In this thesis, we focus on theoretical study of adsorbates on metal and oxide surfaces that are important for surface chemistry and catalysis. Based on first principles calculations, the adsorption ofCO, NO, NO2, C4H6S2, C22H27SH and other molecules or radicals on nobel metal surfaces (gold and silver) are investigated. Also, NO oxidation on oxygen pre-covered Au(111)surface and CO oxidation on water-oxygen covered Au(111)surface aretheoretically studied. A new mechanism of water-enhanced COoxidation is proposed. As for oxide surfaces, we first investigatethe geometric, electronic and magnetic structures of FeO ultrathin film on Pt(111) surface. The experimentally observed scanning tunneling microscopy images are well reproduced for the first timewith our model. The adsorption and dissociation of water on rutileTiO2(110) surface are investigated by quantum molecular dynamics.By theoretical X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) calculations,the surface species are properly assigned. The same strategy has applied to the study of the phase transition of water covered reconstructed anatase TiO2(001) surface, from which two different phases are theoretically identified. The structure of graphene oxideis also studied by comparing experimental and theoretical XPS spectra. Based on the novel structures identified, a new cutmechanism of graphene oxide is proposed. / QC 20100819

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. / The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on February 29, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Ce manuscrit d'HDR regroupe dans une première partie certains de mes travaux sur la /mise en œuvre, la structure et la fonctionnalité à l'échelle nano de/macromolécules, colloïdes et nanoparticules aux surfaces et interfaces. Dans une deuxième partie, j'expose brièvement les directions que j'explore actuellement autours des surfaces fonctionnelles à partir de l'assemblage contrôlé de briques élémentaires organiques et/ou inorganiques et de texturation de surface à diverses échelles.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Physics and Astronomy. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

The dissociation of hydrogen molecules at surfaces is the first step in the absorption process. If the absorbing material is covered by an oxide, this layer will determine the effective uptake rate of an underlying absorbing material. This effect is illustrated when determining the rate of transport of hydrogen through amorphous aluminium oxide layers. The transport rate was determined to be strongly thickness dependent. Hydrogen absorbed in a transition metal causes a volume expansion generated by a strain field around the absorbed hydrogen. This strain field causes a self-trapping of the hydrogen and a temperature dependent distribution in the atomic distances. The local strain field generated by the self-trapping process is found to be crucial for understanding both the hydrogen induced volume expansion as well as the diffusion of hydrogen. Ab-initio molecular dynamics simulations were used to reveal the temperature dependence of the unbinding of the hydrogen and the local strain field and its influence on the diffusion rate. The symmetry of the local strain field is also important for phase formation in metallic films and superlattices which are clamped to a substrate. As the thicknesses reduced from 50 to 10 nm thick vanadium films, substantial finite size effects become apparent in the phase diagrams. The volume change associated with the strain field cannot be accurately measured using x-ray diffraction because of its sensitivity to local arrangements of atoms. X-ray and neutron reflectivity were found to be more reliable probes of global effects of the sumof the local strainfields. Finite size effects in extremely thin V layers were also explored in metallic superlattices composed of iron and vanadium. The co-existence region, composed of a hydrogen gas and a solid-like phase, was found to be suppressed by at least 100 K to below 300 K. The hydrogen-hydrogen interaction can also be influenced by the electronic states in the non hydrogen absorbing layers, as demonstrated when comparing hydrogen absorption in Fe/V and Cr/V superlattices. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 728

Nous avons développé un microscope à émission d'électrons balistiques (BEEM) sous ultra-vide, dédié à l'étude des propriétés électroniques d'interfaces d'hétérostructures à base de semiconducteurs III-V pertinentes pour des applications potentielles en électronique de spin. Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les contacts Schottky épitaxiés Au(110)/GaAs(001) et Fe(001)/GaAs(001). Nous montrons d'un point de vue théorique que le transport cohérent d'électrons chauds à travers le métal et la conservation de la composante transverse du vecteur d'onde électronique à l'interface métal/GaAs sont à l'origine des signatures spectroscopiques BEEM contrastées observées expérimentalement sur ces deux systèmes. Ensuite, l'étude du contact tunnel MgO/GaAs(001) a révélé la présence de canaux de conduction situés dans la bande interdite de MgO. Ces canaux sont associés à la présence de lacunes d'oxygène localisées dans l'oxyde, qui diminuent fortement la hauteur de barrière tunnel. Finalement, le phénomène de magnétorésistance d'électrons chauds dans la vanne de spin Fe/Au/Fe/GaAs(001) permet d'observer par BEEM des domaines et des parois de domaines magnétiques avec une résolution latérale nanométrique.

