Traditionally, the Onavas Valley located in the middle Ri­o Yaqui, has been identified as part of the Rio Sonora archaeological tradition. However, no archaeological research has taken place in this region to verify this cultural model. This work presents new data from the Onavas Valley Archaeological Project (OVAP), conducted in the summer of 2003 and 2004, which provide basic data to solidify our understanding of an archaeologically poorly researched area, examine its role in interactions with the neighboring archaeological areas, and contrast the Ri­o Sonora tradition model. The methodology used combine archaeological survey, artifact analysis, and ethnohistorical research. A full-coverage systematic pedestrian survey, at the center of the Onavas Valley, was conducted covering an area of 67 km² and recorded 122 new sites. Three research approaches where set to discern and define the archaeological tradition within the Onavas Valley and then examine extra-regional interactions with neighboring archaeological areas. Those are 1) building a local chronology and a diagnostic inventory of material culture; 2) establishing the landscape structure (settlement pattern and ritual landscape) of the area; and 3) collecting and analyzing evidence for the manufacture, use, and exchange of trade goods. At the end of the material analysis, the OVAP conclude that the Onavas Valley had more cultural relation with the Huatabampo archaeological tradition than to the Rio Sonora archaeological tradition. Finally a comparison of the cultural landscape of the Onavas Valley with those of the Marana, Cerro de Trincheras, and Paquime traditions was made, to see different cultural developments in similar geographical condition using same methodological and analytical framework.

This collective case study examines ways in which digital technologies and texts impact three selected teachers’ pedagogy in high school Biology classrooms on southern Vancouver Island. Data from an anonymous online survey was used to compare and contextualize the case study data. Methodological triangulation for the three participants’ case studies included lesson plans, on-site lesson observations with accompanying field notes, digital photos and audio recordings, and semi-structured interviews. The collected data was coded, analyzed for themes within cases, and then re-analyzed for themes across the three cases. The salient themes that emerged centered on: changes to pedagogical and learning practices resulting from the use of digital technologies and texts; how teachers live with contradictions within their changing educational environment; and the role traditional methods have within a digital classroom. While these considerations of integrating technology may be useful to many educators, this study has specific implications for the development of new science curricula in British Columbia, and teachers of Biology adapting their practice to engage contemporary Millennial Generation learners. / Graduate / 0727 / 0714 / 0710

There is a wealth of scientific evidence associating the dietary intake of omega 3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with beneficial health properties. In this study, alternative natural sources of these polyunsaturated fatty acids are sought from novel low temperature isolated fungi. Over 100 low temperature isolated fungi were screened for very long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLCPUF As), such as C20:5 n3 and C22:6 n3. Of those screened, only ten fungi were capable of VLCPUFA production, with Mortierella the predominant VLCPUF A producing species. Four Oomycete species were also capable of VLCPUF A production. It is thought that only basal fungal lineages, such as species from the Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota, are capable of VLCPUF A production. It was also found that VLCPUF As are not essential for growth at low temperatures, as Penicillium rugulosum, capable of producing 'fatty acids no longer or more unsaturated than C18:3 n3, demonstrated over 2 g of biomass per 100 ml of broth when grown at 5°C. This indicates that trienoic fatty acids are sufficient for maintaining membrane fluidity, although other factors may play a role in P. rugulosum's low temperature growth. Comparatively, VLCPUFA producing Mortierella species produced 200-250 mg of biomass, whereas the majority of non- VLCPUF A producing isolates produced 106-115 mg of biomass per 100 ml of broth. The total lipid unsaturation indices of nine isolates grown under three temperature regimes showed that the lowest growth temperature, 5°C, produced the highest un saturation index value III SIX of the organisms. 15°C produced the highest unsaturation index value in two of the isolates. This suggests that temperature has an effect on fungal lipid composition, and that lower temperatures may increase lipid unsaturation levels. It was also found that the ~6 elongase, initially identified from Mortierella alpina, is indicative for VLCPUF A producing fungi. The genomic conserved sequence found within ~6 elongases was used to develop primer sets that could be used with a PCR based methodology to screen fungal isolates for VLCPUF A production. The method successfully identified VLCPUF A producing Mortierella and Allomyces species, and was not found to amplify non-Ad elongases. Finally, recombinantPhaffia rhodozyma strains were developed using the ~5 desaturase and ~6 elongase from Mortierella alpina. The fatty acid profiles of the recombinant strains displayed novel fatty acids such as C20:2 n6 and C20:3 n3, and putatively, C18:2 ~5, 9 and C18:3 ~5, 9, 12 which correlated with the inserted genes.

