Presented investigation and quantification of natural remediation of highly contaminated surface water systems located in South Ural via humic substances is the first step for sustainable developing of nuclear industry. In the surface water systems, humic substances are shown to promote the immobilization of radionuclides and decreasing of the bioavailability for fish contamination in the investigated water bodies. As proved in this thesis, the influence of humic substances on radionuclide sorption is provided by their special properties of a reversible transform into micelles. The theoretical approach based on consideration of protons as fermion gas in water solution was assumed and applied to this phenomenon, being due to the duel nature of humic substances molecules. The influence of humic substances is quantified as a modified Henry s low of sorption. Investigation of changing of electrostatical status of micelles with increasing of humic substances concentration in water solution leads to modelling of remediation effect of humic substances in respect to influence on fish in contaminated waters. This effect was interpreted and quantified, based on properties of proteins of gill s cell membranes under certain conditions in water solution. Humic substances appreciably influence the chemical and biological interactions between radionuclides and the environment that has experienced increasing interest concerning the remedial uses of humic materials.

Die Europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie schuf einen rechtlichen Rahmen, der die Mitgliedsstaaten zum Schutz der Wasserressourcen verpflichtete. Das Ziel ist das Erreichen eines guten ökologischen und chemischen Zustandes der europäischen Gewässer. Ein besonderes Augenmerk fiel in jüngerer Zeit auf die Rolle von Arzneimitteln als unerwünschte Chemikalien in der Umwelt. Arzneimittelwirkstoffe und ihre Rückstände konnten in vielen europäischen Gewässern nachgewiesen werden. Über die Auswirkung einer chronischen Exposition von Wasserorganismen auf Arzneimittelwirkstoffen ist nur wenig bekannt. Das künstliche Östrogen 17a-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) sorgt für Kontroversen, da es zur Aufnahme in die Liste der prioritären Stoffe der Wasserrahmenrichtlinie vorgeschlagen wurde. Der dazugehörige vorgeschlagene Grenzwert für Oberflächengewässer beträgt 35 pg/L als Jahresdurchschnitts-Umweltqualitätsnorm (JD-UQN). Einerseits gibt es Zweifel, ob der Grenzwert eingehalten werden kann und andererseits ist die Analytik bisher nicht in der Lage, EE2-Konzentrationen in dieser Größenordnung verlässlich messen zu können. Da keine Messwerte zur Gewässerbelastung durch EE2 existieren, hatte meine Arbeit das Ziel, den Einfluss der Abflussvarianz auf die EE2-Konzentration im Wasser zu untersuchen und zu prüfen, ob die Einhaltung des Grenzwerts möglich ist. Der Eintrag und Verbleib von EE2 wurde mittels des räumlich expliziten Modellsystems GREAT-ER in den deutschen Einzugsgebieten Ruhr und Main modelliert. Die damit berechneten EE2-Frachten im Gewässer wurden benutzt, um an ausgewählten Messstellen eine Simulation der Variabilität der EE2-Konzentrationen zu ermöglichen. Dazu wurde die Abflussvariabilität an den Messstellen anhand von langjährigen Pegeldatenreihen geschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass insbesondere in den Hauptläufen der Flüsse mit deutlichen Überschreitungen der JD-UQN in den Monaten von Mai bis Oktober zu rechnen ist. Mittels Monte Carlo-Simulation wurde das Risiko quantifiziert, wie häufig die JD-UQN im Jahresmittel überschritten würde. Für die Messstellen im Hauptlauf des Mains und im Unterlauf der Ruhr wurde ermittelt, dass dort mit hoher Sicherheit die JD-UQN nicht eingehalten werden kann. Auch an Messstellen, die im Jahresmittel den Grenzwert nicht überschritten, konnten häufige Überschreitungen des Grenzwerts in den Sommermonaten beobachtet werden. Die Zeiträume waren dabei lang genug, um relevant für chronische Effekte auf Wasserorganismen zu sein. Die durch die Oberflächengewässerverordnung vorgegebene Überwachung der JD-UQN erscheint daher für EE2 nicht sinnvoll. In Deutschland werden große Mengen von jodhaltigen Röntgenkontrastmitteln (JRKM) verbraucht (rund 370 Tonnen in 2009), die unverändert und in gesamter Menge über das kommunale Abwasser in Oberflächengewässer gelangten. JRKM sind nach Stand