Estudos em interfaces são importantes para o completo entendimento de muitos processos em química, física e biologia. Esses sistemas são governados principalmente pelas propriedades interfaciais dos materiais. Nas duas últimas décadas, o desenvolvimento de novos métodos experimentais melhorou o nosso entendimento das propriedades interfaciais. O advento de uma série de técnicas de espectroscopia a laser baseadas em óptica não linear e o desenvolvimento das técnicas de microscopia por ponta de prova, possibilitaram estudos antes inimagináveis em superfícies e interfaces. Entre as técnicas de espectroscopia não linear, destacamos a espectroscopia por Geração de Soma de Frequências (espectroscopia SFG). Essa técnica foi desenvolvida por Shen et al. em 1987 e, desde então, é aplicada a muitos estudos em superfícies e interfaces. A espectroscopia SFG pode fornecer informações sobre a natureza química por meio do espectro vibracional e sobre o ordenamento médio das moléculas em uma única monocamada. O sinal SFG só pode ser gerado em meios não centrossimétricos, isso inclui superfícies ou interfaces entre meios centrossimétricos, onde há quebra da simetria de inversão. A combinação da espectroscopia SFG com a microscopia óptica tem sido proposta como uma nova técnica experimental para obter imagens em interfaces com sensibilidade química pelo espectro vibracional e contraste pela orientação e ordenamento das moléculas. Neste trabalho, apresentamos o desenvolvimento, construção e caracterização de um Microscópio SFG (MSFG). Esse MSFG foi especialmente projetado para estudos em superfícies ou interfaces tanto líquidas quanto sólidas. Testes iniciais de desempenho do MSFG foram realizados na interface líquido/ar da solução binária água/acetonitrila (H2O⁄CH3CN). Foram obtidas imagens do sinal SFG ressonante com o estiramento simétrico do grupo metil (CH3) da acetonitrila na interface líquido⁄ar da solução binária. Variando a fração molar da acetonitrila na solução entre 4% e 20% observamos a dependência da intensidade do sinal SFG na interface em função da fração molar de acetonitrila no volume do líquido. Testes também foram feitos em filmes Langmuir-Blodgett multicamada de ácido esteárico (CH3(CH2)16COOH). Obtivemos a espectromicroscopia SFG na ressonância dos grupos CH2 e CH3 do ácido graxo. Pelas diferenças entre os espectros SFG das regiões ordenadas e desordenadas, a espectromicroscopia revelou distribuições microscópicas do ordenamento das cadeias alquila que formam o filme. A sensibilidade da detecção do sinal SFG foi caracterizada e revelou a possibilidade de obter imagens na superfície da água em menos de um minuto. A caracterização óptica e os testes nas interfaces líquido⁄ar e sólido⁄ar demonstraram a completa capacidade do MSFG como ferramenta para investigar qualquer superfície ou interface, seja essa líquida ou sólida. / Interface studies are important for the complete understanding of many processes in chemistry, physics and biology. These systems are mainly governed by the interfacial properties of the materials. In the last two decades, the development of new experimental methods improved our understanding of interfacial properties. The advent of a host of laser spectroscopy techniques based on nonlinear optics and the development of the scanning probe microscopy techniques, opened up unimaginable possibilities of studies at surfaces and interfaces. Among these nonlinear spectroscopies we turned our attention to Sum Frequency Generation spectroscopy (SFG spectroscopy). This technique was developed by Shen et al. in 1987 and, since then, it has been applied to many studies of surfaces and interfaces. SFG spectroscopy can provide information about the chemical nature by the vibrational spectra and about the average of molecular ordering in a single monolayer. The SFG signal only can be generated in a noncentrossymetric media, this includes surfaces or interfaces between centrossymetric media, where there is a broken in the inversion symmetry. The combination of SFG spectroscopy with optical microscopy has been proposed as a novel experimental technique to obtain images at interfaces with chemical sensitivity by the vibrational spectra as well as contrast by the ordering and orientation of the molecules. In this work we present the development, construction and characterization of an SFG Microscope (SFGM). This SFGM was specially designed to perform studies on surfaces or interfaces of liquids and solids. Initial SFGM performance tests were performed at the liquid/air interface of the water/acetonitrile (H2O/CH3CN) binary solution. The images of the SFG signal were acquired on the resonance of the methyl group (CH3) of acetonitrile present at the liquid⁄air interface of the binary solution. By varying the molar fraction of acetonitrile in the solution between 4% and 20% we observed the dependency of the SFG signal intensity as a function the acetonitrile bulk mole fraction. We also performed tests in multi-layered Langmuir-Blodgett films of stearic acid (CH3(CH2)16COOH). We obtained the SFG spectromicroscopy in the resonance of CH2 and CH3 groups of the fatty acid. By the differences between the SFG spectra of ordered and disordered regions, the spectromicroscopy revealed microscopic distribution of the conformational ordering in the alkyl chains that composes the film. The sensitivity of the SFG microscope was characterized and it was shown that images could be acquired at the water surface in less than one minute. The optical characterization and the performed tests at the liquid/air and solid/air interfaces demonstrated the full capabilities of the SFGM as a tool for investigations in any liquid or solid interface.