While modernising influences affect many facets of the lives of millions of Indian families, there remain deep-rooted socio-cultural practices and traditions that survive and become engendered in new institutional mechanisms. Labour market policy is but one example where age-old ethnic affiliations distort governmental efforts and find new ways of expressing themselves. Efforts over the past decade to slow the rate of population growth, by encouraging adoption of modern family planning methods have failed to tackle son preference and have caused the sex ratios at birth to be worse than at any other time in the nation's history. This is particularly so in urban India, even among the more educated populace, and it is worsening. This thesis sets out to assess the way in which such gender considerations affect family formation decisions, primarily concerning the quantity and quality of children, with an appreciation of the dynamic nature of the problem. First we assess how fertility preferences and past child outcomes affect the demand for family planning and how behaviours associated with the greater autonomy of women impact upon this process. The empirical work makes use of data from the latest round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) for India, 1999, for the state of Uttar Pradesh, in a simultaneous equation framework, in an effort to take account of the joint determination of many of the variables inherent in modelling such dynamic processes with cross-sectional data. We find that although women's autonomy has been held up as a means of achieving lower fertility, the two do not necessarily go hand in hand, unless coupled with the wider participation of women. Unless the primary social and economic motivations for preferring sons are tackled and dismantled through legislation and through changes to social attitudes, superficial policies to promote the well-being of women will have little real impact and may lead to worsening female child outcomes. One of the policies heralded to achieve the deeper goal of gender equality has been the promotion of education of female children, who as a group lag well behind their male counterparts on both literacy and numeracy rates. We thus turn our attention to investigating the way in which household time allocation decisions are made, focusing on the parental choice of each child's main activity; to go to school, to work in the home, or in the formal labour market, in an effort to understand how the household's opportunities and resource constraints, along with social norms impact such decisions. While some state governments are offering cash incentives to families to keep their female children in school and unmarried, significant labour market discrimination against women continues and constrains the value of this government investment. Making use of the same NFHS data for Uttar Pradesh, we estimate each child's trinomial time allocation with competing speci cations and then compare the results. The standard multinomial logit model is estimated initially but imposes some fairly tight assumptions on behaviour and the resultant data, that are unlikely to hold in the present application. A Mixed Logit model is then estimated that is able to bring greater flexibility and descriptive richness than is possible with the standard Logit model. Estimation results are compared and con firm the ability of the Mixed Logit to capture more fully the unobserved heterogeneity inherent in the data and to allow for correlation in the errors across children of the same family that is not permitted within the standard logit setup.

In this thesis I present the first gravitational lensing results from the Southern Cosmology Survey (SCS). I provide a preliminary study of an automated pipeline analysis of a large survey, in preparation for larger surveys. Future large-area sky surveys, such as Pan-STARRS-1 (PS1), have similar characteristics to the SCS data and will require full automation of the processing. Therefore, this data set provides an ideal test case to highlight the problems which will be faced by such surveys. To analyse the large SCS dataset, I develop an automated weak lensing pipeline based on the KSB. This pipeline has been rigorously verified using simulations and data which I detail here. Results are shown from a weak lensing analysis of 152 optically-selected clusters in 56 square degrees. I fit universal Navarro, Frenk and White (NFW) profiles to measure cluster masses, and use the relatively large area of the survey to test the universal shape of cluster profiles using stacking of the tangential shears. I present the first lensing mass measurements of Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) selected clusters. It has been long thought that SZ surveys would be a powerful way to detect galaxy clusters for cosmological studies. Simulations show that the SZ detection is independent of redshift and that the threshold corresponds very closely to a threshold in mass. It was, however, not guaranteed that the first blind SZ experiments would detect mass. Using optical imaging from the SCS, I present lensing masses for three clusters selected by their SZ emission in the South Pole Telescope survey (SPT). I confirm that the SZ selection procedure is successful in detecting mass concentrations and find that the SZ clusters have amongst the largest masses, as high as 15x1014M . Consequently I can confirm that the first installment of SZ detections has detected large mass concentrations. Using the best fit masses for all the clusters, I analytically calculate the expected SZ integrated Y parameter. Finally, the scaling relation of Reyes et al. (2008) of lensing Mlens 200 against optical L200 is tested over the redshift range z = 0:1 - 0:3 and extended to z = 0:3 - 0:8. While there is some discrepancy in the lower redshift-range, we agree with Reyes et al (2008) in the higherredshift sample if we assume no evolution of the scaling relation. To test the tangential shear profile of these clusters, 98 clusters are stacked. We find that by allowing the model to vary from an NFW, a very good fit can be found with a higher normalisation of the shears and a lower concentration. This study supports that of Mandelbaum et al. (2008) who show that that massive halos have a lower concentration than expected. Like the SCS, new large area surveys such as PS1 are not very deep, and it is crucial to understand not only how to analyse this size of dataset, but also the sort of results one could expect to achieve. I show in this thesis that 2D mass reconstructions can be done on data of this quality, and large galaxy clusters successfully reconstructed. With a number density of n ~ 9 it is possible to detect the most massive clusters with lensing, but it is difficult. With the lower number density of n ~ 6 or lower expected from PS1 it will prove very difficult to detect individual clusters. However, PS1 will survey a massive area, and so the stacking analysis should work extremely well, and it should be possible to further test the shape of the cluster profiles with stacking as I demonstrated here with the smaller SCS dataset.

