The Government of South Africa recognised the vital role that small businesses play in stimulating economic activity, creating jobs, alleviating poverty and improving the living standards of all South Africans. Therefore, the South African Revenue Service (SARS) and the National Treasury introduced a number of initiatives to empower small businesses by simplifying tax and creating certain tax relief measures specifically relating to small businesses. The first of these was introduced by the previous Minister of Finance, Trevor Manual, in his 2000 budget speech and related to small business corporations. In this study, the tax relief measures available to small businesses in South Africa were evaluated followed by the evaluation of the tax relief measures available to small business in New Zealand. Thereafter, the tax relief measures were compared and analysed in order to determine whether the tax relief measures in South Africa are on par with the tax relief measures available in New Zealand. By analysing the comparative study of the tax relief measures available to small business in South Africa and the tax relief measures available to small business in New Zealand, it was found that the South African Government has come a long way to assist and empower small business in South Africa. Furthermore, it was found that the tax relief measures available to small business in South Africa are on par and in most instances exceed the tax relief measures available to small business in New Zealand. The following recommendations were made based on the tax relief measures available in New Zealand: <ul> <li> small businesses, which have not elected the turnover tax system, should be allowed to account for VAT on the payment basis and</li> <li> the R1,5 million threshold for Category F vendors should be increased to allow small businesses to only file VAT returns every four months as opposed to every two months.</li> </ul> As small business will continue to play an important role in creating jobs and wealth in the economy, the South African Government should consider implementing the above-mentioned tax relief measures as this could provide further aid to small businesses, furthermore, the government should assess the tax relief measures on a continuous basis to ensure that these measures stay on par with other countries similar to South Africa. / AFRIKAANS : Die Suid-Afrikaanse regering erken die belangrike rol wat klein ondermings in die stimulering van die ekonomie, skepping van werksgeleenthede, verligting van armoede en verbetering van lewenstandaarde van alle Suid-Afrikaners speel. Daarom het die Suid-Afrikaanse Inkomste Diens (SAID) en die Nasional Tesourie ’n aantal maatreëls, wat belastingverligting aan klein ondernemings verleen, geïmplementeer. Die eerste van hierdie maatreëls is deur die vorige Minister van Finansies, Trevor Manual, in sy 2000-begrotingsrede bekend gemaak en was gemik op klein sake-ondernemings. In hierdie studie word die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vir klein ondernemings in Suid-Afrika geëvalueer gevolg deur die evaluering van die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vir klein ondernemings in Nieu-Seeland. Daarna word die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls vergelyk en gronding ontleed om te bepaal of die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls in Suid-Afrika ooreenstem met die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat in Nieu-Seeland beskikbaar is. Deur ontleding van die vergelykende studie van die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat in Suid Afrika geld en die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls in Nieu-Seeland is gevind dat die Suid-Afrikaanse regering ver gevorder het om klein ondernemings in Suid-Afrika te ondersteun. Verder is daar gevind dat die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls in Suid-Afrika op gelyke voet staan met en in die meeste gevalle beter is as die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat vir klein ondernemings in Nieu-Seeland geld. Die volgende aanbevelings, wat gegrond is op die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls wat in Nieu-Seeland geld, word gemaak: <ul> <li> dat klein ondernemings wat nie vir omsetbelasting geregistreer is nie, vir BTW mag verantwoord volgens die betalingsbasis;</li> </up> <li> dat die R1,5 miljoen-drempel vir kategorie F-ondernemers verhoog moet word. Hierdeur sal meer klein ondernemings kwalifiseer om BTW-opgawes slegs elke vier maande in plaas van elke twee maande in te dien.</li> </ul> Aangesien klein ondernemings steeds ’n belangerike rol speel in die skepping van werksgeleenthede en welvaart in die ekonomie kan, behoort die Suid-Afrikaanse regering dit te oorweeg om bogenoemde belastingverligtingsmaatreëls te implementeer sodat dit verdere verligting kan verskaf aan klein ondernemings. Verder behoort die regering die belastingverligtingsmaatreëls op ’n deurlopende grondslag te beoordeel om te verseker dat dit steeds op dieselfde vlak is as die van ander lande soortegelyk aan Suid-Afrika. / Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Taxation / Unrestricted

