Submitted by Liliane Ferreira (ljuvencia30@gmail.com) on 2018-10-15T15:41:01Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jarbas Almeida de Melo - 2018.pdf: 7287109 bytes, checksum: 8e33ba1a3ef2d679e03ecdb4e368b53c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-10-16T10:13:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jarbas Almeida de Melo - 2018.pdf: 7287109 bytes, checksum: 8e33ba1a3ef2d679e03ecdb4e368b53c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-16T10:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Jarbas Almeida de Melo - 2018.pdf: 7287109 bytes, checksum: 8e33ba1a3ef2d679e03ecdb4e368b53c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / In this work the synthesis of catalysts was carried out with the objective of H2 production from gasification of ethanol in medium containing water under supercritical conditions. Based on reports from the literature, Cu, Ni and Mg were selected as components for the active phase, alumina (Al2O3) as catalysts support. The catalysts were prepared from aqueous solutions of nitrate salts precursors of Cu, Ni and Mg. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray fluorescence (FRX), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric and thermal differential analysis (TG/ATD), X-ray diffraction (DRX) and textural analysis by N2 adsorption / desorption isotherms at -196 ° C. The TG/ATD analysis indicated that the calcination of the catalytic precursors was sufficient for the removal of water and decomposition of the nitrates of the metal salts precursors of the active phase. In the FRX analysis, the increase in the concentration of the metals in relation to the nominal values after the synthesis of the catalysts was characterized, with an increase of 20 to 40% depending on the metal due to the loss of water from the alumina support. The FRX analysis of the catalysts used in the catalytic tests shows that there was no significant leaching during the gasification process. DRX analysis have characteristic results that the metals are in amorphous form or dispersed in the form of small crystallites. Textural analysis of N2 adsorption / desorption isotherms indicated a reduction of approximately 60% in the specific surface area between the alumina and the calcined alumina and the specific area values between the alumina and the metal catalysts were kept close. The catalytic tests were performed at a pressure of 25 MPa and at temperatures of 400 to 650 ° C. A 10/1 molar water / ethanol solution was fed. In the catalytic tests H2, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H4, C2H6, C2H4O were obtained. The highest ethanol conversions were obtained at the temperature of 650 ° C for the catalysts NiO/Al2O3 and NiO-MgO/Al2O3, both 81%. The highest yield was 0.41 mol H2 / mol ethanol fed to the NiO / Al2O3 catalyst, at a temperature of 600 ° C. The highest selectivity at the temperature of 600 ° C was 39%, obtained by the NiO/Al2O3 catalyst. / Neste trabalho foi realizada a síntese de catalisadores com o objetivo da produção de H2 a partir da gaseificação de etanol em meio contendo água em condições supercríticas. A partir de relatos da literatura, foram selecionados Cu, Ni e Mg como componentes para a fase ativa e a alumina (Al2O3) como suporte dos catalisadores. Os catalisadores foram preparados a partir de soluções aquosas de sais de nitrato precursores de Cu, Ni e Mg. Os catalisadores foram caracterizados por fluorescência de raios X (FRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV), análises termogravimétrica e térmica diferencial simultânea (TG/ATD), difração de raios X (DRX) e análise textural por isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 a -196°C. As análises de TG/ATD indicaram que a calcinação dos precursores catalíticos foi suficiente para a remoção da água e decomposição dos nitratos dos sais metálicos precursores da fase ativa. Nas análises de FRX ficou caracterizado o aumento da concentração dos metais em relação aos valores nominais, após a síntese dos catalisadores, com acréscimo de 20 a 40 % dependendo do metal, devido à perda de água do suporte de alumina. As análises FRX dos catalisadores utiilzados nos testes catalíticos mostraram que não houve lixiviação considerável durante o processo de gaseificação. Análises de DRX apresentaram resultados característicos de que os metais se encontram na forma amorfa ou dispersos na forma de pequenos cristalitos. Os resultados foram coerentes com as imagens de microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Análises textural por isotermas de adsorção/dessorção de N2 indicaram uma redução de aproximadamente 60% na área superficial específica entre a alumina e a alumina calcinada e mantiveram-se próximos os valores de área específica entre a alumina e os catalisadores metálicos. Os testes catalíticos foram realizados a uma pressão de 25 MPa e nas temperaturas de 400 a 650 °C. Foi alimentada uma solução de água/etanol na razão de 10/1 molar. Nos testes catalíticos foram obtidos H2, CH4, CO, CO2, C2H4, C2H6, C2H4O. As maiores conversões de etanol foram obtidas na temperatura de 650 °C para os catalisadores de NiO/Al2O3 e NiO-MgO/Al2O3, ambas 81 %. O maior rendimento obtido foi de 0,41 mol H2/mol etanol alimentado para o catalisador de NiO/ Al2O3, na temperatura de 600 °C. A maior seletividade na temperatura de 600 °C foi de 39 %, obtida pelo catalisador de NiO/Al2O3.

