Silvânia, Luziânia e Orizona, no Estado de Goiás, safras 2009/2010 e 2010/2011. As amostras foram coletadas em cada etapa do beneficiamento: na moega (recepção), após a pré-limpeza, no descarte um (da pré-limpeza), após a limpeza, após os classificadores de peneira (três tamanhos de peneira), após o espiral (três tamanhos de peneira), após a mesa de gravidade (três tamanhos de peneira) e no descarte final da UBS, totalizando 14 amostras. Foram realizadas análises de teor de umidade, pureza física, testes de germinação e de tetrazólio, e os testes para a detecção de S. sclerotiorum em rolo de papel e método neon. Foi realizada análise de PCA e estudo das correlações de Pearson entre as médias das variáveis das etapas de beneficiamento, para cada cultivar. Verificou-se que o beneficiamento aprimora as qualidades físicas e fisiológicas das sementes de soja, sendo uma ferramenta útil para o controle de S. sclerotiorum, já que elimina os escleródios associados às sementes, e reduz a quantidade de inóculo inicial no campo. Pureza física, germinação, viabilidade e vigor estão correlacionadas positivamente entre si, e negativamente com a massa de escleródios. O beneficiamento também reduz significativamente o potencial de inóculo na forma micelial de S. sclerotiorum nas sementes. O armazenamento não influencia a incidência de S. sclerotiorum na forma micelial nas sementes, a qual pode aumentar ou não durante este período, independente das condições de armazenamento, seja em câmara fria e seca ou em condição ambiente.