Problem: Recently, the demand for more sustainable farming and production has increased due to climate changes and the decreasing biodiversity. Furthermore, in Sweden, more and more milk producers are facing bankruptcy because of the present situation in the dairy industry which also demands social responsibility towards them. Therefore, dairy companies need to embed sustainability into their business model. Previous literatures indicate that sustainable business models which integrate sustainability into organization could maintain and increase profitability and at the same time ensure social and environmental capital in the future. However, there is still a lack of information and empirical data on the scope of how sustainability is embedded into a business. Purpose: to increase understanding of sustainability in dairy company and what sustainability aspect might be important to embed into their business model. Theoretical Framework: The theoretical framework is developed for the purpose of this research. It discusses the definition of Business model and Sustainable business model. Also, two sustainable business model canvases that could be used as analyzing tools to investigate an organization and its operational activities which are presented and compared. This part focuses on presenting framework and explanation of Flourishing business canvas which will be implemented in the analysis. Methodology: The study approaches on a qualitative study of an extreme case where parts of empirical data has been collected from interviews with the case company, the rest of empirical data has been gathered from the case company’s CSR reports and their annual reports. The case company is working with sustainability in their business. Conclusion: As findings of purpose and research question, Arla have embedded sustainability into their business model, however they still need to develop further in their work with sustainability to benefit more from their business model. The case company has embedded all three main contexts of sustainability: economic, social and environmental contexts. However, the focus is more on the financial context. Limitation: The findings need more investigation of other dairy companies to be generalized. Furthermore, this thesis only investigated the current business model.

Plowing by Moonlight is a creative nonfiction exploration of the relationship between the people of Bainbridge Island, Washington, and the food they grow, eat, and share.

This thesis explores Neighbourhood and Building Environmental Assessment Tools’ (NBEATs’) function as assessment tools and decision support, and their relation to environment, architecture and architects. This is done by analysing, testing, and discussing a number of NBEATs (LEED-NC, Code for Sustainable Homes, EcoEffect, LEED-ND, BREEAM-C, and ENSLIC-tool), their manuals and use. Moreover, professionals’ (architects’) self-rated opinions regarding use and knowledge of NBEATs and environmental aspects are surveyed. Similarities and differences in NBEATs are found regarding: content, structure, weighting and indicators used. Indicators distinguished as procedure, performance and feature are used to varying extents to assess social, environmental and technical aspects. NBEATs relation to environmental sustainability has limitations due to: non-transparency, tradable indicators, relative measures, low criteria levels, limited life cycle perspective, and exclusion of relevant environmental aspects, such as embedded toxic substances, nutrient cycles, land use change, and ecosystem services. Ratings and architecture are influenced by NBEATs in varying ways. Higher criteria levels would probably increase their impact on architecture. Thus more research regarding NBEATs and links to architectural design, theory and practice is welcomed. There is limited use of NBEATs as decision support in early design phases such as in architectural competitions. Architects rate the importance of environmental aspects high, but few rate their skill in handling environmental aspects high. This calls for increasing knowledge and know-how of environmental strategies and solutions among architects and adaptation of NBEATs to early design processes. The values NBEATs reflect and the values we want them to create is also important. To support ‘environmental’ architecture, an increased socio-eco-technological system perspective is put forward, and other measures besides NBEATs are needed. / <p>QC 20160926</p>

Det finns mycket och omfattande forskning kring företags engagemang i miljö- och socialrelaterade frågor, också benämnt CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility). Det råder dock ännu ingen konsensus om hur CSR påverkar marknadsvärdet av företag och huruvida hållbarhetsarbete är värdeskapande eller ej. Trots att Europa anses ligga i framkant inom hållbarhet är flertalet studier gjorda på den amerikanska marknaden. Därför syftar denna studie till att undersöka hur inkludering/exkludering ur ett hållbarhetsindex påverkar kortsiktigt aktiekurs för företag i Europa. Dessutom undersöks om det finns en skillnad i kortsiktig marknadsreaktion vid inkludering beroende på om ett företag antas ha små respektive stora agentproblem. För att undersöka detta genomförs en eventstudie, dels för annonseringsdagen av Dow Jones Sustainability Index World, dels för dagen då justeringen av indexet görs gällande. Studien påvisar ingen signifikant marknadsreaktion för varken inkludering/exkludering. Små och stora agentproblem kan heller inte fastslås orsaka en skillnad i marknadsreaktion vid inkludering. Detta utesluter dock inte att CSR kan ha en effekt på aktiekursen på längre sikt. Något som rekommenderas för framtida studier är därför att undersöka hur arbete med hållbarhet påverkar företags aktiekurs på längre sikt.

<p>This dissertation studies capacity investments in energy sources, with a focus on renewable technologies, such as solar and wind energy. We develop analytical models to provide insights for policymakers and use real data from the state of Texas to corroborate our findings. </p><p>We first take a strategic perspective and focus on electricity pricing policies. Specifically, we investigate the capacity investments of a utility firm in renewable and conventional energy sources under flat and peak pricing policies. We consider generation patterns and intermittency of solar and wind energy in relation to the electricity demand throughout a day. We find that flat pricing leads to a higher investment level for solar energy and it can still lead to more investments in wind energy if considerable amount of wind energy is generated throughout the day.</p><p>In the second essay, we complement the first one by focusing on the problem of matching supply with demand in every operating period (e.g., every five minutes) from the perspective of a utility firm. We study the interaction between renewable and conventional sources with different levels of operational flexibility, i.e., the possibility</p><p>of quickly ramping energy output up or down. We show that operational flexibility determines these interactions: renewable and inflexible sources (e.g., nuclear energy) are substitutes, whereas renewable and flexible sources (e.g., natural gas) are complements. </p><p>In the final essay, rather than the capacity investments of the utility firms, we focus on the capacity investments of households in rooftop solar panels. We investigate whether or not these investments may cause a utility death spiral effect, which is a vicious circle of increased solar adoption and higher electricity prices. We observe that the current rate-of-return regulation may lead to a death spiral for utility firms. We show that one way to reverse the spiral effect is to allow the utility firms to maximize their profits by determining electricity prices.</p> / Dissertation