der Forschung toxikologisch unbedenklich, stellen aber aufgrund der teilweise hohen Konzentrationen im Bereich von ug/L eine Gefahr für die Trinkwasserversorgung dar. Trotz der hohen Verbrauchsmenge war bisher wenig über Emissionsmuster und Verbrauch von JRKM bekannt. Ziel der Arbeit war es daher, Informationen über den Verbrauch in medizinischen Einrichtungen zu sammeln und ein geeignetes Modell zu identifizieren, mit dem der Eintrag von JRKM in die Umwelt modelliert werden kann. Zu diesem Zweck wurden Modellansätze aus der Literatur als auch ein selbstentwickelter Ansatz im Modellsystem GREAT-ER implementiert und in den Einzugsgebieten Main und Ruhr simuliert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Anzahl der Computertomographen als Proxygrößen zur räumlichen Aufteilung von JRKM-Emissionen verwendet werden kann. Rund zwei Drittel der jährlichen in Deutschland verbrauchten JRKM entfallen dabei nach eigenen Abschätzungen auf Krankenhäuser. Außerdem wurde gezeigt, dass der Nachweis von JRKM mittels Stichprobenmessungen in Gewässern und Kläranlagen in vielen Fällen keine belastbaren Aussagen liefert, da der Eintrag von wenig genutzten JRKM stark ereignisgetriebenen ist. Darüber hinaus konnten regionale Unterschiede in den Verbrauchsmengen identifiziert werden, die vermutlich auf lokal vorherrschende Präferenzen für einzelne JRKM zurück zu führen sind.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / Chaparral covers 4 million acres in Arizona. There is interest in determining how much these lands contribute to surface water supply, and how this contribution could be changed by conversion of chaparral cover to grass or grass forb. Results from treatment in the Whitespar watersheds are interpreted. Live oak and true mountain mahogany dominate the study area, which averages 22.7 inches of annual precipitation. Whitespar B watershed was converted to grasses in 1967, and litter was not disturbed. The 246 acre watershed produced more streamflow than the untreated, 303-acre control which tended to remain intermittent. Prior to treatment, streamflow in both watersheds was quite well synchronized. Watershed b has since had continual flow. Winter flows contribute about 77 percent of the increased streamflow volume. The degree of effect is still under study, but a new rainfall-runoff relationship for the treated watershed is necessitated.

Le présent projet vise à documenter la nécessité d’augmenter notre connaissance de la présence des contaminants organiques tels que les médicaments dans l’environnement et d’évaluer leur devenir environnemental. On a étudié la présence de composés pharmaceutiques dans différents échantillons d'eau. On a focalisé nos efforts spécialement sur les échantillons d'eau de l'usine d'épuration de la Ville de Montréal et ses effluents, les eaux de surface avoisinantes et l’eau du robinet dans la région de Montréal. Pour ce faire, on a tout d’abord développé deux méthodes analytiques automatisées basées sur la chromatographie liquide avec extraction en phase solide (SPE) couplée à la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LC-MS/MS). On a également étudié les performances des trois techniques d'ionisation à pression atmosphérique (API), pour ensuite les utiliser dans la méthode analytique développée. On a démontré que l'ionisation par électronébulisation (ESI) est une méthode d'ionisation plus efficace pour l'analyse des contaminants pharmaceutiques dans des échantillons de matrices très complexes comme les eaux usées. Une première méthode analytique SPE couplée à la LC-MS/MS a été développée et validée pour l'étude des échantillons complexes provenant de l'usine d'épuration de la Ville de Montréal et des eaux de surface près de l'usine. Cinq médicaments de prescription ont été étudiés: le bézafibrate (un régulateur de lipides), le cyclophosphamide et le méthotrexate (deux agents anticancéreux), l'orlistat (un agent anti-obésité) et l’énalapril (utilisé dans le traitement de l'hypertension). La plupart de ces drogues sont excrétées par le corps humain et rejetées dans les eaux usées domestiques en faisant par la suite leur chemin vers les usines municipales de traitement des eaux usées. On a pu démontrer qu'il y a un faible taux d’élimination à l'usine d'épuration pour le bézafibrate et l'énalapril. Ces deux composés ont aussi été détectés dans les eaux de surface sur un site à