Metabolic inhibitors and growth regulators were used in an attempt to control the growth of sugar beet plants at the time of "ripening" of the roots. Maleic hydrazide (MH), pyrocatechol (PC), and vanadium sulphate (VS) were found to be most effective in controlling growth regardless of the age of the plants. The solutions containing MH, PC, or VS were applied to the foliage of 4.5-month-old plants and the effects on leaf expansion and content of sucrose, reducing sugars, nitrite, nitrate, ammonia, amino acid, protein and total nitrogen were determined 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. The rate of photosynthesis and respiration and the activity of nitrate reductase, transaminase, invertase, adenosine triphosphatase (ATP-ase), glucose-1-, glucose-6-, fructose-6-phosphatase, uridine diphosphate glucose pyrophosphorylase (UDPG-pyrophosphorylase), sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase was measured. Compared with untreated plants, with few exceptions, all treatments affected the growth; the chemical compositions the rate of photosynthesis and respiration, and the activities of enzymes measured, in a similar manner. Growth of the plants was determined by measuring the leaf area. MH, PC, and VS significantly inhibited growth of leaves under both "summer" and "fall" conditions. In the treated plants, the percentage reducing sugars, based on fresh weight of the root, decreased and percentage sucrose increased steadily. Application of MH, PC, and VS resulted in a significant decrease in nitrite and an increase in nitrate content of roots. Ammonium nitrogen of the plants treated with MH was more than that of the untreated plants on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day after treatment. Plants reacted with PC and VS had a lower ammonium content on the 7th and the 14th day but more on the 21st day. The soluble amino acid content of the roots of MH-treated plants was higher than that of the controls. PC-treated plants had a lower amino acid content on the 7th day but a higher content on the 14th and 21st day. VS caused a reduction in amino acid content of the roots on all dates of harvest. The rate of photosynthesis was measured by infrared technique. MH and VS caused a stimulation in the rate of net C0₂ assimilation, however, PC inhibited the rate of net C0₂ assimilation on the 7th day after treatment. The rate of respiration of the storage roots, measured by the Warburg technique, was lower than that of the control plants in the case of MH-and VS-treated plants and it was higher in the PC-treated plants. The results indicated that the application of MH, PC, and VS caused significant reduction in the activity of nitrate reductase, transaminase, inver-tase, ATP-ase, glucose-1-, glucose-6-, and fructose-6-phosphatase. These treatments also resulted in the stimulation of the activity of UDPG-pyrophos-phorylase, sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase. The inhibition of growth by MH, PC, and VS is discussed on the bases of the reductions in the activities of invertase, nitrate reductase, and transaminase. The increase in sucrose content of the roots is explained on the bases of low invertase and high sucrose synthetase and sucrose phosphate synthetase activities in the treated plants. The possible participation of the phosphatases in the regulation of sucrose biosynthesis is indicated by the negative correlations between the activities of phosphatases and sucrose phosphate synthetase. / Science, Faculty of / Botany, Department of / Graduate

The object of this work is to analyze the sugar industry in the interwar period in European, and in addition, global context. The work focuses on international conventions, their national applications and the reaction of other countries in the sugar industry. It is divided into two thematic units. The first one deals with the characterization of the foreign trade of Czechoslovakia, the second addresses the particular issue of the sugar industry. The work puts great emphasis on the perception of the sugar industry in its broadest context possible. For this reason it analyzes the issue of the sugar industry also in periods of time, which are seemingly unrelated to the work, but are necessary for understanding the problematic. Further, it focuses on the interdependence of individual structures of the sugar industry institutions and their reaction to the development in the evaluated time period. The overall analysis style aims at gradually more specific problems. Conclusions of the work are supported by a great number of opinions, both those of the author and specialists of that time, but also quantitative data. The main goal of this work is to verify the hypothesis that the crises were caused by a shift away from the free market. Throughout the course of the analysis the assumption is verified in case of almost all considered crises. It also shows that no administrative measures can be effective due to the market. The connection between the government and the sugar industry was evident, and thanks to this interdependence the sugar industry enforced many laws.

No description available.

O objeto de análise nesta dissertação de mestrado é a cana-de-açúcar. A área abordada é o Estado de São Paulo, e o período, desde sua implantação até os dias atuais. Basicamente dois focos são abordados: o histórico de interiorização dessa cultura agrícola, e o padrão tecnológico em seus campos empregado. Buscou-se interrelacionar os distintos períodos históricos com suas respectivas territorializações e regionalizações. Em seguida é dado maior ênfase no processo de mecanização das atividades vinculadas ao sistema de \"CCT (corte, carregamento e transporte)\" da cana. / The object of analysis in this dissertation is the sugarcane. The area is the state of Sao Paulo, and the period, since its establishment until today. Basically two foci are discussed: the history of the westward displacement of this crop, and the standard technology used in their fields. We attempted to interrelate the different historical periods with their territorialization and regionalization. Then it is given greater emphasis in the process of mechanization of activities related to the \"CLT system (Cutting, Loading and Transport)\" of sugarcane.

