The island of Mauritius is situated in the south-western Indian Ocean between 19°591, 20°321 south latitude and 57°18 1 , 57° 49 1 east longitude. The nearest landmass of any considerable extent is Madagascar which Iies some 900 km due west of Mauritius; but there are a number of islands and islets in the vicinity, notably Reunion, Rodrigues and the Cargados Carajos, which together with Mauritius constitute the archipelago of the Mascarenes.

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1967. / eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of History, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 289-299).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Brigham Young University. Dept. of History, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 289-299).

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1988.

Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 1980. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Bibliography: leaves 77-81. / by Deborah Kay Jordan. / M.C.P.

Typescript. / Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1978. / Bibliography: leaves 296-301. / Microfiche. / xxv, 301 leaves ill. 28 cm

Orientador: Fernando Antonio Lourenço / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:21:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vettorassi_Andrea_D.pdf: 37375582 bytes, checksum: df3717d92de432435759835553972157 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este estudo tem como principal objetivo analisar os processos identitários e redes sociais de migrantes rurais nordestinos em cidades do interior paulista. Para que isto fosse possível, duas cidades de economia sucroalcooleira que recebem anualmente expressivo número de migrantes rurais nordestinos (sazonais ou permanentes) para o trabalho no corte da cana foram analisadas, a saber, Guariba-SP e Serrana-SP. Embora sustentadas pela mesma economia sucroalcooleira e com número semelhante de habitantes, suas figurações sociais são bem diversas, essencialmente em seus aspectos históricos e quando a relação entre os migrantes e a comunidade circundante (que denominamos "nativos") é analisada. O estudo das duas cidades contou com metodologias diversas, como as entrevistas realizadas com migrantes e "nativos" (inclusive, em São Raimundo Nonato-PI, cidade de origem de muitos trabalhadores rurais no interior paulista), pesquisas quantitativas e a aplicação de um método de pesquisa denominado "mapas afetivos". Para a compreensão das diferenças existentes nas cidades estudadas, não apenas pesquisas de campo foram realizadas em Guariba, Serrana e São Raimundo Nonato, como também foi realizado o acompanhamento destes migrantes em uma de suas viagens de volta ao Piauí em um ônibus clandestino. Nesta viagem, foi possível a produção de imagens de vídeo que revelam o cotidiano deste longo trajeto de volta, assim como suas próprias reflexões sobre o mundo rural em que vivem, o trabalho no corte da cana, suas redes sociais e identidades. Da pesquisa descrita acima, pudemos perceber que as redes sociais são fundamentais para os migrantes e são muito fortes entre eles porque em seus locais de origem o Estado não supre todas as necessidades de suas comunidades rurais. Para a garantia de sobrevivência e melhores condições de vida, há uma necessidade muito maior de contar uns com os outros para suprir estas carências. As relações simbólicas e comunitárias são mais eficazes do que as regras e normas institucionais que estão muito pouco presentes em seus locais de origem. Acostumados com estas estratégias simbólicas de sobrevivência conquistadas a partir das redes sociais, estes migrantes as readequaram em seus locais de destino, onde experimentam o preconceito contra suas redes sociais constantemente criadas em busca de melhores condições de vida. Entretanto, este preconceito que os migrantes sofrem, bem como suas redes sociais e identidades, têm inúmeras particularidades de acordo com a contextualização histórica, política, social e simbólica das cidades receptoras. Assim, este trabalho contribui para a reflexão sobre as razões dos deslocamentos feitos pelos grupos migrantes, as razões de uma acolhida diferenciada em Serrana-SP e Guariba-SP e, finalmente, procura compreender as redes sociais, as relações pessoais e a organização destes grupos migrantes a partir de dimensões objetivas e subjetivas / Abstract: This study aims at assessing the identity processes and social networks of rural migrants from the Northeast cities (nordestinos) to cities in the countryside of the state of Sao Paulo. In order to achieve this goal, two cities, whose economy is based on the sugarcane business, receive a significant number of rural migrants from the Northeast annually (seasonal or permanent) to work in the sugarcane fields were analyzed, namely Guariba-SP and Serrana- SP. Although supported by the same sugarcane economy and with similar numbers of inhabitants, their social representation are quite different, mainly in its historical aspects and where the relationship between migrants and the surrounding community (which we call "native") is studied. The study of both cities was based on different methodologies, such as interviews with migrants and natives (including, in Sao Raimundo Nonato, state of Piauí, hometown of many rural workers in Sao Paulo), quantitative research and implementation of a research method called "emotional maps." In order to understand the differences in the studied cities, not only field research was conducted in Guariba, Serrana and Sao Raimundo Nonato, but a monitoring of these migrants and their return to Piauí, by means of illegal transport, was also instrumental. It was possible to produce video images, during said return trip, that reveal the daily life of such a long journey, as well as these migrants' own reflections on the rural world in which they live, work, and their social networks and identities. It was possible to realize that social networks are crucial for migrants and very strong between them, since, in their hometowns, the State does not meet all the needs of rural communities. In order to guarantee their survival and better living conditions, there is a much greater need to count on each other to remedy these deficiencies. The symbolic relations and community are more effective than the institutional rules and norms that are virtually absent in their places of origin. Accustomed to such symbolic strategies of survival conquered from social networks, migrants attempt to adjust them to their destinations, where they experience prejudice against their social networks being constantly created in search of better living conditions. However, this prejudice against migrants, as well as their social networks and identities, present several particularities in accordance with the historical, political, social and symbolic context of the cities affected. Thus, this study contributes with the discussion about the reasons for dislocations by migrant groups, the reasons for different welcoming in Guariba-SP and Serrana-SP, and, lastly, it seeks to understand social networks, personal relationships and the organization of these migrant groups, from objective and subjective dimensions / Doutorado / Trabalho, Cultura e Ambiente / Doutor em Sociologia