proximité immédiate de la décharge de l’effluent de la station d'épuration. i En observant la nécessité de l'amélioration des limites de détection de la première méthode analytique, une deuxième méthode a été développée. Pour la deuxième méthode, un total de 14 contaminants organiques, incluant trois agents anti-infectieux (clarithromycin, sulfaméthoxazole et triméthoprime), un anticonvulsant (carbamazépine) et son produit de dégradation (10,11-dihydrocarbamazépine), l'agent antihypertensif (enalapril), deux antinéoplastiques utilisés en chimiothérapie (cyclophosphamide et méthotrexate), des herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, et simazine) et deux produits de transformation de l’atrazine (deséthylatrazine et déisopropylatrazine) ainsi qu’un agent antiseptique (triclocarban). Ces produits ont été quantifiés dans les eaux de surface ainsi que dans l’eau du robinet. L'amélioration des limites de détection pour cette méthode a été possible grâce à la charge d'un volume d'échantillon supérieur à celui utilisé dans la première méthode (10 mL vs 1 mL). D'autres techniques de confirmation, telles que les spectres des ions produits utilisant une pente d’énergie de collision inverse dans un spectromètre de masse à triple quadripôle et la mesure des masses exactes par spectrométrie de masse à temps d’envol, ont été explorées. L'utilisation d'un analyseur de masse à temps d’envol a permis la confirmation de 6 des 14 analytes. Finalement, étant donné leur haute toxicité et pour évaluer leur persistance et leur transformation au niveau du traitement des eaux potables, la cinétique d'oxydation du cyclophosphamide et de méthotrexate avec l'ozone moléculaire et des radicaux OH a été étudiée. Les constantes de dégradation avec l'ozone moléculaire ont été calculées et la qualité de l'eau après traitement a pu être évaluée. Le rendement du processus d'ozonation a été amélioré pour la cyclophosphamide dans les eaux naturelles, en raison de la combinaison de réactions directes et indirectes. Cette étude a montré que l'ozone est très efficace pour oxyder le méthotrexate mais que le cyclophosphamide serait trop lent à s’oxyder pour un traitement efficace aux conditions usuelles de traitement de l’eau potable. / This project aims to document the need to increase our knowledge of organic contaminants such as pharmaceuticals in the environment and to assess their environmental fate. We studied the presence of pharmaceutical compounds in different water samples. We studied their presence in wastewater samples from the treatment plant of the City of Montreal, effluents, surface and tap water. To do this we developed two analytical methods based on solid phase extraction (SPE) coupled to liquid chromatography -tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). . The performance of three atmospheric pressure ionization (API) techniques was also studied for their subsequent use in the developed method. It was demonstrated that electrospray ionization (ESI) is a more effective ionization method for the analysis of pharmaceutical contaminants in samples as complex as wastewaters. A first analytical LC-MS/MS method, was developed and validated for the investigation of samples from the wastewater treatment plant and surface waters near the plant of Montreal. Five prescription drugs were studied: bezafibrate (lipid regulator), cyclophosphamide, and methotrexate (two anticancer agents), orlistat (an anti-obesity agent) and enalapril used in the treatment of hypertension. Most of these drugs are excreted by the human body in high percentages and released into domestic wastewaters, making their way to the municipal wastewater treatment plants. It was demonstrated that there is a low rate of elimination at the wastewater treatment plant for bezafibrate and enalapril. These two compounds were also detected in surface waters on a site close to the discharge of the treatment plant effluents. For this first analytical method we observed the necessity of improvement of the detection limits of the method. A second method was then developed to improve the detection limits and to study a total of 14 organic contaminants, including three antiinfective agents (clarithromycin, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim), an anticonvulsant (carbamazepine) and its degradation product 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine, the