A presente investigação tem por objetivo central compreender as causas da formação da lavoura cafeeira nos engenhos do Oeste Paulista. Optou-se por concentrar os esforços analíticos na região de Campinas, que se considera ter sido a porta de entrada para o restante do interior paulista, em que a nova cultura pôde estabelecer-se, ainda que de maneira incipiente, a partir já da segunda metade da década de 1820. Especificamente, adotou-se como unidade de observação o produtor pertencente às famílias mais distintas da região, sobretudo que em algum momento de sua trajetória produtiva tenha sido possuidor de ao menos 50 escravos. / The present investigation aims to comprehend the causes for the making of coffee plantations in the West Paulista. It has been decided to concentrate the analytical efforts in the region of Campinas, considered to be the gateway for the rest of the interior of São Paulo, where the new culture could establish, even if incipiently, since the second half of the 1820s. Specifically, it was adopted as a unit of observation the producer belonging to the wealthiest families of the region, especially the one that at some point in his trajectory owned at least 50 slaves.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:52:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O Brasil ocupa posição de destaque no mercado de açúcar a granel e consumo elevado deste ingrediente na forma líquida, em especial pelas indústrias de bebidas e alimentos. O açúcar líquido apresenta vantagens em relação ao açúcar a granel como facilidade do manuseio e dosagem, espaço reduzido para a armazenagem, redução das perdas, custos e mão-de-obra, melhora na sanitização e grande variação possível nas proporções de diferentes misturas de açúcares. O açúcar Uquido invertido é uma solução de sacarose, glicose e frutose em água e recebe esse nome porque durante a sua produção há a inversão do poder óptico de rotação da solução. No processo produtivo do açúcar invertido existem alguns pontos que podem gerar a contaminação por microrganismos, dessa forma torna-se importante o desenvolvimento de técnicas que propiciem a sanitização eficiente desta matéria-prima. Este trabalho estudou duas técnicas alternativas de controle microbiano: a radiação gama com fonte de cobalto-60 e a radiação com feixe de elétrons. O estudo foi conduzido nas doses de 5, 10, 20, 30 e 50 kGy. O teor de sacarose apresentou decréscimo com a radiação indicando que ocorreu a quebra da ligação glicosídica com a formação de glicose e fioitose, gerando o aumento do teor de sólidos solúveis. Ocorreu a formação de compostos ácidos, confirmado pela redução de pH, que foi proporcional ao aumento da dose de radiação. As maiores doses provocaram alterações na cor do xarope pela formação de polímeros com cadeia molecular longa. A viscosidade nas amostras irradiadas com radiação gama aumentou em relação ao controle, indicando a prevalência de polimerização das moléculas, enquanto que na radiação com feixe de elétrons a polimerização foi observada somente na amostra que recebeu a dose de 50 kGy. Na análise sensorial, os julgadores apontaram diferença significativa (5%) no sabor entre o controle e as amostras irradiadas com 5 kGy, nas duas técnicas de processamento. Não foi possível identificar o efeito da radiação gama no controle de bolores e leveduras. / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

A presente investigação tem por objetivo central compreender as causas da formação da lavoura cafeeira nos engenhos do Oeste Paulista. Optou-se por concentrar os esforços analíticos na região de Campinas, que se considera ter sido a porta de entrada para o restante do interior paulista, em que a nova cultura pôde estabelecer-se, ainda que de maneira incipiente, a partir já da segunda metade da década de 1820. Especificamente, adotou-se como unidade de observação o produtor pertencente às famílias mais distintas da região, sobretudo que em algum momento de sua trajetória produtiva tenha sido possuidor de ao menos 50 escravos. / The present investigation aims to comprehend the causes for the making of coffee plantations in the West Paulista. It has been decided to concentrate the analytical efforts in the region of Campinas, considered to be the gateway for the rest of the interior of São Paulo, where the new culture could establish, even if incipiently, since the second half of the 1820s. Specifically, it was adopted as a unit of observation the producer belonging to the wealthiest families of the region, especially the one that at some point in his trajectory owned at least 50 slaves.

O objeto de análise nesta dissertação de mestrado é a cana-de-açúcar. A área abordada é o Estado de São Paulo, e o período, desde sua implantação até os dias atuais. Basicamente dois focos são abordados: o histórico de interiorização dessa cultura agrícola, e o padrão tecnológico em seus campos empregado. Buscou-se interrelacionar os distintos períodos históricos com suas respectivas territorializações e regionalizações. Em seguida é dado maior ênfase no processo de mecanização das atividades vinculadas ao sistema de \"CCT (corte, carregamento e transporte)\" da cana. / The object of analysis in this dissertation is the sugarcane. The area is the state of Sao Paulo, and the period, since its establishment until today. Basically two foci are discussed: the history of the westward displacement of this crop, and the standard technology used in their fields. We attempted to interrelate the different historical periods with their territorialization and regionalization. Then it is given greater emphasis in the process of mechanization of activities related to the \"CLT system (Cutting, Loading and Transport)\" of sugarcane.

The Ph. D. Thesis deals with architectural and monumental values of factory owners residences. It introduces the position and the whole development of the socioeconomic situation on the territory of Moravia and Silesia since 18th century until 90`s years of 20th century, also development of situation at sugar industry as a whole. Pays the attention to manners and forms of foundation - sugar mills and its owners seats. Briefly informs on the development of technologies and work at sugar factory. Analyses the problems of downfall and transformation owners seats and areas itself from 19th century until the present time. Presents the possibilities of their transformation and reutilisation. Intends over possible access to protection of them following our valid legislative and international charters.