Many authors have cited the relatively high unemployment rate as the most severe economic problem facing South Africa today. At the same time, government institutions claim that the agricultural sector can help solve the high unemployment rate, as this sector has the potential to create employment for a large number of unemployed South Africans. These institutions do not elaborate on how the sector will provide so many jobs. Published empirical studies on the South African (SA) agricultural sector have recommended ways in which policy-makers may achieve their goals of creating employment. However, most studies on labour considered the entire agricultural sector, whereas this study focuses on a sub-sector, namely the SA sugarcane sector. The study aims to analyse the potential of the sugarcane SA sector to create employment by estimating long- and short-run price (wage) elasticities of labour demand for large-scale sugarcane farms on the South Coast, in the Midlands and in Tugela/Zululand during 1984/1985-2008/2009. Using panel data, two models are estimated by Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Model 1 capturing labour use intensity and using “labour units employed per 1000 tonnes of cane cut” as the dependent variable, while Model 2 captures the total labour units demanded by large-scale sugarcane farmers. Only Model 2 is estimated using simultaneous equations as past studies indicate that labour use intensity may be analysed using single-equation models. For Model 1, the estimates of the long-run wage elasticities compared to the short-run wage elasticities are similar and around -0.5, -0.17 and -0.33 for the South Coast, Midlands and Tugela/Zululand regions, respectively. The wage elasticity estimates for Model 2 in the short-run were -0.34, -0.24 and -0.17 and in the long run -0.61, -0.42 and -0.30 for the South Coast, Midlands and Tugela/Zululand, respectively. The two econometric techniques (OLS and 3SLS) yielded similar wage elasticities. Results suggest that all labour demand estimates were wage inelastic, with the South Coast having a relatively greater response of labour demand to wage rate changes than the other two regions. Inelastic demand estimates for labour in all three regions may be due to the perennial, long-term nature of sugarcane and farmers taking time to decide how to respond to changes (hikes) in the price of labour. The decline in the demand for labour by large-scale sugarcane farmers due to an increase in real wage rates raises questions about the appropriateness of labour laws and minimum wage iii legislation that have increased the real cost of farm labour in the large-scale sugarcane sector of KZN. In order to reverse the rising farm labour unemployment trend in South Africa, the study recommends that policy-makers could rather adopt more flexible labour market regulations (for example, those relating to the hiring and dismissal of workers) that would reduce real labour costs and encourage local farmers to employ more labour on sugarcane farms. Furthermore, the land under sugarcane proved to be an important determinant of the demand for labour by large-scale sugarcane farmers and hence policies regarding land reform need to be revised and implemented more proficiently. Future research could focus on the skill-level of those workers who are affected the most following an increase in minimum wages and possible reasons why the KZN sugar industry is losing land to other land uses. / M.Sc.Agric. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2013.