iii antihypertensive agent (enalapril), two antineoplastic (methotrexate and cyclophosphamide), herbicides (atrazine, cyanazine, and simazine) and two transformation products of atrazine (desethylatrazine and déisopropylatrazine) and an antiseptic agent (triclocarban). These products were quantified in surface water and tap water. The improvement of the detection limits of this method was possible due to the loading of a greater sample volume than that used in the first method (10 mL vs 1 mL). Other confirmation techniques, such as the data-dependent reverse energy ramp scan on a triple quadrupole and accurate mass measurements on a time-of-flight mass spectrometer were explored. Using time-of-flight mass spectrometer determinations allowed the confirmation of six of the 14 analytes. Finally, due to their toxic properties, the oxidation kinetics of cyclophosphamide and methotrexate with molecular ozone and OH radicals was studied in bench scale. The degradation constants with molecular ozone were calculated and the water quality after treatment was assessed. The overall process performance was improved for cyclophosphamide in natural waters, due to the combination of direct and indirect reactions. The study showed that ozone is very effective for the oxidation of methotrexate, but cyclophosphamide is too slowly oxidized for an effective drinking water treatment under usual conditions.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:34:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6522.pdf: 11813930 bytes, checksum: 7b3b28c9003cd9b02191060694246535 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-29 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Three different classes of emerging contaminants were analyzed in surface water samples, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments from the Jundiaí River Basin - SP. The hormones 17-β-estradiol and 17-α-ethinylestradiol were the only compounds that were not detected in the matrices studied. Caffeine was the compound detected with the highest concentrations for water samples, with values up to 25000 μg/L, while in sediment samples and MPS, triclosan was the compound that had the highest concentrations, with 0.90 μg/g 79.1 g/g, respectively. Other compounds more often detected included atenolol, carbamazepine, diclofenac, propranolol and triclosan, with mean concentrations up to 17 ng/L in samples from Piraí Creek and greater than 120 ng/L for samples from Jundiaí River. A seasonal effect was observed in the concentrations of the compounds and the higher values for all of these were obtained for samples from a sampling point located downstream of a sewage treatment plant. It was found a high correlation between the concentrations of detected compounds and the electrical conductivity, which allowed suggesting the use of new contamination markers by sewage. The occurrence of studied compounds was widespread among samples from Rio Jundiaí, showing the high level of environmental impact to which this water body is exposed. / Três diferentes classes de contaminantes emergentes foram analisadas em amostras de água superficial, material particulado suspenso (MPS) e sedimentos provenientes da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Jundiaí - SP. Os hormônios 17-β- estradiol e 17-α-etinilestradiol foram os únicos compostos não detectados nas matrizes estudadas. A cafeína foi o composto detectado com as maiores concentrações para as amostras de água, com valores de até 25000 μg/L, enquanto nas amostras de sedimento e MPS, o triclosan foi o composto que apresentou as maiores concentrações, atingindo 0,90 μg/g e 79,1 μg/g, respectivamente. Outros compostos mais frequentemente detectados incluíram o atenolol, a carbamazepina, o diclofenaco, o propranolol e o triclosan, com concentrações médias de até 17 ng/L nas amostras do Ribeirão Piraí e superiores a 120 ng/L para o Rio Jundiaí. Observou-se um efeito sazonal nas concentrações dos compostos e os valores mais elevados para todos estes foram obtidos no ponto amostral localizado a jusante de uma estação de tratamento de esgotos. Verificou-se uma alta correlação entre as concentrações dos compostos detectados e a condutividade elétrica, o que possibilitou sugerir a utilização de novos marcadores de contaminação por esgotos. A ocorrência dos compostos em estudo foi generalizada para as amostras do Rio Jundiaí, demonstrando o alto nível de impacto ambiental a que esse corpo aquático está exposto.