Les eaux superficielles sont nécessaires à toute forme de vie en tant que parties intégrantes de tout processus de vie sur Terre. Quantifier les eaux de surface et suivre leurs variations est primordial en raison du lien direct qui existe entre les variables hydrologiques et le changement climatique. La télédétection par satellite, de l’hydrologie continental offre l’opportunité unique d’étudier, depuis l’espace, les processus hydrologiques à différentes échelles (régionale et globale). Dans cette thèse, différentes techniques ont été développées afin d’étudier les variations des eaux superficielles ainsi que d’autres variables hydrologiques, au niveau du bassin inférieur du Mékong (entre le Vietnam et le Cambodge) et ce en utilisant plusieurs estimations satellitaires différentes. Cette thèse s’articule autour de quatre points principaux. Premièrement, l’utilisation d’observations satellitaires dans le visible et dans l’infrarouge (MODIS) est étudiée et comparée afin d’évaluer les eaux de surface au niveau du bassin inférieur du Mékong. Quatre méthodes de classification ont été utilisées afin de différencier les types de surface (inondés ou pas) dans le bassin. Les différentes méthodes ont donné des cartes d’eaux de surface aux résultats semblables en terme de dynamique saisonnière. La classification la plus adaptée aux régions tropicales a été ensuite choisie pour produire une carte des eaux de surface à la résolution de 500 m entre janvier 2001 et aujourd’hui. La comparaison des séries temporelles issues de cette carte et de celles issues du produit de référence MODIS donne une forte corrélation temporelle (> 95%) pour la période 2001-2007. Deuxièmement, l’utilisation des observations issues du satellite SAR Sentinel-1 est examinée à des fins identiques. L’imagerie satellitaire optique est ici remplacée i par les images SAR qui grâce aux longueurs d’ondes utilisées dans le micro-ondes, permettent de « voir » à travers les nuages. Un jeu d’images Landsat-8-sans-nuage est alors utilisé pour entraîner un Réseau de Neurones (RN) afin de restituer des cartes d’eaux de surface par l’utilisation d’un seuillage sur les sorties du modèle RN. Les cartes sont à la résolution spatiale de 30 m et disponibles depuis janvier 2015. Comparées aux cartes de référence Landsat-8-sans-nuage, les sorties de modèles RN montre une très grande corrélation (90%) ainsi qu’une détection "vraie" à 90%. Les cartes restituées d’eaux de surface utilisant la technologie SAR sont enfin comparées aux cartes d’inondation issues de données topographiques. Les résultats montrent une fois encore une très grande consistance entres les deux cartes avec 98% des pixels considérés comme inondés dans cartes SAR se trouvant dans les régions de très grande probabilité d’inondation selon la topographie (>60%). Troisièmement, la variation volumique des eaux de surface est calculée comme le produit de l’étendue de la surface avec la hauteur d’eau. Ces deux variables sont validées à l’aide d’autres produits hydrologiques et montrent de bons résultats. La hauteur d’eau superficielle est linéairement interpolée aux régions non inondées afin de produire des cartes mensuelles à la résolution spatiale de 500 m. La hauteur d’eau est ensuite analysée pour estimer les variations volumiques. Ces résultats montrent une très bonne corrélation avec la variation volumique induite par la mesure du contenu en eau du satellite GRACE (95%) ainsi qu’avec la variation des mesures in situ de débit des rivières. Finalement, deux produits globaux et multi-satellites d’eaux superficielles sont comparés à l’échelle régionale et globale sur la période 1993-2007: GIEMS et SWAMPS. Lorsqu’elles existent, les données auxiliaires sont utilisées afin de renforcer l’analyse. Les deux produits montrent une dynamique similaire, mais 50% des pixels inondés dans SWAMPS se trouvent le long des côtes. / Surface water is essential for all forms of life since it is involved in almost all processes of life on Earth. Quantifying and monitoring surface water and its variations are important because of the strong connections between surface water, other hydrological components (groundwater and soil moisture, for example), and the changing climate system. Satellite remote sensing of land surface hydrology has shown great potential in studying hydrology from space at regional and global scales. In this thesis, different techniques using several types of satellite estimates have been made to study the variation of surface water, as well as other hydrological components in the lower Mekong basin (located in Vietnam and Cambodia) over the last two decades. This thesis focuses on four aspects. First, the