Orientadores: Rosana Aparecida Baeninger, Cláudio Salvadori Dedecca / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T02:58:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_RicardoAntunesDantasde_D.pdf: 2476858 bytes, checksum: 3e574f8dd7aa7c976f8e00dadf8d16e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Esta tese analisa as características, tendências e expressões regionais da mobilidade espacial dos cortadores de cana no estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de compreender suas articulações aos processos multi-escalares que estruturam o Complexo Agroindustrial (CAI) canavieiro nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto e Presidente Prudente. As questões são abordadas a partir do conceito de divisão espacial do trabalho, que possibilita abordar tanto as dinâmicas regionais do complexo canavieiro, quanto às distintas formas de articulação da mobilidade espacial a estas. São utilizados os seguintes procedimentos metodológicos: revisão bibliográfica relativa às diversas questões abordadas; trabalho com diversas fontes de informações estatísticas, especialmente Censo Demográfico 2000, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) em suas versões para a década de 2000, mesmo período para o qual são considerados os dados do Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) do Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; e, trabalho de campo nas regiões de Ribeirão Preto e Presidente Prudente, voltado principalmente à realização de entrevistas qualitativas com os cortadores de cana. A expansão das atividades canavieiras durante a década de 2000, vinculada à introdução dos veículos flex-fuel no Brasil e às boas possibilidades de exportação do etanol e do açúcar, significou um aumento do número de trabalhadores. Em função da histórica importância dos trabalhadores migrantes, originários de algumas das regiões mais pobres, para o mercado de trabalho do complexo, se registra o aumento da quantidade de pessoas envolvidas nos fluxos, marcados pelo aumento da diversidade das origens que se expressam distintamente nas regiões produtoras. Embora não configure uma novidade em termos de deslocamento populacional, a mobilidade dos cortadores de cana tem suas espacialidades transformadas. Regiões de origem específicas e múltiplas áreas de destino, lugares e atividades econômicas diversas, constituem uma mobilidade circular, que estrutura territórios circulatórios, integrando perspectivas macro e micro, além da questão das redes. No âmbito das dinâmicas regionais de Ribeirão Preto e Presidente Prudente, verifica-se que a mobilidade dos cortadores de cana expressa diferenciações quanto à articulação do CAI canavieiro e se coloca como estruturadora de inserções e posições dos centros urbanos nas redes regionais. A partir dos resultados obtidos, busca-se contribuir para os debates relativos às causas, motivações e efetivação da mobilidade circular no contexto da mobilidade espacial da população no momento histórico atual, além da questão regional. São demonstrados os impactos sociais da expansão das atividades canavieiras, muitas vezes encobertos pelo apelo dos biocombustíveis e das possibilidades de exportação. Nesse sentido, apresentam relevância no sentido da reflexão sobre os rumos que o processo de desenvolvimento econômico vem tomando no Brasil e como a sociedade o vem considerando / Abstract: This dissertation analyses the characteristics, tendencies and regional expressions of sugarcane cutters? spatial mobility in São Paulo state, in order to understand its articulations to the multi-scale processes that structure the sugarcane Agro-industrial Complex in Ribeirão Preto's and Presidente Prudente's regions. The questions are addressed through the concept of spatial division of labor, which allows approaching the regional dynamics of the sugarcane complex and the various forms of articulation of spatial mobility to those. The following procedures are used: bibliographical revision, concerning the different questions addressed; quantitative work with information from various sources, especially IBGE Demographic Census 2000, Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) for the 2000's decade, same period of data from Relatório Anual de Informações Sociais (RAIS) of Ministério do Trabalho e Emprego; and, fieldwork at the Ribeirão Preto's and Presidente Prudente's regions, directed primarily to qualitative interviews with the sugarcane cutters. The expansion of sugarcane activities during 2000?s decade, related to flex-fuel vehicles introduction in Brazil and the good possibilities of ethanol and sugar exportation, meant an increment in the number of workers. Considering the historical importance of migrant workers, from some of the poorest regions of the country, to the complex labor market, a growth in the number of people involved in the flows is observed, a process characterized by an increase of origins diversity, which has distinct expressions in the production regions. Although not being a novelty in terms of population displacement, the sugarcane cutters mobility has its spatialities transformed. Specific origin regions and multiple destination areas, diverse places and economic activities constitute a circular mobility, which structure circulatory territories, integrating macro and micro perspectives and the migrant network question. Concerning the regional dynamics of Ribeirão Preto and Presidente Prudente, it is observed that the sugarcane cutters mobility expresses distinctions regarding the sugarcane Agro-industrial Complex articulations and puts itself as a structuring part of urban centers insertions and positions in regional nets. From the results obtained, the following contributions are searched: the debate around causes, motivations and effectuation of circular mobility on the context of population spatial mobility in recent historical period; and the regional question. The social impacts of sugarcane activities expansion are shown, questions that a lot of times are obscured by the biofuels appeal and the exportation possibilities This way, it is relevant considering the reflections about the directions the economic development processes are taking in Brazil and how the society has been considering it / Doutorado / Demografia / Doutor em Demografia