Die beginpunt van die nuwe Bantoekuns in Suid-Afrika was die Pollystraatsentrum wat in 1948 in Johannesburg gestig is. Skotnes was van 1952-1965 hoof van die Sentrum en het o. m. Kumalo, Ngatane, Sithole, Maqhubela en Legae onderrig. Klem is gele op kontak met die tradisionele kunsverlede van die Bantoes en 'n grondige tegniese opleiding. Kumalo en ander leerlinge van die Pollystraatsentrum het in 1957-8 die belangrike kerkopdragte van Kroonstad en Orlando uitgevoer. Die plafonpanele en kruiswegstasies van die Kroonstad- en Orlandokerke vorm die beginpunt van Kumalo se kunstenaarsloopbaan. Naas leiding van Skotnes het hy ook onderrig van Villa ontvang. Kumalo het ten spyte van Westerse invloede 'n besonder persoonlike en individuele beeldhoustyl ontwikkel, waarin die invloed van klassieke Afrika-kuns gesien kan word. Kumalo het reeds internasionale bekendheid verwerf en is die meester van Suid-Afrikaanse Bantoekunstenaars. Ook Legae is 'n beeldhouer. Sy werk is meer westers as die van Kumalo en van 'n meer liriese kwaliteit as die fors beeldhouwerk van Kumalo. Lucas Sithole het bekendheid verwerf met houtbeeldhouwerk in slank figure en dieruitbeeldings. Sy werk is van 'n meer populere aard en hy toon 'n neiging om na die publiek se smaak te werk. Dumile het hom toegele op groot houtskooltekeninge van 'n illustratiewe en ietwat makabere aard. Hy het baie navolgers onder die Bantoekunstenaars. Maqhubela het aanvanklik veral mosai"ekpanele uitgevoer. Sy meer belangrike kunswerke begin met die houtskooltekeninge waarby later die gebruik van pastel gevoeg is. Sy onderwerpe is nie beperk tot die lokasietema nie maar is afkomstig van 'n wyere verbeeldingswereld. Na kontak met Portway het hy baie op kleurgebruik in sy skilderye begin konsentreer. Naas Transvaal is daar ook in Natal 'n groep Bantoekunstenaars werksaam met Zondi as vernaamste verteenwoordiger. In Rhodesië word die seepsteenbeeldhouwerk van sg."werkswinkel"-kunstenaars algemeen aangetref. In Sentraal- en Wes-Afrika word 'n groot verskeidenheid kunsvorme beoefen. Die nuwe Bantoekuns in Suid-Afrika het gegroei vanuit die Pollystraatsentrum. Hier het Skotnes sy Bantoeleerlinge bekend gestel met die klassieke en tradisionele kuns van Afrika. Hierdie uitdrukkingsvorme is op 'n besondere wyse verwerk en assimileer soos veral blyk in die kuns van Kumalo. Kontak met blanke kunstenaars sal steeds vir die Bantoekunstenaars 'n verryking bly in die skepping van hierdie nuwe kuns wat eie is aan die gees van Afrika. / The Polly Street Centre, which was established in Johannesburg in 1948, gave rise to the development of a new Bantu art in South Africa. Skotnes headed the Centre from 1952-1965 and taught, amongst others, Kumalo, Ngatane, Sithole, Maqhubela and Legae. Contact with traditional art forms was stressed, as was a solid technical training. In 1957-8 Kumalo and other pupils of the Centre completed the important church commissions of Kroonstad and Orlando. Kumalo's artistic career began with the ceiling panels and Stations of the Cross of the Kroonstad and Orlando churches. In addition to the Polly Street classes, Kumalo was also instructed by Villa. Despite strong european influences Kumalo developed a distinctly personal style which also reflects the influence of African art. Kumalo has an international reputation and the maturity of his workmakes him the doyen of South African Bantu artists. Legae also, is a sculptor but shows a more lyrical and gentle quality in his work compared to the bold, strong forms of Kumalo's sculpture. Sithole is known especially for his wood carvings of animals and tall, slim human figures. He does, however, tend to follow the dictates of popular demand. Dumile mainly produced large charcoal drawings of an illustrative and rather macabre nature. He has since built up a considerable following amongst Bantu artists. Maqhubela initially worked in mosaics. His more important artistic production started with charcoal drawings which later included the use of pastels. He does not depict the township life but excercises a free imagination in the choice of subjects. Contact with Portway influenced Maqhubela to concentrate mainly on the use of colour in his paintings. The main group of Bantu artists work in the Transvaal. Natal also has a group of whom Zondi is the most important representative. In Rhodesia the soapstone carvings of the "workshop" artists have become increasingly popular. A great diversity of styles is to be found in contemporary western and central African art. The new Bantu art in South Africa started at the Polly Street Centre in Johannesburg. Skotnes introduced his pupils to traditional forms of African art. These forms of artistic expression were assimilated into the work of the Bantu artists and resulted in a distinctly personal style, as can be seen in the sculpture of Kumalo. The work of our Bantu artists will be enriched by a continued contact with european artists in the developing of this new and vital art of Africa. / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1970. / Visual Arts / Unrestricted

Magister Artium - MA / This study was initiated, in the first place, by the dearth of analyses available on black consciousness in South Africa. The studies that do exist are usually to be found i~ the form of a chapter or two in a work on general black protest politics. This leaves virtually no room for a detailed analysis of the philosophy, and consequently, a few quotes by Biko, followed by general comment constitutes the most frequent form of "analysis". No theoretical framework is given and neither are the logical sequences in Biko's work analysed. This dissertation sets out to make a contribution to the existing academic analyses of black consciousness. In attempting to do this, various obstacles have had to be overcome.The most important obstacle has been the assertion that the black consciousness philosophy ostensibly precludes itself from objective analysis by whites. Consequently, the author has endeavoured to evaluate the philosophy from a theoretical framework which has been compiled from elements which characterise black consciousness ideal approach of black consciousness to society.as. This implies that any subjective inclinations which the author may have, are largely blocked from detracting from the essence of the. The theoretical framework according to which black consciousness is analysed is a IImode'" of a revolutionary philosophy.