use of visible/infrared MODIS/Terra satellite observations to monitor surface water in the lower Mekong basin is investigated. Four different classification methods are applied, and their results of surface water maps show similar seasonality and dynamics. The most suitable classification method, that is specially designed for tropical regions, is chosen to produce regular surface water maps of the region at 500 m spatial resolution, from January 2001 to present time. Compared to reference data, the MODIS-derived surface water time series show the same amplitude, and very high temporal correlation for the 2001-2007 period (> 95%). Second, the use of SAR Sentinel-1 satellite observations for the same objective is studied. Optical satellite data are replaced by SAR satellite data to benefit the ability of their microwave wavelengths to pass through clouds. Free-cloud Landsat-8 satellite imagery are set as targets to train and optimize a Neural Network (NN). Predicted surface water maps (30 m spatial resolution) are built for the studied region from January 2015 to present time, by applying a threshold (0.85) to the output of the NN. Compared to reference free-cloud Landsat-8 surface water maps, results derived from the NN show high spatial correlation (_90%), as well as true positive detection of water pixels (_90%). Predicted SAR surface water maps are also compared to floodability maps derived from topography data, and results show high consistency between the two independent maps with 98% of SAR-derived water pixels located in areas with a high probability of inundation (>60%). Third, the surface water volume variation is calculated as the product of the surface water extent and the surface water height. The two components are validated with other hydrological products, and results show good consistencies. The surface water height are linearly interpolated over inundated areas to build monthly maps at 500 m spatial resolution, then are used to calculate changes in the surface water volume. Results show high correlations when compared to variation of the total land surface water volume derived from GRACE data (95%), and variation of the in situ discharge estimates (96%). Fourth, two monthly global multi-satellite surface water products (GIEMS & SWAMPS) are compared together over the 1993-2007 period at regional and global scales. Ancillary data are used to support the analyses when available. Similar temporal dynamics of global surface water are observed when compared GIEMS and SWAMPS, but _50% of the SWAMPS inundated surfaces are located along the coast line. Over the Amazon and Orinoco basins, GIEMS and SWAMPS have very high water surface time series correlations (95% and 99%, respectively), but SWAMPS maximum water extent is just a half of what observed from GIEMS and SAR estimates. SWAMPS fails to capture surface water dynamics over the Niger basin since its surface water seasonality is out of phase with both GIEMS- and MODIS-derived water extent estimates, as well as with in situ river discharge data.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T13:58:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / A bacia hidrográfica do Ribeira de Iguape, localizada na região sudeste do estado de São Paulo, é um importante ecossistema com a maior concentração de Mata Atlântica, onde a disponibilidade de água versus demanda é extremamente positiva. Para o abastecimento público da região, a SABESP (Companhia de Saneamento Básico do Estado de São Paulo) - Unidade de Negócios do Vale do Ribeira - RR, utiliza diferentes tipos de ecossistemas para captação de água; com mecanismos de funcionamento distintos, destacando-se mananciais superficiais; de serra e subterrâneos (poços). No presente trabalho, foram avaliados 43 sistemas de produtores, sendo: 10 mananciais de serra (localizados em áreas protegidas), 15 poços (águas subterrâneas) e 18 captações em mananciais superficiais com estações de tratamento de água (ETA´s). Para avaliar a atual situação dos sistemas foram analisados 30 parâmetros, principalmente os parâmetros representativos de potabilidade da água, em amostras de água, água tratada e sedimento de fundo de março de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003, verificando o atendimento a Resolução CONAMA 357/05, classificação de corpos de água e a Portaria 518/04 que estabelece as características da água para abastecimento público, A análise descritiva mostrou que a região apresenta em geral, altas concentrações de Al, Fe e Mn nas amostras de água dos mananciais, excedendo os valores da resolução CONAMA 357, porém nas amostras de água para abastecimento público (manancial de serra, água