Der Marketing-Lehrstuhl der Universität Leipzig führte erstmals eine Online-Umfrage über Bedürfnisse von Internet-Nutzern durch.

A thorough biological survey and evaluation is a lengthy and expensive project. The number of technically trained persons required prevent its use by most public agencies. Since public health departments are the groups most frequently concerned with measuring the effects of pollution in streams, a need exists for a simplified method of sanitary survey. Recognizing this need, the Texas Health Department assigned the writer the problem of devising a method of survey which would require a field party of two and could be conducted entirely from a mobile field laboratory.

In this thesis, I present the results of a new search for, and study of, luminous galaxies in the first billion years of cosmic time. This work is primarily based on a new selection of bright (L≫L*) Lyman-break galaxies (LBGs) at z ≅6 and z≅7 in the UltraVISTA first and second data releases (DR1, DR2) and the UKIDSS (UKIRT Infrared Deep Survey) UDS DR10 (Ultra Deep Survey). The UltraVISTA survey provides deep Y, J,H andKs near-imaging over 1.5 deg² of the Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field and the UKIDSS UDS provides J,H and K band data overlapping with the Subaru XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS), with both fields also containing deep optical and mid-infrared imaging essential for the clean detection of z > 5 galaxies. The fields combined provide an unprecedented 1.65 deg² of deep multiwavelength data with which to securely select LBGs using a photometric redshift fitting technique, which can additionally remove probable low-redshift galaxy interlopers and galactic dwarf stars that can contaminate ground-based samples. At z ≅7, the DR1 of the UltraVISTA survey was used to select a sample of ten high-redshift galaxy candidates, which extended to a 5σ limiting magnitude of Y + J ~ 25 (AB magnitude, 2-arcsec diameter circular aperture) over 1 deg². A stack of the four most robust objects from the sample indicated that they were massive (M*≅5 × 109M ʘ), had blue rest-frame UV slopes (β ≅−2.0±0.2) and were highly star-forming (SFR ≅25–50Mʘ yr−1) when compared to previous, fainter, samples of galaxies at z = 7. The number counts of z≅7 galaxies selected within the UltraVISTA DR1 survey was higher than that expected from extrapolations of the rest-frame UltraViolet (UV) luminosity function (LF) from fainter data, a result that was strongly confirmed with an improved search for z ≅7 galaxies using the UltraVISTA DR2 imaging and the UDS field. A total of 34 galaxies at 6.5 < z < 7.5 were found in the combined fields, which included the previously identified robust galaxies from the DR1 imaging. This expanded sample allowed the first determination of the rest-frame UV LF in the range −23.0 < MUV < −21.5 at z ≅7, and the results reveal a power-law decline to bright magnitudes in contrast to the commonly assumed exponentially declining Schechter function extrapolated from fainter data. The excess of galaxies observed at bright magnitudes cannot be accounted for by gravitational lensing or by significant contamination of the sample by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) . The observed LF is well described by a double power law, which at the bright end follows the form of the underlying dark matter halo mass function, suggesting that the physical mechanism that inhibits star formation activity in massive galaxies (e.g. AGN feedback or some other form of ‘mass quenching’) has yet become efficient at z ≅7. The deeper imaging data confirm that the z ≅7 LBGs show blue rest-frame UV slopes (median β = −2.0) and are massive (up to M*≅1010M ʘ). Furthermore, an analysis of the ground-based imaging shows that the majority are resolved consistent with larger sizes (r1/2 ≅1–1.5 kpc) than displayed by less massive galaxies. Finally, a new search for z ≅6 galaxies within the UltraVISTA and UDS datasets was undertaken, resulting in a sample of 266 LBGs (−22.7 < MUV < −20.5) galaxies with which to investigate the rest-frame UV LF. The potential contamination by galactic brown dwarfs was investigated quantitatively using a simple model of the Galaxy, showing that the expected contamination rate of the sample was < 3 per cent, and that the stars can be effectively removed by fitting standard stellar spectra to the observed photometry. The galaxy surface density in the UltraVISTA/COSMOS field exceeds that in the UDS/SXDS by a factor of ≅1.4, indicating strong cosmic variance between the two fields. The number counts of galaxies we find are a factor of 2 lower than predicted by the recent LF determination by Bouwens et al., and the derived rest-frame UV LF at z ≅6 revealed that an under dense UDS field can account for some of the observed differences between previous analyses. An evolution in the characteristic magnitude between z ≅5 and z≅7 of ∆M*~ 0.5 was found in contrast to other smaller area surveys, and a double power law was shown to equally well describe the LF at z = 6 as compared to the commonly assumed Schechter function. The bright-end of the LF at z ≅6 tentatively shows a steeper decline than found at z ≅7, which could indicate the onset of mass quenching of the most massive galaxies or the rise of dust obscuration. Comparison with the predictions of the latest theoretical models and simulations of galaxies reveals that most models require substantial (A1500 ~ 1.5–2) average dust extinction at the bright end to reproduce the shape of the galaxy UV LF at z ≅7.