In this thesis, density functional theory (DFT) calculations and DFT based ab initio molecular dynamics simulations have been employed in order to gain insights into materials properties like diffusion, adsorption, catalysis, and structure. In transition metals, absorbed hydrogen atoms self-trap due to localization of metal d-electrons. The self-trapping state is shown to highly influence hydrogen diffusion in the classical over-barrier jump temperature region. Li diffusion in Li-N-H systems is investigated. The diffusion in Li3N is shown to be controlled by the concentration of vacancies. Exchanging one Li for H (Li2NH), gives a system where the diffusion no longer is dependent on the concentrations of vacancies, but instead on N-H rotations. Furthermore, exchanging another Li for H (LiNH2), results in a blockade of Li diffusion. For high-surface area hydrogen storage materials, metal organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, the hydrogen adsorption is studied. In metal organic frameworks, a Li-decoration is also suggested as a way to increase the hydrogen adsorption energy. In NaAlH4 doped with transition metals (TM), the hypothesis of TM-Al intermetallic alloys as the main catalytic species is supported. The source of the catalytic effect of carbon nanostructures on hydrogen desorption from NaAlH4 is shown to be the high electronegativity of the carbon nanostructures. A space-group optimized ab initio random structure search method is used to find a new ground state structure for BeC2 and MgC2. The fast change between the amorphous and the crystalline phase of GeSbTe phase-change materials is suggested to be due to the close resemblance between the local amorphous structure and the crystalline structure. Finally, we show that more than 80% of the voltage in the lead acid battery is due to relativistic effects. / Felaktigt tryckt som Digital Comprehensive Summaries of Uppsala Dissertations from the Faculty of Science and Technology 702

Structural characterization is essential for the understanding of the magnetic properties of thin films and multilayers. In this thesis, both crystalline and amorphous thin films and multilayers were analyzed utilizing transmission electron microscopy (TEM). High resolution TEM and electron diffraction studies emphasize on the growth of amorphous Fe91Zr9 and Co68Fe24Zr8 on both Al2O3 and Al70Zr30 in multilayer structures by magnetron sputtering. The properties of the growth surfaces were found to strongly influence the formation of nano-crystallites of the magnetic material at interfaces. Field induced uniaxial magnetic anisotropy was found to be possible to imprint into both fully amorphous and partially crystallized Co68Fe24Zr8 layers, yielding similar magnetic characteristics regardless of the structure. These findings are important for the understanding of both growth and magnetic properties of these amorphous thin films. As magnetic systems become smaller, new analysis techniques need to be developed. One such important step was the realization of electron energy-loss magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) in the TEM, where information about the ratio of the orbital to spin magnetic moment (mL/mS) of a sample can be obtained. EMCD makes use of angular dependent inelastic scattering, which is characterized using electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The work of this thesis contributes to the development of EMCD by performing quantitative measurements of the mL/mS ratio. Especially, methods for obtaining energy filtered diffraction patterns in the TEM together with analysis tools of the data were developed. It was found that plural inelastic scattering events modify the determination of the mL/mS ratio, wherefore a procedure to compensate for it was derived. Additionally, utilizing special settings of the electron gun it was shown that EMCD measurements becomes feasible on the nanometer level through real space maps of the EMCD signal.