Die Transvaalse polisie het sy beslag gehad in die polisiestelsel van die Kaapkolonie soos aangepas by die bepaalde, en soms ongelyksoortige, behoeftes van verskillende Voortrekkerpioniersnedersettings. Die stelsel, wat swaar geleun het op instellings wat nie ‘n direkte polisie-assosiasie gehad het nie, het geen noemenswaardige ontwikkeling deurgemaak nie en teen die begin van die sewentigerjare was die Transvaalse polisiediens so stagnant dat dit ‘n opvallende agterstand teenoor al die buurstate geopenbaar het. Eers onder die bewind van president Burgers is die plattelandse diens, wat hoofsaaklik met Bantoes te maak gehad het, tot ‘n mate gemoderniseer. Hierdie proses het veral gewentel om die losmaking daarvan van die militêre waaraan dit voorheen om finansiële en organisatoriese gerief innig versmeld was. Ook Britse tussenregering wat wel weinig nuuts tot die groei van ‘n selfstandige polisieorganisasie kon bydra, het, soos Burgers, nuwe weë van opset en organisasie vir die herstelde Republiek ontsluit. Die eerstes hiervan het egter dwaalweë geblyk te wees. Voortgesette geldnood, maar veral die onheilsame oorheersing van die polisiediens deur Piet Joubert, wat sy oë op die verlede eerder as op die toekoms gerig het en op die artilleriekorps eerder as op ‘n landspolisie, was grotendeels hiervoor verantwoordelik. "Die gevolg was verkeerde beklemtoning van organisasie en aanwending sodat nie slegs die werksaamhede nie maar die hele bestaan van die plattelandse polisieorganisasie in die weegskaal beland het en die polisie verhinder is om die rol waartoe dit in staat was in die bantoe-onluste van die tagtiger- en vroeë negentigerjare in noord-Transvaal te speel. Die enigste konstante faktor in die polisiediens was die rol wat die veldkornette en later die bantoekommissarisse in die kleine gespeel het. Op die dorpe het die gemoedelike ontwikkeling hoofsaaklik gewentel om die vasstelling van beheer wat dikwels meer gebieders as polisie tot gevolg gehad het. In pas met die grondwetlike woelinge van die jare vyftig en sestig, het die vraagstuk ‘n vinnige maar ook verwarrende tydperk deurgemaak totdat die leisels uiteindelik in die hande van die staatsprokureur beland het. Deur sy professionele kennis, wetshandhawingsfunksie en toegang tot die regering het hy gesorg vir ‘n gestadigde maar volgehoue groei en meer doeltreffende aanwending van die dorpspolisiediens. Die vernaamste ontplooiing volg na die ontdekking van goud. In die verband was die ontwikkeling van delwerye in die noorde, ooste en weste voor die op die Witwatersrand ‘n seën in so verre hulle as leerskool gedien het vir die probleme met wetshandhawing onder elemente wat aan die Transvaalse samelewing vreemd en selfs vyandig was. Hoewel die basiese wetgewing en polisieorganisasie in die verband dus reeds bestaan het met die aanvang van die ongeëwenaarde toeloop van Uitlanders na Johannesburg, het ‘n legio van ander probleme spoedig ontstaan en met verloop van tyd vererger. ‘n Belangrike interne probleem, wat soos so vele ander gespruit het uit die onversadigbare vraagstuk na genoegsame getalle polisie, was die sistematisering van administrasie, bevel en beheer. Met organiese probleme van hierdie aard kon die stadige meulens van die wetgewende en uitvoerende gesag nie tred hou nie. Dit was deels omdat die staat nag te onvolwasse was en die probleem te omvattend, maar ook deels omdat die staat nie geneë was om die Johannesburgers se probleme op te los nie en deels omdat die Johannesburgers verkies het om hulle probleme nie deur die republikeinse regering opgelos te kry nie. Hierdeur is aan die Johannesburgse polisiediens ‘n verdere dimensie verleen waardeur dit gevaar geloop het om tot 'n pion in ‘n diplomatieke skaakspel tussen die staatsowerhede en die Uitlanders gereduseer te word. Die houding van die Uitlanders teenoor Boereinstellings in die algemeen vorm trouens die vernaamste eksterne faktor wat die polisiediens geslyp het. Beginnende met die Jameson-inval het die polisiediens ‘n spil geword waarom politieke wrywing tussen Pretoria, Johannesburg en Londen gewentel het en die bedrewenheid en integriteit of andersins van die republikeinse geregsdienaar het ‘n belangrike bestanddeel geword van die hekseketel waaruit die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog gevloei het. Aan die ander kant het Johannesburg ‘n vername bydrae gelewer tot die wasdom van die polisiediens. Ten opsigte van aanwending het dit die speurdiens gebaar. Organisatoriese prosesse van rasionalisasie onder die beheer van die kommissaris van polisie en bewegings om aan die diens ‘n professionele gestalte te verleen deur opleiding, verbeterde kommissariaat administrasie en die uitstryking van die vraagstuk van bevel en beheer deur die byvoeging van 'n aparte regskundige element – die administratiewe buro, en die kodifikasie van instruksies, kom pas na die stimulus van die Jameson-inval tot bevrugting. Maar veral het die unieke eise wat Johannesburg gestel het die polisiediens op ‘n peil van doeltreffendheid gedwing waarvoor Uitlander- en ook ander kritici in die spannende dae voor die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog blind