Abstract COGNITIVE ORIGINS OF THE “BIMBY” EFFECT: A MIXED METHODS EXPLORATION OF SURVEY RATINGS REGARDING THE QUALITY OF PUBLIC SCHOOLS By James M. Ellis, Jr., Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, School of Education at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2011. Director: James H. McMillan, Ph.D. Professor of Education, School of Education Public education and public opinion are pillars of democracy. In surveys about education, respondents in aggregate almost always rate schools attended by their children highest, schools in their communities moderately, and schools in the nation poorly. This phenomenon holds for many other survey topics. Some call it “BIMBY” for “better in my back yard.” This dissertation used mixed methods to investigate BIMBY. Eight qualitative interviews with nine participants used grounded theory to generate hypotheses about BIMBY’s causes. This research revealed a qualitative “insider” view of school quality used by participants for schools familiar to them, and a more quantitative “outsider” view used for unfamiliar schools. The qualitative research generated four main hypotheses tested in a quantitative survey: xviii 1. An empathy hypothesis, tested by framing “nurturant” and “strict” sets of propositions about public schools. 2. A hypothesis about lack of information, tested by sometimes offering explicit don’t know options for school ratings. 3. A community attachment hypothesis, tested by sometimes offering questions about community activities and the like. 4. A hypothesis about a sense of the “here and now,” tested by sometimes asking respondents the number of times they changed schools. This was a full factorial design using sixteen forms of a brief mail survey. A truncated Dillman protocol was used with a randomly selected sample of 960 residences in the Richmond and Charlottesville areas. There were 208 completed surveys. The empathy experiment increased ratings for schools at all levels. Additional analyses indicated that ratings for both local and national schools were influenced by the empathy experiment and the respondent’s world view (nurturant or strict). Ratings for local schools were also influenced by the type of area in which respondents lived (urban, suburban, etc.) and opinions about their communities. Ratings for schools nationally were also influenced by the experiments regarding explicit don’t know responses and community attachment. Thus, respondents draw on different domains of opinion when rating different schools. Ratings for local schools relate to opinions about the community. Ratings for schools nationally may relate to a general world view and the respondent’s identities within the community and the nation.

There is no universal protocol for diagnosing, treating and managing cracked teeth. The purpose of this survey was to investigate the use of traditional methods of crack detection and to explore how treatment decisions were made using an intrapulpal crack classification. The electronic survey was sent to 1115 active members of the American Association of Endodontists (AAE) and The Digital Office (TDO™) community. Comparisons were assessed using logistic or repeated-measures regression. The most often used diagnostic method was probing. When the crack involved one wall, 85% of respondents would complete root canal therapy > 50% of the time or always. For two or more walls, the percentage dropped to 44%. When the crack involved the floor or orifices, 60% would not complete treatment. For necrotic teeth, 36% of respondents preferred extraction as opposed to 3% if vital. This survey illustrated the anecdotal nature of detection, diagnosis and management of cracked teeth.