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causal relationship between GDP and renewable energy. In order to find a significant relationship, a literature review is first analyzed in order to select the right methods for analysis. A simple model of GDP determination is chosen to inspect the relationship of society and sustainable energy production, as well as account for externalities on the environment by including emissions as an explanatory variable. The UN framework of sustainable development is used to highlight the need for action in the renewables energy sector. Concepts of emergy and transformity are employed to give a better understanding on the nature of energy and its crucial importance to economic development. The validity of these affirmations in terms of the nexus of causality will be done through economic methods: critical tests such as Pedroni cointegration, Granger causality and others will be used. These findings lead to useful policy implications for countries attempting to promote renewable energy and energy development. Unidirectional causality running from GDP growth to growth in the percentage of renewable energy consumption is found.

Children’s everyday travel and parents’ choices of mode of travel.   Karola Fors, Department of Geography, Umeå University, Sweden     Abstract The purpose of this interview study was to investigate parents’ choice of travel mode for their child and behavioral change towards sustainable travel. The study was conducted in Umeå, a city in northern Sweden, in March and April 2019. The interview focused on parents describing from travel journals one week of their child’s travel arrangements. The analysis of the interviews was based on The Theory of Planned Behavior (Azjen 1991). Attitude, perceived Control and Norms, lead to the Intentions to change behavior and this is described by Azjen (1991) and is also noticeable in the study conducted. Mobility Management projects in the municipalities aim to increase the use of sustainable travel modes. The parents described that the reasons for choosing their child’s mode of travel was time, distance, safety and weather conditions as determined by seasons. Some described practical reasons, age and maturity. None of the parents described health and environmental concerns when describing the choice of travel mode. The travel journals showed that most commutes were made by car, especially concerning trips to leisure activities. The intention to make changes towards sustainable travel modes varied in accordance to attitude, perceived control and norms described. Some described the child biking or taking the bus more often, others described future trips mainly by car. The norms in society is a challenge for Mobility Management projects in establishing habits towards sustainable travel modes.

Current food production methods in the United States contribute to environmental degradation as well as food insecurity. Food production by means of community gardens has the potential to reduce the deleterious effects of current production methods. However, many community gardens face challenges that hinder their longevity, thereby reducing the likelihood of the support they might provide for environmentally sustainable food production and decreased food insecurity for community members. A behavioral systems science approach was combined with ethnographic research methods, matrix analysis, and a literature review regarding best practices for community gardens to study the cultural practices of three established community gardens in the southwest region of the US. The results of the analyses conducted are presented in terms of recommendations to support each target community garden's sustainability. Recommendations regarding future research include environmental manipulations to identify functional relations and potential outcome measures for improving the longevity of community gardens are provided.

Phosphorus is a vital element that is currently being consumed in an unsustainable manner. The element is crucial to humanity's food supply systems. In this study, the amount of phosphorus required to meet an average Swedish household's annual consumption was calculated. The method for the report was based on a literature study along with calculations. The data collection was structured into five categories and 15 subcategories, each representing an influx of phosphorus to Swedish households. The study found that, based on these subcategories, the total phosphorus footprint for Swedish households' annual consumption is 16.36 kg. Food consumption accounts for the largest proportion of this footprint and amounts to 14.23 kg. Wool is the subcategory for which the highest concentration of phosphorus is consumed for each weight unit. Wool consumes about 0.43 kg of phosphorus for every kg of product. The report also examines and discusses various scenarios for how much phosphorus that could be saved if Swedish households were to follow a certain type of diet. Furthermore, a comparison was made between the phosphorus footprint of this report and other studies. The Swedish household's phosphorus footprint in this report is considerably higher than the corresponding phosphorus footprint in other studies. It is therefore important to consider the different definitions that the different studies use for their respective phosphorus footprint.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / The main aim of this study was to make contributions to the body of literature on social enterprises, and more specifically in an African context. The nascent nature of social enterprises as an organisational structure is one of the reasons that the body of research and literature is not as expansive as other more established research fields. Social enterprises differ from traditional commercial enterprises in that they bridge the gap between commercial growth, and social and economic development goals. For the purpose of this study, social enterprises refer to any business that pursues commercial activity to address a social problem. They are becoming more noticeable as a driver of sustainable job creation, service delivery, social development and economic growth. Ensuring their sustainability is expected to have positive economic consequences, which is why studying social enterprise sustainability is important and even more so for developing countries. Qualitative methodology was used to collect data. Purposive sampling was employed to select the sample that was included in the case study in Cape Town. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted to gather information. The data was analysed using content thematic analysis to explore and interpret the meaning of the participants’ views and experiences. A networking approach of the social capital theory was used as the theoretical framework that provided a guide on the discussion of the findings. For the purpose of this study, social capital was defined as the resources embedded in networks. The findings indicated that the social entrepreneurs’ did not consider networking as the sole contributing factor to social enterprise sustainability, but rather the contribution of multidimensional factors. The resources embedded in networks that were considered valuable were: 1. Information and innovation, 2. Credibility, 3. Mentorship and advice, and 4. Support. The participants also gave their opinions on policies that would create favourable conditions for sustainable social enterprises i.e. information accessibility, public-private partnerships, and education and training. This study makes contributions to literature in an African context and to social enterprise practice.