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / In this work the degradation of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin CIP (33.1 mg L-1) by photo- Fenton process using artificial radiation was evaluated. First, the effect of different concentrations of Fe 3+ (1.4, 5.6, 11.2 and 16.8 mg L -1) on the kinetics of CIP and dissolved organic carbon DOC (mineralization), as well as the consumption of H2O2 using 510 mg L-1 of H2O2and pH 2.5-2.8 was studied. The CIP concentration was below of the quantitation limit of the equipment - LQ (<0.163 mg L-1) in just 2 minutes, for all concentration of Fe3+ evaluated, it was not possible to verify the effect of this operating parameter for the removal of CIP. Regarding the results of mineralization and consumption of H2O2, the best fit mathematical observed for all the experimental data obtained at different concentrations of Fe3+ evaluated, was first order. Furthermore, it was observed that the concentration of Fe3+ resulted in a proportional increase in the rate of mineralization and consumption of H2O2, being the concentration of 11.2 mg L-1 of Fe3+ chosen for the subsequent experiments. Next, the effect of different concentrations of H2O2 (85, 170, 340, 510 and 680 mg L-1) on kinetics of CIP mineralization and consumption of H2O2 using the best concentration of Fe3+ (11.2 mg L-1), and at pH 2.5-2.8 was evaluated. Similar behavior observed for the different concentrations of Fe3+ was obtained, the best mathematical fit for CIP mineralization and H2O2 consumption was of first order. The rate of CIP mineralization also increased proportionally with H2O2 concentration, but up to a certain amount of H2O2 (340 mg L-1). Above of this concentration, there was a decrease in the rate of mineralization due to the occurrence of inefficient reactions. These results demonstrate the importance of evaluating the operational parameters, such as the concentrations of Fenton´s reagents, in order to optimize the efficiency of the photodegradation process, as well as reduce the costs of processes with chemical reagents. Thus, the best concentrations obtained experimentally in deionized water (DW) in relation to the operational parameters evaluated considering the CIP mineralization using artificial radiation were: [Fe3+] = 11.2 mg L-1 and [H2O2] = 340 mg L-1. Under these experimental conditions, the influence of different aqueous matrices (simulated seawater - SW and treated effluent from sewage treatment plant - STP) in the CIP degradation was evaluated, and the results were compared to those obtained in DW. Complete removal of CIP (considering the LQ equipment) was influenced by the composition of the matrices, since in DW occurred after 2 minutes of the photo-Fenton process, while 10 minutes were required in SW and STP effluent. This is probably due to the presence of inorganic anions (chloride and sulphate) in SW, which form stable complexes with iron, and also act as scavengers of hydroxyl radicals, as well as by the presence of natural organic matter present in the effluent of STP, which also competes with the target-compound by hydroxyl radicals, influencing the degradation process. Based on the results obtained in this work, it was observed that the photo-Fenton process can be an alternative of treatment to waters containing CIP, since there was complete removal of CIP (considering the LQ equipment) after only 2 minutes, followed by 75% of DOC removal and reduction of acute toxicity to A. saline from 76.7% ± 4.7% to 20.0% ± 10.0% after 60 minutes. Since several ecotoxicological effects are associated with waste pharmaceuticals, in specific antibiotics, in aquatic environments and conventional processes fail to remove them efficiently, the application of this process appears quite feasible. / Neste trabalho foi avaliada a degradação do antibiótico ciprofloxacino CIP (33,1mg L-1)pelo processo foto-Fenton utilizando radiação artificial. Primeiramente avaliou-se diferentes concentrações de Fe3+ (1,4, 5,6, 11,2 e 16,8 mg L-1) na cinética de remoção de CIP e carbono orgânico dissolvido - COD (mineralização), bem como no consumo de H2O2 utilizando-se 510 mg L-1 de H2O2 e pH 2,5-2,8. A concentração de CIP ficou abaixo do limite de quantificação do equipamento - LQ (< 0,163 mg