de poço e água tratada) II analisadas, a concentração média de todos os elementos encontram-se, em geral, abaixo dos limites estabelecidos pela Portaria 518/MS. Os mananciais de serra, superficial e subterrâneo apresentam características diferentes em relação à concentração de elementos, como Ca, Fe, Mn Na entre outros. Na avaliação dos sedimentos de fundo (fração < 63?m), na fração total as maiores concentrações foram encontradas para os elementos Al, Fe e Mg. Para os elementos Pb e Zn também presentes na fração total as concentrações de até 142,0 ?g.g-1 e 1 a 172 ?g.g-1 , respectivamente. Analisando-se o teor dos metais biodisponíveis encontrados nas amostras de sedimentos do Vale do Ribeira, verifica-se que, com exceção do Pb, nas regiões de Sete Barras e Eldorado, os demais elementos analisados encontram-se com concentrações bem abaixo do valor estipulado para o PEL (Probable Effect Level - nível provável de efeito adverso à comunidade biológica). / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Orientador: Wilson de Figueiredo Jardim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T09:56:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raimundo_CassianaCarolinaMontagner_M.pdf: 1395698 bytes, checksum: 81a15a7f6c1a1ec5477dea329e604067 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Alguns compostos orgânicos denominados interferentes endócrinos estão sendo encontrados em águas superficiais e vêm chamando a atenção da comunidade científica. Nessa classe de compostos, destacam-se os hormônios (17b-estradiol, 17a-etinilestradiol, estrona, progesterona, levonorgestrel), os plastificantes (dietilftalato e dibutilfatalato), os surfactantes (4-nonilfenol e 4-octilfenol) e o bisfenol A. Além disso, alguns produtos farmacêuticos, tais como paracetamol, ácido acetil salicílico, diclofenaco e ibuprofeno, também têm sido encontrados em diversos compartimentos ambientais. Considerando o estado de degradação das águas superficiais do Estado de São Paulo, em especial os rios da bacia do Atibaia responsável pelo abastecimento público da RMC, essa dissertação apresenta uma avaliação da ocorrência dos 14 compostos citados acima, alem da cafeína que foi usada como traçador de atividade antrópica, nos corpos d'água dessa região. A determinação foi baseada em métodos já estabelecidos, os quais foram convalidados e, envolveram as etapas de extração e concentração de 1 L de amostra usando SPE e análise por HPLC empregando os detectores de DAD e fluorescência. Foram realizadas quatro campanhas amostrais no período entre fevereiro de 2006 e janeiro de 2007 sendo duas no período de alta pluviosidade e duas no período de estiagem. Dos 15 compostos determinados 12 foram encontrados em pelo menos uma amostra. As concentrações variaram entre os compostos e nas diferentes épocas do ano, sendo a maior, encontrada no ribeirão Anhumas na 2° campanha amostral (127 mg L para a cafeína). Os compostos determinados com maior freqüência foram a cafeína, dibutilftalato, bisfenol A e 17b-estradiol, e as maiores concentrações foram determinadas em regiões com elevada densidade populacional e durante os períodos de estiagem. O ibuprofeno, dietilftalato e estrona, não foram encontrados nessas matrizes considerando os limites de detecção de 51, 33 e 16 ng L, para os três compostos respectivamente / Abstract: Numerous organic compounds called endocrine disruptors have been found at low levels in surface waters. Several compounds such as hormones (17b-estradiol, 17a-ethinylestradiol, estrone, progesterone and levonorgestrel), phthalates (diethylphthalate and dibutylphthalate), surfactants (4-octylphenol and 4-nonylphenol), bisphenol A, among others are included in this class. Some pharmaceutical products, such as paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, diclofenaco and ibuprofen have also been detected in surface waters. Due to the degradation of the surface water quality in the State of São Paulo. especially the Atibaia river which is used for public supply to the Campinas Metropolitan Region, this work presents an updated evaluation of the occurrence of 14 compounds mentioned above, as well as caffeine, used as a chemical tracer of human activity. The determination of these compounds was accomplished using established methods, including solid phase extraction (SPE) of 1 L of sample, followed by High Performance Liquid Chromagraphy (HPLC) equipped with DAD and fluorescence detector. In order to evaluate spatial and temporal variations, four sampling campaigns were carried out from February/2006 - January/2007, involving two dry and two wet seasons sampling series. From the 15 targeted compounds, 12 of them were found at least in one of the samples analyzed. Highest concentrations were found in Anhumas river in second sampling campaign (127 mg L of caffeine). Compounds more frequently found were caffeine, dibutylphthalate, bisphenol A and 17b-estradiol. Highest concentrations were associated to populational density and in the dry season. Ibuprofen, diethylphthalate and estrone not found considering the limit of detection of 51, 33 e 16 ng L, respectively / Mestrado / Quimica Analitica / Mestre em Química