was, maar waarop die klein Republiek trots kon wees. Soos die polisiediens op die dorpe het die plattelandse diens ook sy finale beslaggewing aan die inval te danke. Maar die tradisie van gebondenheid aan die krygsdiens en bantoeadministrasie het verhoed dat die diens algehele selfstandigheid verwerf het terwyl slegs in die onlusgeteisterde streke, van die noordelike Transvaal sprake was van afdoende polisiesterkte en dit ‘n skamele twee jaar voor die einde. Ook ten opsigte van die plattelandse polisiediens het Britse belange ‘n botsing met die Republiek gebolwerk om die Bunu-kwessie. Vir die laaste stormagtige ontwikkelingsfase van die polisiediens was nie slegs Jameson en Uitlanderkritiek verantwoordelik nie maar ook die onvermoeide ywer van ‘n aantal, meesal jong, amptenare. Aan die “stompkant” neem persone soos staatsprokureurs Esselen en Smuts ‘n ereplek in terwyl aan die aksiekant in Johannesburg dit Krause, Pietersen, De Beer, Schutte, Van Dam en selfs Trimble en op die platteland eers Dahl en toe Du Toit was. Daarenteen het die polisiekommissarisse ‘n opvallend beperkte bydrae gelewer. Die laaste paar jaar van die Republiek se bestaan het verdere uitbreiding van polisiepligte meegebring wat gewentel het om die staatsveiligheid en die Z.A.R.P's algaande voorberei het vir die militêre rol wat die oorlog vir hulle sou meebring. Die belangrikste hiervan, ewe-eens ‘n nasleep van die kruispaaie wat die Jameson-inval in die polisiewese meegebring het, was die geheime diens waarvan die plek in die Republiek se militêre voorbereidings nog nie ten volle bepaal is nie. Tydens die oorlog self is die gereelde polisie as die Republiek se enigste opgeleide berede infanterie, op ‘n vroeë stadium vir krygsdiens aangewend om op die gevegsfront die stryd teen Imperialisme op ander wyse voort te sit as wat dit reeds vir meer as tien jaar in die strate van Johannesburg gedoen het. Anders as by Dalmanutha waar die Johannesburgse Z.A.R.P.'s met aansienlike roem omhul hul laaste opdrag uitgevoer het, het die raap en skraap amateurpolisie waarmee hulle op die tuisfront vervang moes word, aan ‘n gestadiger en roemloser einde gekom sodat die polisiediens in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in die opsig nie op ‘n hoër noot afgesluit het as waarmee dit begin het nie. Ook het die Republikeinse polisiediens geen nalatenskap gehad nie. Die beswaddering van die diens in Britse kringe het die herlewing daarvan na die Oorlog - volgens tydgenote se latere opmerkings, minstens gedeeltelik ten nadele - verhoed. / Proefskrif--PU vir CHO, 1971

Die Transvaalse polisie het sy beslag gehad in die polisiestelsel van die Kaapkolonie soos aangepas by die bepaalde, en soms ongelyksoortige, behoeftes van verskillende Voortrekkerpioniersnedersettings. Die stelsel, wat swaar geleun het op instellings wat nie ‘n direkte polisie-assosiasie gehad het nie, het geen noemenswaardige ontwikkeling deurgemaak nie en teen die begin van die sewentigerjare was die Transvaalse polisiediens so stagnant dat dit ‘n opvallende agterstand teenoor al die buurstate geopenbaar het. Eers onder die bewind van president Burgers is die plattelandse diens, wat hoofsaaklik met Bantoes te maak gehad het, tot ‘n mate gemoderniseer. Hierdie proses het veral gewentel om die losmaking daarvan van die militêre waaraan dit voorheen om finansiële en organisatoriese gerief innig versmeld was. Ook Britse tussenregering wat wel weinig nuuts tot die groei van ‘n selfstandige polisieorganisasie kon bydra, het, soos Burgers, nuwe weë van opset en organisasie vir die herstelde Republiek ontsluit. Die eerstes hiervan het egter dwaalweë geblyk te wees. Voortgesette geldnood, maar veral die onheilsame oorheersing van die polisiediens deur Piet Joubert, wat sy oë op die verlede eerder as op die toekoms gerig het en op die artilleriekorps eerder as op ‘n landspolisie, was grotendeels hiervoor verantwoordelik. "Die gevolg was verkeerde beklemtoning van organisasie en aanwending sodat nie slegs die werksaamhede nie maar die hele bestaan van die plattelandse polisieorganisasie in die weegskaal beland het en die polisie verhinder is om die rol waartoe dit in staat was in die bantoe-onluste van die tagtiger- en vroeë negentigerjare in noord-Transvaal te speel. Die enigste konstante faktor in die polisiediens was die rol wat die veldkornette en later die bantoekommissarisse in die kleine gespeel het. Op die dorpe het die gemoedelike ontwikkeling hoofsaaklik gewentel om die vasstelling van beheer wat dikwels meer gebieders as polisie tot gevolg gehad het. In pas met die grondwetlike woelinge van die jare vyftig en sestig, het die vraagstuk ‘n vinnige maar ook verwarrende tydperk deurgemaak totdat die leisels uiteindelik in die hande van die staatsprokureur beland het. Deur sy professionele kennis, wetshandhawingsfunksie en toegang tot die regering het hy gesorg vir ‘n gestadigde maar volgehoue groei en meer doeltreffende aanwending van die dorpspolisiediens. Die vernaamste ontplooiing volg na die ontdekking van goud. In die verband was die ontwikkeling van delwerye in die noorde, ooste en weste voor die op die Witwatersrand ‘n seën in so verre hulle as leerskool