Dans cette thèse, je me suis interessé à la description ab initio du processus de génération de seconde harmonique (SHG), qui est une propriété optique non-linéaire des matériaux, et je me suis concentré sur les systèmes quantiques confinés, à base de silicium. Ces dernières années, les études ab initio ont suscité un grand intérêt pour l'interprétation et la prévision des propriétés des matériaux. Il est indispensable d'améliorer la connaissance des processus non-linéaires et de proposer une description de SHG, à partir des premiers principes. En raison de difficultés importantes, la description de l'optique non linéaire n'a pas encore atteint la précision des phénomènes linéaires. L'état de l'art des calculs ab initio SHG est représenté par l'inclusion des effets à plusieurs corps comme les champs locaux (LF) et l'interaction électron-trou, mais aujourd'hui, l'approche la plus utilisée est l'approximation de particules indépendantes (IPA), la seule en mesure d'aborder les calculs de structures complexes, tels que des surfaces et des interfaces. Alors que IPA peut être une bonne approximation pour les systèmes massifs, dans des matériaux discontinus d'autres effets peuvent être prédominants. L'objectif de ma thèse est de donner une analyse du processus de SHG dans des systèmes complexes comme les interfaces et les systèmes confinés à base de silicium, d'inférer de nouvelles connaissances sur le mécanisme physique mis en jeu et son lien avec la nature du système. J'utilise un formalisme fondé sur la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité dépendant du temps (TDDFT) où les effets à plusieurs corps sont inclus par un choix approprié des noyaux de la TDDFT. Le formalisme et le code ont été développés au cours de mon travail, permettant l'étude de matériaux complexes. Mes recherches ont porté sur l'étude de l'interface Si (111)/CaF2 (de type B,T4). Des études de convergence montrent l'importance du matériau semi-conducteur par rapport à l'isolant. La réponse est caractéristique d'une région profonde au-delà de l'interface Si, alors que CaF2 converge rapidement juste après l'interface. La réponse montre une sensibilité aux modifications électroniques, induites dans des états bien en-dessous de l'interface, et non à la structure ionique du silicium, qui retrouve rapidement la configuration du matériau massif. Une procédure de normalisation pour comparer avec l'expérience a été proposée. Les spectres de SHG ont été calculés en IPA, et en introduisant les interactions de champs locaux et excitoniques. De nouveaux comportements ont été observés par rapport aux processus SHG dans GaAs ou SiC, montrant l'importance des effets de champ locaux cristallins. Alors que IPA décrit la position des pics principaux de SHG et que les effets excitoniques modifient légèrement l'intensité totale, seuls les champs locaux reproduisent la forme spectrale et les intensités relatives des pics. Cela souligne combien les effets des différents acteurs dans le processus dépendent de la nature des matériaux. De nouvelles méthodes d'analyse de la réponse ont été proposées: en effet, le lien direct entre la position des pics et les énergies de transition est perdu dans les calculs de SHG : le signal provient d'une équation de Dyson du second ordre où les fonctions de réponse linéaires et non-linéaire pour des fréquences différentes sont mélangées. En outre, la complexité du matériau m'a permis d'obtenir des informations sur une grande variété de systèmes comme les multicouches et les couches de silicium confinées. Les résultats montrent un bon accord avec l'expérience, confirmant la structure de l'interface proposée. Cela souligne la précision du formalisme, la possibilité d'améliorer nos connaissances sur ces matériaux complexes. Les simulations ab-initio de SHG peuvent être utilisées comme une technique prédictive, pour soutenir et guider les expériences et les développements technologiques. Les résultats préliminaires sur les structures Si/Ge sont présentés.