O objetivo global deste trabalho foi fornecer subsídios para melhor compreender como as políticas públicas voltadas às emissões veiculares, incluindo o uso de etanol combustível, podem afetar a composição química da atmosfera. O peróxido de hidrogênio (H2O2) é um dos oxidantes mais importantes presentes na troposfera, podendo participar de reações com uma variedade de compostos orgânicos e inorgânicos. Neste trabalho, a determinação de H2O2, etanol, acetaldeído e outras espécies orgânicas e inorgânicas, foi realizada na fase gasosa, água de chuva e em águas superficiais. Foi utilizado de forma pioneira o método fluorimétrico baseado na formação do fluoróforo 2,7-diclorofluoresceína para determinar H2O2 em amostras de águas naturais (LD = 2 nmol L-1 e LQ = 7 nmol L-1). Enquanto outros métodos demandam a análise imediata da amostra, neste caso, o fluoróforo permanece estável por cerca de 48 h, facilitando as análises e o trabalho de campo. A concentração de H2O2 na água de chuva de Ribeirão Preto coletada de 2014 a 2017 variou entre 5,8 e 96 mol L1, com média ponderada pelo volume (MPV) de 28,9 ± 1,3 µmol L-1 (n = 88). Foi observado que a radiação solar foi um parâmetro mais importante na formação de H2O2 do que no seu consumo. Enquanto as concentrações MPV de sulfato (pH < 5) e nitrato na água de chuva decresceram em torno de 35% em 2017 com relação a 2014, as concentrações de H2O2 praticamente dobraram no mesmo período. A correlação negativa entre essas espécies evidencia que as políticas nacionais destinadas a reduzir as emissões veiculares podem alterar a capacidade oxidativa da atmosfera. As concentrações de H2O2, etanol e acetaldeído na fase gasosa em Ribeirão Preto (RP) e São Paulo (SP) foram determinadas, utilizando de forma pioneira no Brasil, o método de coleta do condensado. As concentrações de etanol na atmosfera de RP (15,0 ± 6,6 ppbv, n = 19) e SP (22,0 ± 9,4 ppbv, n = 10) foram relativamente próximas, apesar da frota veicular de SP ser ~ 16 vezes maior. Essas concentrações de etanol são cerca de 21 vezes maiores que aquelas relatadas nos Estados Unidos devido ao elevado uso de etanol combustível no Brasil. As médias das concentrações de H2O2 e acetaldeído na atmosfera foram, respectivamente, de 2,10 ± 1,46 e 16,3 ± 6,0 ppbv em RP; e 1,29 ± 0,62 e 14,4 ± 5,4 ppbv em SP. A avalição diurna mostrou que enquanto a concentração de H2O2 aumentou com a radiação solar, a concentração de etanol diminuiu numa taxa próxima da produção de acetaldeído. Esses resultados indicam que o H2O2 pode ser um oxidante importante de etanol a acetaldeído em fase gasosa, sendo este último de elevada toxicidade para o ser humano. Os fluxos na interface ar-água nos locais estudados em RP e SP mostram que o corpo dágua funcionou como um sumidouro de H2O2. Já o fluxo de etanol foi variável, isto é, ora invasivo e ora evasivo, com evidências de uma importante produção fotoquímica dessa espécie no meio aquático. / The main objective of this work was to provide insights to better understand how the public policies focused on vehicular emissions, including the use of ethanol fuel, can affect the chemical composition of the atmosphere. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is one of the most important oxidants in the troposphere and it can participate in reactions with a variety of organic and inorganic compounds. In this work, determination of H2O2, ethanol, acetaldehyde and other organic and inorganic species was carried out in the gas phase, rainwater and surface water. The fluorimetric method based on the formation of the 2, 7-dichlorofluorescein fluorophore was applied for the first time to determine H2O2 in natural water samples (LOD = 2 nmol L-1 and LOQ = 7 nmol L-1). While other methods require the immediate analysis of the sample, in this case, the fluorophore remains stable for about 48 h, facilitating the analyzes and fieldwork. H2O2 concentrations in rainwater of Ribeirão Preto collected between 2014 and 2017 ranged from 5.8 to 96 mol L-1, with a volume-weighted mean (VWM) of 28.9 ± 1.3 mol L-1 (n = 88). The solar radiation was observed to be a more important parameter in the formation of H2O2 than in its