gedien het vir die probleme met wetshandhawing onder elemente wat aan die Transvaalse samelewing vreemd en selfs vyandig was. Hoewel die basiese wetgewing en polisieorganisasie in die verband dus reeds bestaan het met die aanvang van die ongeëwenaarde toeloop van Uitlanders na Johannesburg, het ‘n legio van ander probleme spoedig ontstaan en met verloop van tyd vererger. ‘n Belangrike interne probleem, wat soos so vele ander gespruit het uit die onversadigbare vraagstuk na genoegsame getalle polisie, was die sistematisering van administrasie, bevel en beheer. Met organiese probleme van hierdie aard kon die stadige meulens van die wetgewende en uitvoerende gesag nie tred hou nie. Dit was deels omdat die staat nag te onvolwasse was en die probleem te omvattend, maar ook deels omdat die staat nie geneë was om die Johannesburgers se probleme op te los nie en deels omdat die Johannesburgers verkies het om hulle probleme nie deur die republikeinse regering opgelos te kry nie. Hierdeur is aan die Johannesburgse polisiediens ‘n verdere dimensie verleen waardeur dit gevaar geloop het om tot 'n pion in ‘n diplomatieke skaakspel tussen die staatsowerhede en die Uitlanders gereduseer te word. Die houding van die Uitlanders teenoor Boereinstellings in die algemeen vorm trouens die vernaamste eksterne faktor wat die polisiediens geslyp het. Beginnende met die Jameson-inval het die polisiediens ‘n spil geword waarom politieke wrywing tussen Pretoria, Johannesburg en Londen gewentel het en die bedrewenheid en integriteit of andersins van die republikeinse geregsdienaar het ‘n belangrike bestanddeel geword van die hekseketel waaruit die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog gevloei het. Aan die ander kant het Johannesburg ‘n vername bydrae gelewer tot die wasdom van die polisiediens. Ten opsigte van aanwending het dit die speurdiens gebaar. Organisatoriese prosesse van rasionalisasie onder die beheer van die kommissaris van polisie en bewegings om aan die diens ‘n professionele gestalte te verleen deur opleiding, verbeterde kommissariaat administrasie en die uitstryking van die vraagstuk van bevel en beheer deur die byvoeging van 'n aparte regskundige element – die administratiewe buro, en die kodifikasie van instruksies, kom pas na die stimulus van die Jameson-inval tot bevrugting. Maar veral het die unieke eise wat Johannesburg gestel het die polisiediens op ‘n peil van doeltreffendheid gedwing waarvoor Uitlander- en ook ander kritici in die spannende dae voor die Tweede Vryheidsoorlog blind was, maar waarop die klein Republiek trots kon wees. Soos die polisiediens op die dorpe het die plattelandse diens ook sy finale beslaggewing aan die inval te danke. Maar die tradisie van gebondenheid aan die krygsdiens en bantoeadministrasie het verhoed dat die diens algehele selfstandigheid verwerf het terwyl slegs in die onlusgeteisterde streke, van die noordelike Transvaal sprake was van afdoende polisiesterkte en dit ‘n skamele twee jaar voor die einde. Ook ten opsigte van die plattelandse polisiediens het Britse belange ‘n botsing met die Republiek gebolwerk om die Bunu-kwessie. Vir die laaste stormagtige ontwikkelingsfase van die polisiediens was nie slegs Jameson en Uitlanderkritiek verantwoordelik nie maar ook die onvermoeide ywer van ‘n aantal, meesal jong, amptenare. Aan die “stompkant” neem persone soos staatsprokureurs Esselen en Smuts ‘n ereplek in terwyl aan die aksiekant in Johannesburg dit Krause, Pietersen, De Beer, Schutte, Van Dam en selfs Trimble en op die platteland eers Dahl en toe Du Toit was. Daarenteen het die polisiekommissarisse ‘n opvallend beperkte bydrae gelewer. Die laaste paar jaar van die Republiek se bestaan het verdere uitbreiding van polisiepligte meegebring wat gewentel het om die staatsveiligheid en die Z.A.R.P's algaande voorberei het vir die militêre rol wat die oorlog vir hulle sou meebring. Die belangrikste hiervan, ewe-eens ‘n nasleep van die kruispaaie wat die Jameson-inval in die polisiewese meegebring het, was die geheime diens waarvan die plek in die Republiek se militêre voorbereidings nog nie ten volle bepaal is nie. Tydens die oorlog self is die gereelde polisie as die Republiek se enigste opgeleide berede infanterie, op ‘n vroeë stadium vir krygsdiens aangewend om op die gevegsfront die stryd teen Imperialisme op ander wyse voort te sit as wat dit reeds vir meer as tien jaar in die strate van Johannesburg gedoen het. Anders as by Dalmanutha waar die Johannesburgse Z.A.R.P.'s met aansienlike roem omhul hul laaste opdrag uitgevoer het, het die raap en skraap amateurpolisie waarmee hulle op die tuisfront vervang moes word, aan ‘n gestadiger en roemloser einde gekom sodat die polisiediens in die Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek in die opsig nie op ‘n hoër noot afgesluit het as waarmee dit begin het nie. Ook het die Republikeinse polisiediens geen nalatenskap gehad nie. Die beswaddering van die diens in Britse kringe het die herlewing daarvan na die Oorlog - volgens tydgenote se latere opmerkings, minstens gedeeltelik ten nadele - verhoed. / Proefskrif--PU vir CHO, 1971

Univ., Diss.--Hamburg, 2006. / Literaturverz. S. 332 - 348.