L-1) em apenas 2 minutos, para todas as concentrações de Fe3+ avaliadas, não sendo possível verificar o efeito deste parâmetro operacional para a remoção de CIP. Em relação aos resultados de mineralização e consumo de H2O2, o melhor ajuste matemático observado para todos os dados experimentais obtidos nos diferentes níveis de concentração de Fe3+ avaliados foi de primeira ordem. Além disso, foi observado que o aumento da concentração de Fe3+ resultou num aumento proporcional na velocidade de mineralização e de consumo de H2O2, sendo a concentração de 11,2 mg L-1 de Fe3+ escolhida para os experimentos posteriores. A seguir, foi avaliado o efeito de diferentes concentrações de H2O2 (85, 170, 340, 510 e 680 mg L-1) na cinética de mineralização de CIP e consumo de H2O2 utilizando a melhor concentração de Fe3+ (11,2 mg L-1), e, em pH 2,5-2,8. Comportamento semelhante ao observado para as diferentes concentrações de Fe3+ foi obtido, melhor ajuste matemático para a mineralização de CIP e consumo de H2O2 sendo de primeira ordem. A velocidade de mineralização de CIP também aumentou proporcionalmente com a concentração de H2O2, contudo até um determinado valor de H2O2 (340 mg L-1). Acima desta concentração, houve um decréscimo na velocidade de mineralização devido à ocorrência de reações ineficientes. Estes resultados, demonstram a importância de avaliar os parâmetros operacionais, tais como as concentrações dos reagentes de Fenton, a fim de otimizar a eficiência do processo de fotodegradação, bem como reduzir os custos dos processos com reagentes químicos. Assim, as melhores concentrações obtidas experimentalmente em água deionizada (AD) em relação aos parâmetros operacionais avaliados considerando a mineralização de CIP utilizando radiação artificial foram: [Fe3+] = 11,2 mg L-1 e [H2O2] = 340 mg L-1. Sob tais condições experimentais, a influência de diferentes matrizes aquosas (água de mar simulada AM, e, efluente tratado de estação de tratamento de esgoto - ETE) na degradação de CIP foi avaliada, e os resultados foram comparados aos obtidos em AD. A completa remoção de CIP (considerando o LQ do equipamento) foi influenciada pela composição da matriz, uma vez que em AD ocorreu após 2 minutos do processo foto-Fenton, enquanto que 10 minutos foram necessários para a AM e efluente de ETE. Isto ocorreu provavelmente devido à presença de ânions inorgânicos (cloreto e sulfato) em AM, os quais formam complexos estáveis com ferro, e que também atuam como sequestradores de radicais hidroxilas, assim como pela presença de matéria orgânica natural presente no efluente de ETE, a qual também compete com o composto-alvo pelos radicais hidroxila, influenciando assim o processo de degradação. Baseado nos resultados obtidos neste trabalho pode ser observado que o processo foto-Fenton pode ser uma alternativa de tratamento de águas contendo CIP, pois houve completa remoção de CIP (considerando o LQ do equipamento) após apenas 2 minutos, seguido de 75% de remoção de COD e redução da toxicidade aguda para A. salina de 76,7% ± 4,7% para 20,0% ± 10,0% após 60 minutos. Visto que vários efeitos ecotoxicológicos estão associados aos resíduos de fármacos, em específico antibióticos, presentes nos ambientes aquáticos e que os processos convencionais não conseguem removê-los eficientemente, a aplicação deste processo se mostra bastante viável. / Mestre em Química

Les changements globaux sont aujourd’hui une réalité et les activités humaines à l’origine de ces bouleversements tendent à augmenter avec par exemple l’utilisation toujours plus importante de produits chimiques. Les pollutions résultantes peuvent alors avoir un fort impact sur les écosystèmes, en particulier ceux d’eaux douces de surface.Cette thèse a d’abord montré au travers d’un échantillonnage à haute fréquence d’une rivière typiquement méditerranéenne (la Têt), lors d’un évènement pluvieux intense caractéristique, que des phénomènes de multicontaminations ont lieu avec la présence dans les eaux naturelles de sels nutritifs, éléments trace métalliques, pesticides et produits pharmaceutiques entre autres. Ces phénomènes de contaminations multiples sont principalement liés aux débordements du réseau urbain d’évacuation des eaux qui ont lieu au travers des débordements de déversoirs d’orage. Cette étude a également montré, grâce à l’utilisation de la nouvelle technique de séquençage haut-débit