consumption. While the VWM concentrations of sulfate (pH <5) and nitrate in rainwater declined by approximately 35% in 2017 compared to 2014, H2O2 concentrations virtually doubled over the same period. The negative correlation between these species shows that national policies aimed at reducing vehicle emissions may modify the oxidizing capacity of the atmosphere. Gas phase H2O2, ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations in Ribeirão Preto (RP) and São Paulo (SP) were determined using, for the first time in Brazil, the method of condensate collection. Ethanol concentrations in the atmosphere of RP (15.0 ± 6.6 ppbv, n = 19) and SP (22.0 ± 9.4 ppbv, n = 10) were relatively close, although the SP vehicle fleet is ~ 16 times higher. These ethanol concentrations are about 21 times higher than those reported in the United States due to the high use of ethanol fuel in Brazil. The mean concentrations of H2O2 and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere were, respectively, 2.10 ± 1.46 and 16.3 ± 6.0 ppbv in RP; and 1.29 ± 0.62 and 14.4 ± 5.4 ppbv in SP. Daytime variation showed that while H2O2 concentration increased with solar radiation, ethanol concentration decreased at a rate close to the one of acetaldehyde production. These results indicate that H2O2 may be an important oxidant of ethanol to acetaldehyde in the gas phase, the latter being highly toxic to humans. Fluxes in the air-water interface at the studied sites in RP and SP show that the water body worked as an H2O2 sink. On the other hand, ethanol fluxes were variable, i.e., sometimes invasive and sometimes evasive, with evidence of an important photochemical production of this species in the aquatic environment.

La variabilité de l’intensité du flux d’eaux atlantiques et de la nature des masses d’eau de surface le long des marges occidentales de la Norvège, de la mer de Barents et du Svalbard a été reconstituée sur la base des assemblages de coccolithes et dinokystes présents dans cinq carottes sédimentaires marines représentatives de l’Holocène terminal. Les résultats sont présentés sous la forme de reconstructions qualitatives et quantitatives (fonctions de transfert MAT) à haute résolution temporelle (échelle décennale à sub-séculaire). Un travail visantà valider les traceurs micropaléontologiques utilisés a été réalisé en parallèle à l’objectif principal, et s’est en particulier nourri de la collecte et de l’examen de populations vivantes distribuées le long de plusieurs transectszonaux en mer de Norvège, mer d’Islande et à travers le détroit de Fram.Nos résultats indiquent que la partie orientale des mers Nordiques (66 à 77°N) a été sujette à une tendance globale à l’augmentation du flux d’eaux atlantiques (AW) au cours des derniers 3000 ans. La dynamique récente de ce flux méridien est supposée répondre à la modulation long-terme de la force et de la localisation de la ceinture des vents d’ouest qui est essentiellement pilotée par l’Oscillation Nord Atlantique. Ce même mécanisme atmosphérique réconcilie le déplacement zonal et contradictoire du front arctique entre le domaine ouest-norvégien, et les façades occidentales de la mer de Barents et du détroit de Fram. La variabilité rapide du flux d’AW reproduit la succession des phases climatiques historiques classiques chaudes (Période Chaude Romaine, Période Chaude Médiévale, Période Moderne : flux accentué d’AW) et froides (Période Sombre, Petit Age Glaciaire : flux réduit d’AW) des derniers 2500 ans. Un événènement rapide de renforcement du flux d’AW en mers Nordiques a été identifié pendant le Petit Age Glaciaire entre 330 et 410 ans BP (cal.). Nos résultats indiquent que les variations d’intensité du flux d’AW vers l’Océan Arctique ont eu un impact majeur sur la distribution de la glace de mer arctique au cours du dernier millier d’années, les variations reconstruites de l’extension du couvert de glace à l’echelle de l’océan arctique étant parfaitement corrélées (échelle subséculaire) avec nos reconstructions qualitatives de la dynamique de l’AW au large du Svalbard et de la mer de Barents. La diminution importante de l’extension de la banquise durant le 20ème siècle est synchrone d’un flux record d’AW à travers le détroit de Fram, flux qui, d’après nos données, est sans précédent pour les derniers 3000 ans. / Five marine sediment cores distributed along the Norwegian, western Barents Sea, and Svalbard continental margins have been investigated in order to reconstruct late Holocene changes in the poleward flow of the Norwegian Atlantic Current (NwAC) and West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) and the nature of the upper surface water masses within the