La production hydrothermale de nanomatériaux pulvérulents (de type oxyde métallique) en conditions supercritiques a été largement reportée sans pour autant avoir connaissance des mécanismes de formation de ces nano-objets. Ainsi, cette étude est consacrée à la compréhension des mécanismes de nucléation et de croissance de nanoparticules d’oxyde métallique. L’oxyde de zinc a été choisi comme matériau « modèle ». Dans un premier temps, l’influence des conditions opératoires telles que la pression, la température, le pH, la concentration des précurseurs ou encore les débits des solutions sur les propriétés « nanostructurales » des poudres élaborées (taille, distribution de taille, morphologies) est étudiée. Pour ce faire, deux approches ont été menées en parallèle. La première approche consiste en la mise en œuvre de techniques de caractérisations telles que la diffraction des rayons X ou encore la microscopie électronique en transmission. La seconde concerne le développement d’un modèle de simulation par Mécanique des fluides numérique prenant en compte les phénomènes thermiques et hydrodynamiques mais également la réaction chimique. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les caractéristiques morphologiques déterminées par ces deux approches sont en adéquation. En se basant sur les résultats expérimentaux, plusieurs mécanismes de formation des particules de ZnO sont présentés dans ce manuscrit. Afin d’améliorer le modèle CFD, une méthodologie a été mise en place afin de déterminer les vitesses de nucléation et de croissance des nanoparticules de ZnO au travers de mesures de la solubilité de ce matériau en fonction de la température et de la pression. / The supercritical hydrothermal synthesis of nanopowders (especially metal oxide) has been widely studied. To the best of our knowledge, no nanoparticle formation mechanism has been published yet. In this prospect, this study is dedicated to the understanding of metal oxide nanoparticle nucleation and growth mechanisms. For this purpose, zinc oxide is used as a model material. First, the influence of synthesis operating conditions such as pressure, temperature, pH, precursor concentrations and solution flow rates on particle morphological properties (size, particle size distribution or morphologies) has been investigated. Hence, two approaches have simultaneously been carried out. The first approach involves powder characterizations by mean of X-ray diffraction or transmission electron microscopy techniques. The second one consists in the development of a numerical model considering the thermal exchanges, the fluid hydrodynamic behavior and chemical reaction inside the patented reactor by computational fluid dynamics. Results show good agreement between those two approaches. Several ZnO particle formation mechanisms based on powder experimental characterizations are presented in this work depending on operating conditions. In order to enhance the numerical model, a methodology has been set up to evaluate ZnO nanoparticle nucleation and growth rates in supercritical conditions (SCW) by the determination of particle solubility as function of temperature and the pressure.

Ce travail porte sur l'étude des voies réactionnelles accompagnant la liquéfaction desconstituants de la biomasse lignocellulosique dans un milieu aqueux proche du pointcritique. La stratégie expérimentale consiste à étudier la réaction en unité pilote decomposés lignocellulosiques modèles et à développer une approche analytiquemultitechnique originale afin de caractériser les structures et les masses moléculairesdes produits. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les schémas réactionnels sontcomplexes faisant intervenir de nombreuses voies de fragmentation et de condensationcompétitives. L'étude cinétique à différents temps de séjour montre que la fractionglucidique de la biomasse lignocellulosique a une réactivité très différente de sa fractionligneuse. / This work deals with the study of the reaction pathway during the lignocellulosicconstituent liquefaction by water near its critical point. Experimental method consists ininvestigation of lignocellulosic model compounds conversion in pilot plant combined withdevelopment of a new multitechnique analytical approach in order to characterizeproduct chemical structures and molecular weights. Results show that reaction pathwaysare very complex consisting to several fragmentation and condensation competitivereactions. The kinetic study with different reaction times reveals an important differenceof comportment for the glucidic fraction than the lignin fraction of biomass.