Depression is a psychiatric disorder associated with severe impairment in physical, social and role functioning, and with higher health care utilization. Experiencing an event that causes physical or psychological stress may substantially increase a person's chances of developing depression. Coping has been defined as a response aimed at diminishing the physical, emotional and psychological burden that is associated with stressful life events. Coping is considered one of the core concepts in health psychology and is strongly associated with the regulation of emotions throughout the stress period and thus it is important that it is understood, especially in the South African context of future morbidity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between coping self–efficacy strategies and depression in an African context. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of 2 198 participants from both rural and urban areas. The rural group consisted of 182 adolescent Further Education and Training (FET) students between the ages of 16 and 21 years, and the urban group consisted of another 2 016 adolescent FET students between the ages of 16 and 21 years. Participants from both groups completed measurements on coping and depression. Two self–report measures were used: the Coping Self–Efficacy Scale (CSE) to determine a person's confidence or perceived self–efficacy in performing coping behaviors when facing life challenges or threats and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) to measure depression severity. Descriptive analysis results indicated that a relationship existed between coping selfefficacy strategies and depression and that levels of depression were very similar for both rural (9.23) and urban (9.25) groups. Coping strategies were very different in rural and urban areas; rural participants only used problem–focused coping and stop unpleasant thoughts and emotions, while urban participants used all three coping self–efficacy strategies: problemfocused coping, stopping unpleasant thoughts and emotions and support from friends and family. Rural participants did not use support from friends and family as a coping selfefficacy strategy; possibly due to the different relationships people living in rural areas have with one another, as opposed to the relationships of people living in urban areas. Rural people may not deem it socially acceptable to ask friends or family members or help when struggling with various stressors. Alternatively, rural areas may be more depleted of personal resources due to the strong urbanization process going on. It was concluded that there is an important relationship between coping strategies and level of depression, and in this study this relationship was found to be different in some ways for rural and urban groups. The results of this study have great implications for further research and clinical practice. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Depression is a psychiatric disorder associated with severe impairment in physical, social and role functioning, and with higher health care utilization. Experiencing an event that causes physical or psychological stress may substantially increase a person's chances of developing depression. Coping has been defined as a response aimed at diminishing the physical, emotional and psychological burden that is associated with stressful life events. Coping is considered one of the core concepts in health psychology and is strongly associated with the regulation of emotions throughout the stress period and thus it is important that it is understood, especially in the South African context of future morbidity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there is a relationship between coping self–efficacy strategies and depression in an African context. Participants consisted of a convenience sample of 2 198 participants from both rural and urban areas. The rural group consisted of 182 adolescent Further Education and Training (FET) students between the ages of 16 and 21 years, and the urban group consisted of another 2 016 adolescent FET students between the ages of 16 and 21 years. Participants from both groups completed measurements on coping and depression. Two self–report measures were used: the Coping Self–Efficacy Scale (CSE) to determine a person's confidence or perceived self–efficacy in performing coping behaviors when facing life challenges or threats and the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ9) to measure depression severity. Descriptive analysis results indicated that a relationship existed between coping selfefficacy strategies and depression and that levels of depression were very similar for both rural (9.23) and urban (9.25) groups. Coping strategies were very different in rural and urban areas; rural participants only used problem–focused coping and stop unpleasant thoughts and emotions, while urban participants used all three coping self–efficacy strategies: problemfocused coping, stopping unpleasant thoughts and emotions and support from friends and family. Rural participants did not use support from friends and family as a coping selfefficacy strategy; possibly due to the different relationships people living in rural areas have with one another, as opposed to the relationships of people living in urban areas. Rural people may not deem it socially acceptable to ask friends or family members or help when struggling with various stressors. Alternatively, rural areas may be more depleted of personal resources due to the strong urbanization process going on. It was concluded that there is an important relationship between coping strategies and level of depression, and in this study this relationship was found to be different in some ways for rural and urban groups. The results of this study have great implications for further research and clinical practice. / Thesis (M.A. (Research Psychology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Medicinal turpentine has been used extensively in the eastern Free State and KwaZulu-Natal in the belief that it is able to prevent and treat redwater in cattle. A number of commercial beef farmers have been using it for many years and the information has been passed down through generations. Redwater is often a fatal disease in cattle and results in losses of large numbers every year in South Africa. In this study redwater is used to describe both Babesia bigemina (African redwater) and Babesia bovis (Asiatic redwater). Redwater is also known as babesiosis. Medicinal turpentine is obtained by the distillation of resin obtained from numerous pine tree species as a by-product during the production of chemical wood pulp9,72. The use of turpentine for the treatment of redwater is, however, yet to be scientifically validated. This study was initiated in an attempt to investigate the validity in the use of the turpentine as a medicinal agent. For this study the use of turpentine was evaluated in three parts. The first component of the study involved a detailed survey with ten commercial farmers from KwaZulu-Natal and the eastern Free