MiSeq, que les changements dans les diversités structurelles des communautés bactériennes aquatiques de la matière en suspension évoluent principalement en fonction de l’hydrodynamique de la rivière, les plus fortes dissimilarités entre les communautés s’observant lors du pic de débit. Les paramètres physico-chimiques environnementaux ont également un impact majeur sur la structure des communautés, ce qui pourrait amener suite à l’exploration des taxons bactériens associés à une dynamique de contaminations caractéristiques, à la découverte de biomarqueurs spécifiques de ces phénomènes. / Global changes cannot be ignored nowadays and human activities causing these disruptions tend to increase with, for example, the growing use of chemicals. The resulting pollution can then have a strong impact on ecosystems, in particular those of fresh surface waters.This thesis first showed through a high-frequency sampling of a typically Mediterranean river (the Têt River), during a characteristic intense rainy event, that multicontaminations occur with the presence in natural waters of nutrients, trace metals, pesticides and pharmaceuticals among others. These multicontamination phenomena are mainly related to the overflows of the sewage system that take place through storm overflows. This study has also shown, through the use of the new MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique, that changes in the structural diversities of aquatic bacterial communities of suspended matter evolve mainly according to the hydrodynamics of the river, the strongest dissimilarities between the communities being observed during peak flow. The physico-chemical environmental parameters also have a major impact on the structure of communities, which could lead to the exploration of bacterial taxa associated with a characteristic contaminations dynamic, to the discovery of specific biomarkers of these phenomena.

From the Proceedings of the 1971 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 22-23, 1971, Tempe, Arizona / The nitrogen balance of a watershed near the city of New Prague, Minnesota was evaluated as part of an overall study on lake and stream eutrophication. Although the n-balance of a humid Midwest watershed cannot be expected to be identical to that of an arid watershed, the processes are the same and differences should be mainly quantitive. Sources of input and causes of depletion are reviewed for 4 points in the nitrogen cycle: the atmospheric zone, the soil-atmosphere interface, the plant-root and soil-water zone and the surface water zone. In the New Prague watershed, commercial fertilizer and bulk precipitation were the major sources of input, contributing, respectively, 53% and 34.4% of the total input of 2.34 million lb/yr. Crop yield and soil or groundwater storage contributed 52.1% and 20.4% of non-enrichment depletions. The closeness of the values of crop yield and commercial fertilizer application was an unfortunate coincidence and is certainly not an indication that the entire fertilizer supply was taken up cry crops. In an arid environment, free from fertilized agriculture, bulk precipitation probably provides the major source of nitrogen compounds.

From the Proceedings of the 1972 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - May 5-6, 1972, Prescott, Arizona / A preliminary study was made with the objective of examining nitrogen species transformations of treated sewage effluent releases within the channel of an ephemeral stream, the Santa Cruz River of southern Arizona. Water quality samples were taken at established locations in sequence so that peak daily flows could be traced as the effluent moved downstream. Results indicate that increased nitrification, coinciding with changing stream characteristics, starts in the vicinity of Cortaro Road (6.3 river miles from the Tucson Sewage Treatment Plant discharge). Through physical-chemical changes in streamflow, nitrate -nitrogen values reach a maximum at approximately 90-95 percent and 60-80 percent of total flow distance for low flows and high flows, respectively. Concentrations of ammonia-nitrogen and total nitrogen decrease continuously downstream with both high and low flows. Therefore, the rate of nitrification within sewage effluent releases in a desert stream channel evidently is related to flow distance and physical characteristics of the stream.