Les nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer de structure spinelle ouvrent de nombreuses voies dans le domaine biomédical. Parmi les applications possibles, les propriétés superparamagnétiques des cristallites d'une dizaine de nanomètres permettent de les utiliser pour le diagnostic médical, notamment en Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique (IRM).Ce travail a consisté à élaborer des suspensions colloïdales de nanoparticules de magnétite ou de maghémite (nommées USPIO pour Ultrasmall SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide) compatibles avec les conditions physiologiques (pH = 7,4 et [NaCl] = 0,15 M).Par co-précipitation classique, des USPIO, de taille de cristallites de 8 nm, de surface spécifique de 110 m².g-1 et agrégés en assemblages d’environ 20 nm ont été obtenus. Pour stabiliser ces nano-objets, deux voies ont été explorées. Des agents électrostatiques (acide citrique et DMSA) ont modifié la charge nette de surface des oxydes de fer. La stabilisation stérique a également été explorée par greffage de méthoxy-PEG couplés à des fonctions silanes (mPEG-Si). Par combinaison de mPEG2000-Si et de DMSA, des suspensions stables ont également été obtenues. De plus, les fonctions thiols apportées par le DMSA et présentes à la surface des agrégats se trouvent protégées de leur oxydation naturelle par l'encombrement stérique des chaînes de polymère (la formation de ponts disulfures est évitée). La post-fonctionnalisation de ces nanoparticules via ces fonctions thiols est alors possible plusieurs semaines après leur synthèse. Ce concept a été validé par post-greffage d’un fluorophore (0,48 RITC/nm²) pour la détection in vitro en microscopie à fluorescence.En parallèle de cette étude en « batch », des nanoparticules d’oxyde de fer ont été synthétisées en continu à l’aide d’un procédé hydrothermal pouvant s’étendre au domaine eau supercritique. En voie hydrothermale classique, des USPIO stabilisés par des ions citrates ont été obtenus en continu. Grâce aux propriétés physicochimiques de l’eau supercritique, la co-précipitation de magnétite a été possible sans l’utilisation de base.La cytotoxicité et l’internalisation cellulaire de ces USPIO ont été évaluées sur trois modèles cellulaires (macrophages RAW, hépatocytes HepG2 et cardiomyocytes) et les efficacités comme agents de contraste en IRM de ces nanoparticles ont été mesurées sur gel et sur modèle murin et comparées à un agent de contraste commercial à base d’oxyde de fer. Les nanohybrides étudiés n’ont pas présenté de cytotoxicité et ont développé des pouvoirs contrastants comparables à l’agent commercial. La biodistribution hépatique des nanoparticules couplées au mPEG-Si a été retardée de plus de 3 heures ouvrant la voie à des détections spécifiques. / Spinel structured iron oxide nanoparticles open the way of biomedical applications of nanomaterials.Superparamagnetic properties of ten nanometer size crystallites permit to use them in diagnosis such as Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI).The aim of this work was to synthesize colloidal suspension of magnetite or maghemite (called USPIO for Ultrasmall SuperParamagnetic Iron Oxide) stable in physiological conditions (pH = 7.4 and [NaCl] = 0.15M).By classical co-precipitation method, UPSIO were synthesized with a mean crystallite size of 8 nm, with a specific surface area of 110 m².g-1 and an aggregate size of 20 nm. To stabilize these nano-objects, two ways were investigated. Electrostatic agents (like citric acid and DMSA) modified iron oxide surface charge. Steric stabilization was also studied by grafting methoxy-PEG coupled with a silane function (mPEG-Si).and the combination mPEG - DMSA also resulted in stable suspensions. Moreover thiols functions coming from DMSA and present on the surface of the nanoparticles were prevented from oxidation thanks to steric protection of polymer chains. Thanks to this method post-functionalization of USPIO was possible several weeks after synthesis. This concept was validated with the post-grafting of a dye (0.48 RITC per nm²) used for in vitro detection in fluorescent microscopy.Nanoparticles were also synthesized in a continuous way with a hydrothermal process which could work from soft chemistry to supercritical water. In classical hydrothermal conditions, USPIO stabilized with citrates were obtained in a continuous way. Thanks to the physico-chemical properties of supercritical water, co-precipitation of magnetite without base adding was possible.Cytotoxicity and cellular internalization assays were done with our USPIO in three cellular models (macrophages RAW, hepatocytes HePG2 and cardiomyocytes). Moreover the efficiency as MRI contrast agents were measured in gels tubes and on mice models and compared to an iron oxide commercial product. Late hepatic biodistribution (more than three hours) was proven with pegylated nanoparticles, which opens the way of specific detections.