State who were known to be proponents for the use of turpentine. The second part of the study made use of a screening assay of Babesia caballi in a red cell culture which was exposed to various concentrations of turpentine in comparison to Diminazene and Imidocarb. Both of these drugs are used on a large scale in the conventional treatment of redwater and are at this point in time the most effective treatments available in South Africa. In the third part a tolerance study was undertaken. Twenty four cattle were treated with turpentine. Three different volumes were used and a control group was treated with saline. Blood was then drawn from these animals at specified intervals and pre-determined parameters were measured. These included obtaining serum for Babesia bovis and Babesia bigemina serology to determine whether the animals used had ever been exposed to either one of these parasites. Temperatures, weights, pregnancy status and injection site reactions were also monitored. From the information gathered farmers are using turpentine in a fairly consistent manner so it was relatively straight forward to design a treatment protocol for the tolerance study that could be representative of what was being done in the field. The cultures indicated that turpentine may have a delayed static effect on parasite growth or it may have an indirectly cidal effect. This effect was most obvious at certain concentrations. It was not seen with all the concentrations used in the cultures. The tolerance study revealed that a significant effect was seen in the protein levels and no deleterious effects were noted either in liver or kidney function. Further studies will need to be undertaken to determine the exact effect turpentine has on the immune response and whether this response is in fact adequate to protect animals from redwater. AFRIKAANS : Die gebruik van medisinale terpentyn is ekstensief in KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat gebruik vir die voorkoming van beide Afrika en Asiatiese rooiwaterstamme. Hierdie gebruik is reeds geslagte lank vir die behandeling en voorkoming van rooiwater deur boere gebruik. Rooiwater is n toenemende probleem vir kommersiële boere en daar kom jaarliks groot veeverliese voor. Medisinale terpentyn is die byproduk van sekere denneboomspesies. Die harpuis verkry tydens die vervaardiging van houtpulp met die Kraftproses, word gedistilleer9,72. Tydens die ondersoek na die gebruik van terpentyn deur sekere boere is eerstens tien boere van KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat betrek. ‘n Vraelys is opgestel waarin die betrokke boere oor die gebruik van terpentyn gevra is. Tweedens is kulture van Babesia caballi in die laboratorium gekweek en met verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn behandel. Diminazene en Imidocarb is as die positiewe kontroles gebruik. Beide hierdie produkte word op groot skaal met sukses deur boere gebruik om beide rooiwaterspesies te bestry. Huidiglik is dit die mees effektiewe behandeling van rooiwater in Suid Afrika. Derdens is die verdraagsaamheidstudie onderneem en vier en twintig beeste is in die proef gebruik. Terpentyn is teen drie verskillende konsentrasies gebruik. Die kontrole groep is met soutwater behandel. Bloed is met verskillende intervalle van die beeste getrek en vooraf bepaalde parameters is vir meting gebruik. Dié oefening het ingesluit die verkryging van serum om te bepaal of die diere voorheen blootgestel was aan enige van die rooiwaterspesies. Temperatuur, gewigte, dragtigheidstatus en reaksie op die inspuitplekke is gemonitor. Die gegewens ingewin by die boere wat terpentyn gebruik, was voor die handliggend om toleransie daarvan in die praktyk te bepaal. Die kweking van die parasiete dui daarop dat verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn die groei daarvan vertraag en moontlik vernietig. Hierdie effek is nie by al die konsentrasies waargeneem nie. Die toleransie studie het aan die lig gebring dat dit ‘n effek op die proteïenvlakke gehad het maar geen newe-effekte op die lewer en nierfunksie gehad het nie. Verdere studies sal onderneem moet word om te bepaal watter effek terpentyn op die immuunstelsel het en of dit genoegsaam is om diere teen rooiwater te beskerm. Copyright / Die gebruik van medisinale terpentyn is ekstensief in KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat gebruik vir die voorkoming van beide Afrika en Asiatiese rooiwaterstamme. Hierdie gebruik is reeds geslagte lank vir die behandeling en voorkoming van rooiwater deur boere gebruik. Rooiwater is n toenemende probleem vir kommersiële boere en daar kom jaarliks groot veeverliese voor. Medisinale terpentyn is die byproduk van sekere denneboomspesies. Die harpuis verkry tydens die vervaardiging van houtpulp met die Kraftproses, word gedistilleer9,72. Tydens die ondersoek na die gebruik van terpentyn deur sekere boere is eerstens tien boere van KwaZulu-Natal en die oos Vrystaat betrek. ‘n Vraelys is opgestel waarin die betrokke boere oor die gebruik van terpentyn gevra is. Tweedens is kulture van Babesia caballi in die laboratorium gekweek en met verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn behandel. Diminazene en Imidocarb is as die positiewe kontroles gebruik. Beide hierdie produkte word op groot skaal met sukses deur boere gebruik om beide rooiwaterspesies te bestry. Huidiglik is dit die mees effektiewe behandeling van rooiwater in Suid Afrika. Derdens is die verdraagsaamheidstudie onderneem en vier en twintig beeste is in die proef gebruik. Terpentyn is teen drie verskillende konsentrasies gebruik. Die kontrole groep is met soutwater behandel. Bloed is met verskillende intervalle van die beeste getrek en vooraf bepaalde parameters is vir meting gebruik. Dié oefening het ingesluit die verkryging van serum om te bepaal of die diere voorheen blootgestel was aan enige van die rooiwaterspesies. Temperatuur, gewigte, dragtigheidstatus en reaksie op die inspuitplekke is gemonitor. Die gegewens ingewin by die boere wat terpentyn gebruik, was voor die handliggend om toleransie daarvan in die praktyk te bepaal. Die kweking van die parasiete dui daarop dat verskillende konsentrasies van terpentyn die groei daarvan vertraag en moontlik vernietig. Hierdie effek is nie by al die konsentrasies waargeneem nie. Die toleransie studie het aan die lig gebring dat dit ‘n effek op die proteïenvlakke gehad het maar geen newe-effekte op die lewer en nierfunksie gehad het nie. Verdere studies sal onderneem moet word om te bepaal watter effek terpentyn op die immuunstelsel het en of dit genoegsaam is om diere teen rooiwater te beskerm. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2011. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