eastern Nordic Seas. This research project is based on the use of dinocyst and coccolith assemblages for qualitative and quantitative reconstructions of surface water conditions from high resolution sediment cores, and involve upstream investigations on proxy reliabilities. The investigated area (66 to 77°N) was affected by an overall increase in the strength of the AW flow from 3000 cal. yrs BP to the Present. The long-term modulation of westerlies strength and location which are essentially driven by the dominant mode of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), is thought to explain the observed dynamics of the AW flow. The same mechanism also reconciles the recorded opposite zonal shifts in the location of the Arctic Front between the area off western Norway and the western Barents Sea-eastern Fram Strait region. Submillenial changes in AW flow are organised according to known pre-Anthropocene warm (RWP, MCA and the Modern period: strong poleward flow) and cold (LIA, DA: weak poleward flow) climatic spells. A sudden short pulse of resumed high WSC flow interrupted the LIA in the eastern Nordic Seas from 330 to 410 cal. yrs BP. Our results are indicative of a major impact of AW flow dynamics on the Arctic sea ice distribution during the last millenium, when changes in reconstructed sea-ice extent are negatively correlated with the strength of the WSC flow off western Barents Sea and western Svalbard. The extensive decrease in sea ice extent during the last century is synchronous with an exceptional increase in AW flow. The previously reconstructed high amplitude warming of surface waters in eastern Fram Strait at the turn of the 19th century was therefore primarily induced by an excess flow of AW which stands as unprecedented over the last 3000 years.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo propor um zoneamento territorial baseado nas características fisiográficas e morfológicas da Bacia do Baixo Rio Chambo (BBRCH), situada na Província de Chimborazo (Equador), como ferramenta para gestão de recursos hídricos. A metodologia utilizada abrangeu as seguintes atividades: estimativa da recarga dos aquíferos locais pelos métodos do balanço hídrico e das estimativas darcinianas; elaboração de modelo conceitual de circulação das águas subterrâneas; coletas de amostras de água em poços e nascentes para análises físico-químicas, químicas e isotópicas; além das estimativas de oferta e demanda e dos possíveis conflitos gerados pelo uso e alocação da água. Os resultados obtidos permitiram identificar a ocorrência de três aquíferos do tipo multicamadas de origem vulcanossedimentar (Llío-Guano, Riobamba e Yaruquíes), compostos por depósitos provenientes de erupções vulcânicas do Chimborazo, Igualata, El Altar e Tungurahua. A recarga desses aquíferos provém, principalmente, das cordilheiras ocidental (Chimborazo e Igualata) e oriental (El Altar e Tungurahua) e, em segundo plano, das precipitações locais. As descargas das águas superficiais e subterrâneas fluem para o rio Chambo, considerado como a área de confluência das drenagens da BBRCH. Os dados hidroquímicos e isotópicos (\'delta\'18O e \'delta\'2H) indicaram a existência de águas de diferentes composições e origens. As águas dos aquíferos Llío-Guano e Riobamba são classificadas como bicarbonatadas cálcio-magnesianas, desde ligeiramente ácidas a neutras, com valores enriquecidos de \'delta\'18O e \'delta\'2H. As águas do Aquífero Yaruquíes e das nascentes em Cubijíes são, respectivamente, bicarbonatadas sódicas a sulfatadas cálcio-magnesianas, com valores mais empobrecidos de \'delta\'18O e \'delta\'2H, indicando que existe influência das atividades vulcânicas do El Altar. A área foi dividida em oito zonas distintas (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7 e Z8), com características fisiográficas e morfológicas particulares. Este zoneamento servirá como referência para a elaboração do plano de bacia no município de Riobamba e demais províncias equatorianas. / This work aimed to propose a territorial zoning based on the physiographic and morphological characteristics of the Lower Chambo River Basin (LCRB), located at the Province of Chimborazo (Ecuador), as a tool for the water resources management. The methodology used included the following activities: estimation of recharge from the local aquifers using the water balance and Darcinian estimates methods, conceptual model of groundwater circulation, groundwater and springs sampling for physico-chemical, chemical and isotopic analyses, as well as the estimates of supply and demand and the possible conflicts generated by the use and distribution of water. The results allowed