Currently no guidelines exist for South African professionals that work with sexually abused children. Professionals in this field are in desperate need of such guidelines. Section A refers to the problem statement, research objectives, research procedures and research methodology. The keywords as well as the limitations of the research are investigated. The research was conducted in two phases. In phase one the researcher compared international forensic assessment models and protocols and compared it with what is relevant in South Africa and in phase two the development, implementation, and evaluation of the forensic assessment model took place. The problem statement in section A is based on the following: Currently no guidelines exist for professionals in South Africa that work with children that have been sexually abused. There is a misconception, even among social workers, that all social workers are equipped to work with sexually abused children. Often the child and the offender are the only witnesses to the crime and therefore it is crucial that the investigation must be conducted effectively. If untrained professionals conduct such an investigation it can lead to a child that is at risk of being sexually abused not being protected because it seems that no abuse had taken place, or it can lead to an innocent person being wrongfully accused of sexual abuse. It is important for professionals to use scientific and legally defensible models and protocols when conducting forensic investigation. As previously mentioned, no such guidelines exist for South Africa. At this stage, any professional can conduct such an investigation. This problem statement resulted in the following research goal, namely to develop and evaluate a forensic assessment model for the assessment of the sexually abused child in South Africa. It further resulted in the four research objectives indicated below: * To investigate by means of a literature study the specialised knowledge a forensic investigator must possess before interviewing a sexually abused child (Article 1). * To identify by means of a literature study as well as an empirical investigation, international forensic models and protocols and to evaluate their use in the South African context (Article 2). * To identify by means of a literature study as well as the information gathered from experts in the field of forensic investigations during the previous phase, the content of a South African forensic assessment model for children in middle childhood (Article 3). * To evaluate the developed forensic assessment model by means of an empirical study with professional role players in cases of child sexual abuse (Article 4). The Design and Development model (D & D) was implemented. The model comprises six phases, which all have been used during this study. Qualitative as well as quantitative data were utilized. The literature studies focused on important child developmental aspects forensic investigators should be knowledgeable about before they can conduct forensic investigations as well as the process that needs to be followed during forensic investigations. Section B consists of the four articles in which the research goals and research outcomes are reported. Each article is dealt with as a self-contained unit focusing on specific research objectives achieved via specific research methods. These methods were employed to collect the necessary data for designing and evaluating the forensic assessment model. Article 1 - The objective of this article was to identify and discuss, by means of a literature study, the most important developmental aspects that have an influence on the investigation of child sexual abuse of children in middle childhood. An investigation into the existing literature on important developmental aspects of children in middle childhood was carried out, which could possibly influence the outcome of a forensic investigation. The results of this research indicated cognitive, sexual and language development as being important developmental aspects that forensic investigators must be knowledgeable about, as this can influence the outcome of a forensic investigation. Interviewing protocols were also reviewed. Article 2 - There are mainly four scientific forensic models that form the basis of a forensic investigation. A second important aspect is the forensic interviewing protocol forensic investigators employ during their investigations. It was important to establish what model and protocol would be the most suitable in the South African context, since currently, no such model or protocol exists for the South African context. The objective of this article was to compare and evaluate by means of a literature study as well as an empirical investigation, effective international forensic models and protocols and to evaluate it in the South African context. In this article the researcher presented, analysed and interpreted research findings based on responses provided by 18 (N=18) experts from the country in the field of forensic investigations into child sexual abuse. The research questions focused on how they conduct forensic investigations as well as what models and protocols they employ during their forensic investigations. The purpose was to determine what protocols and models will be suitable for the South African context. In this research, Exponential Non-Discriminative Snowball Sampling was applied in order to identify participants. The results of this research indicated that the comprehensive assessment model, as well as the NICHD forensic protocol, will be the best to employ in the South African context. Article 3 - The research goal of this article was to develop a forensic assessment model for the South African context. This assessment model consists of different phases and will guide forensic investigators from the moment they receive a referral, until the cases is closed. The model was developed from the results obtained during the previous article, as well as in-depth literature study. Article 4 - The purpose of this article was to evaluate the developed forensic assessment model. This was done by a panel of respondents that consisted of four (N=4) state prosecutors, seven (N=7) forensic experts, as well as 12 (N=12) postgraduate students doing their Master‟s degree in Forensic Practice. This was done by means of semi-structured interviews, as well as self-structured questionnaires. The state prosecutors were selected by means of the Exponential Non-Discriminative Snowball Sampling method and the forensic experts were selected by means of judgemental sampling. The total population of the postgraduate students was involved and therefore no sampling method was employed. The results of this research indicated that this developed forensic assessment model is effective for investigating cases of child sexual abuse. It correlates with the expectations of state prosecutors, it is in line with what literature recommends and how experts in the field are currently conducting forensic investigations and it equipped post-graduate students with the necessary skills, knowledge and expertise in order to conduct forensic investigations. In Section C is a summary of the findings and conclusions of the research report are drawn and some recommendations are made. Section D consists of various addenda such as questionnaires that were used. Section E contained an integrated bibliography. / PhD (Social Work), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014