to identify the occurrence of three multilayer aquifers of volcanosedimentary origin (Llío-Guano, Riobamba and Yaruquíes), composed of volcanic deposits from eruptions of Chimborazo, Igualata, El Altar and Tungurahua. The recharge of those aquifers comes, mainly, from the western (Chimborazo and Igualata) and eastern (El Altar and Tungurahua) mountain range and, secondarily, comes from the local precipitation. The discharge zone of surface water and groundwater comprises the Chambo River, considered as the confluence area of the drainages located in LCRB. The hydrochemical and isotopic data (\'delta\'18O and \'delta\'2H) indicated the existence of waters with different compositions and origin. The Llío-Guano and Riobamba aquifers are composed of calcium-magnesium bicarbonate waters, from slightly acidic to neutral, with enriched \'delta\'18O and \'delta\'2H values. The Yaruquíes aquifer and the springs located in Cubijíes settlement are constituted, respectively, of sodium bicarbonate to calcium-magnesium sulfate waters with more depleted \'delta\'18O and \'delta\'2H values, indicating influence of the volcanic activities from El Altar. The area was divided into eight distinct zones (Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4, Z5, Z6, Z7, Z8), with particular morphological and water availability characteristics. The zoning will serve as a reference for the elaboration of water resource management plans in the Riobamba municipality and other Ecuadorian provinces.

Les eaux de surface sont des ressources importantes pour la biosphère et l'anthroposphère. Elles favorisent la préservation des habitats, le développement de la biodiversité et le maintien des services écosystémiques en contrôlant le cycle des nutriments et le carbone à l’échelle mondiale. Elles sont essentielles à la vie quotidienne de l’homme, notamment pour l'irrigation, la consommation d’eau potable, la production hydro-électrique, etc. Par ailleurs, lors des inondations, elles peuvent présenter des dangers pour l'homme, les habitations et les infrastructures. La surveillance des changements dynamiques des eaux de surface a donc un rôle primordial pour guider les choix des gestionnaires dans le processus d’aide à la décision. L’imagerie satellitaire constitue une source de données adaptée permettant de fournir des informations sur les eaux de surface. De nos jours, la télédétection satellitaire a connu une révolution avec le lancement des satellites Sentinel-1 (Radar) et Sentinel-2 (Optique) qui disposent d’une haute fréquence de revisite et d’une résolution spatiale moyenne à élevée. Ces données peuvent fournir des séries temporelles essentielles pour apporter davantage d'informations afin d'améliorer la capacité d'observation des eaux de surface. L’exploitation de telles données massives et multi-sources pose des défis en termes d’extraction de connaissances et de processus de traitement d’images car les chaines de traitement doivent être le plus automatiques possibles. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de proposer de nouvelles approches permettant de cartographier l’extension spatiales des eaux de surface et des inondations, en explorant l'utilisation unique et combinée des données Sentinel-1 et Sentinel-2. / Surface waters are important resources for the biosphere and the anthroposphere. Surface waters preserve diverse habitat, support biodiversity and provide ecosystem service by controlling nutrient cycles and global carbon. Surface waters are essential for human's everyday life, such as for irrigation, drinking-water and/or the production of energy (power plants, hydro-electricity). Further, surface waters through flooding can pose hazards to human, settlements and infrastructures. Monitoring the dynamic changes of surface waters is crucial for decision making process and policy. Remote sensing data can provide information on surface waters. Nowadays, satellite remote sensing has gone through a revolution with the launch of the Sentinel-1 SAR data and Sentinel-2 optical data with high revisit time at medium to high spatial resolution. Those data can provide time series and multi-source data which are essential in providing more information to upgrade ability in observing surface water. Analyzing such massive datasets is challenging in terms of knowledge extraction and processing as nearly fully automated processing chains are needed to enable systematic detection of water surfaces.In this context, the objectives of the work are to propose new (e.g. fully automated) approaches for surface water detection and flood extents detection by exploring the single and combined used of Sentinel-1 and Sentinel-2 data.

The topic of the thesis is determination of concentration of dissolved solids in water and seasonal changes in surface water chemistry for specific affluents of Orlík water reservoir. Water samples were collected on regular basis and analysed in a laboratory during one season (November 2014 - November 2015). The thesis is focused on monitoring of changes in phosphate and nitrate concentrations, in particular. The results of analysis indicate that measured concentrations of substances at monitored locations reflect generally measured data within the region. Concentrations of NO3-N peak in winter to early spring seasons, therefore seasonal changes do occur; differences between locations have not been proven statistically. As for the parameter PO4-P within locations downstream pond systems no significant statistic differences were identified. Values of PO4-P concentration are not primarily associated with agricultural activities but rather with local sources existing within the catch basin. It has been concluded from testing water quality upstream and downstream fish ponds that pond management had no impact on quality of water within the monitored locations in 2015; respectively no additional phosphor and nitrogen load was imposed on Orlík water reservoir

Iodine is an important element essential for higher animals. A large part of the global human population suffers from a lack of iodine; elucidation of transfer and mobility of this element in the environment, water, soil, air and in organisms is thus very important. The aim of this work was the elaboration and optimisation of the method for determination of very low concentrations of iodine in the waters. The mass spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-MS) technique was used. It has been shown that using of different filter types during sample preparation had no significant effect on the content of impurities in the filtered sample. Antimony was recommended as an internal standard, despite commonly used elements (indium or tellurium). Samples were not preserved because nitric acid caused volatilization of iodine from the sample and the addition of aqueous ammonia had no significant effect. The optimised method was tested on several groups of water samples, including precipitation, surface water and lysimetric waters. From autumn 2009 to summer 2010, a part of the Blanice River (Šumava Mountains, South Bohemia) was sampled. The average content of iodine in samples ranged from 1.48 ? 0.30 ?g?dm-3 (April 2010) to 3.05 ? 0.38 ?g?dm-3 (July 2010). The average content of iodine in samples from all tributaries of the Blanice River ranged between 2.52 ? 1.63 ?g?dm-3 (March 2010) and 3.67 ? 1.37 ?g?dm-3 (July 2010). The concentration of iodine in the monitored surface waters did not change significantly along the flow of the river. The other two streams were sampled near Rapotín village (Jeseníky Mountains, north Moravia). The average contents of iodine were as follow: Annov (upper stream) 1.60 ? 0.65 ?g?dm-3, Annov (lower stream) 1.88 ? 1.18 ?g?dm-3, Salaš (upper stream) 1.77 ? 0.92 ?g?dm-3, Salaš (lower stream) 1.42 ? 0.58 ?g?dm-3. Generally, the data showed that considering iodine, the area of Šumava had slightly higher levels than those observed in the Jeseníky Mountains. Precipitation collected in the South Bohemia (Arnoštov village and city of České Budějovice) and in Jeseníky (Rapotín) contained less iodine compared to surface waters, and rarely exceeded 3 micrograms per liter of water. The situation has changed in the spring of 2010, because of the occurrence of volcanic dust and ash over the Czech Republic. This volcanic cloud came from the sudden activity of the Eyjafjallajökull Volcano (Iceland). In the mentioned period, the contents of iodine in precipitation were increased several times at all sample collection sites. This is an indirect evidence that iodine could be released during volcanic eruptions and transferred over long distances through the atmosphere. It turned out that the wastewater treatment plant can eliminate iodine in wastewater only partially. However, the wastewater treatment plants in the monitored region were too small to evaluate the overall impact on the environment. The maximum iodine content at the outlet of the wastewater treatment plant Prachatice town (South Bohemia) was 28.5 ?g?dm-3, which is several times higher than natural levels in the Živný stream, to which the treated water flows. Lysimetric water samples were collected from lysimeters installed in three nearby plots in Arnoštov village (Šumava, South Bohemia). The highest concentrations of iodine were found on plot where cattle were grazed. These values were significantly higher (average 4.38 ? 1.74 ?g?dm-3) than those obtained from a site used as hay meadow (average 2.69 ? 1.19 ?g?dm-3) or an untreated meadow (average 2.25 ? 1.39 ?g?dm-3). Iodine therefore probably originated from the urine and feces of grazed cattle. This thesis contributes to the total knowledge of iodine, particularly to the part concerning determination of iodine in the hydrosphere.