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State-private sector-civil-society partnerships and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) : a South African responseNgwenya, Nomfundo Xenia 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the regional arm of the United Nations in Africa, the United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa (ECA) is faced with the challenge of conforming to the broader
agenda of its mother body while it simultaneously strives to be seen to devise solutions
that are unique to Africa's development needs. This means that the ECA needs to find a
way of striking a balance between the demands of international development trends and
the viability of such trends for Africa.
The United Nations, similarly to other influential multilateral institutions like the World
Bank, has moved into the 21st century with the 'partnerships approach' to development.
The central idea behind these partnerships is that of promoting active participation
between the state, the private sector and civil society in contributing towards
development. What this means, therefore, is that development is no longer viewed as the
sole responsibility of the state, but rather calls for a closer working relationship between
these three sectors. Given the fact that these sectors are at different levels of
development in many African countries, with some countries not even having an active
civil society, private sector or even a strong state, the ECA has to make sense of what
exactly partnerships mean for Africa.
This study is based on an understanding that if the ECA wishes to have an impact on the
African continent, it will have to engage its Member States in order to develop a common
idea and approach to the conceptualisation and implementation of partnerships in Africa.
In light of this background, this study focuses on South Africa as a Member State of the
ECA and one of a few countries that have a strong civil society and developed private
sector. What is also significant about South Africa is the fact that a number of significant
initiatives that involve both state and non-state actors have been evident in the period
since the first democratic elections of 1994, thus allowing for an informed response from
representatives of the different sectors. A South African response has thus been compiled from the six interviews that were conducted, two with representatives from each of the
three sectors.
Following from the responses, the study makes recommendations as to how the ECA can
playa leading role in promoting partnerships in Africa. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Verenigde Nasies se Ekonomiese Kommissie vir Afrika (EKA), 'n
streeksvertakking van die Verenigde Nasies in Afrika, staan gedurig voor die
uitdaging om te konformeer met die breër agenda van die moederorganisasie, maar
streef terselfdertyd daarna om spesifieke antwoorde te vind vir Afrika se unieke
ontwikkelingsbehoeftes. Dit beteken dat die EKA 'n middeweg tussen die eise van
internasionale ontwikkelingstendense en die toepaslikheid daarvan in Afrika moet
vind.
Net soos die Wêreldbank en ander invloedryke internasionale instansies, is die
Verenigde Nasies se benadering tot ontwikkeling in die een en twintigste eeu geskoei
op 'n vennootskapsbasis. Die onderliggende oogmerk van dié benadering is die
aanmoediging van aktiewe bydraes tot ontwikkeling deur die staat, privaatsektor en
burgerlike samelewing. Derhalwe beteken dit dat ontwikkeling nie meer gesien word
as die uitsluitlike verantwoordelikheid van die staat nie, maar eerder as 'n funksie van
samewerking tussen die drie bogenoemde sektore. Aangesien baie Afrika state hulself
op verskillende vlakke van ontwikkeling bevind, tesame met die feit dat sommige nie
oor 'n aktiewe burgerlike samelewing, private sektor, of selfs 'n sterk staat beskik nie,
is dit die taak van die EKA om gestalte te gee aan die konsep van 'vennootskappe'
binne 'n Afrika konteks.
Hierdie studie gaan uit vanaf die standpunt dat die EKA alleenlik 'n impak sal hê as
lidstate betrek word om 'n gemeenskaplike verstandhouding en benadering tot die
konsepsualisering en implimentering van vennootskappe in Afrika te ontwikkel. In
die lig van bogenoemde, fokus die studie op Suid-Afrika, as EKA lidstaat en een van
'n paar Afrika state met 'n sterk burgerlike samelewing en goed ontwikkelde
privaatsektor. 'n Verdere belangrike dimensie in die geval van Suid-Afrika, is die
aantal belangrike inisiatiewe wat gesamentlik tussen staats- en nie-staatsinstansies
sedert 1994 aangepak is. Hierdie inisiatiewe het verseker dat verteenwoordigers van
alle sektore 'n ingeligte benadering tot besluite rakende die ontwikkeling van die
streek kon volg. Vir die doeleindes van hierdie projek is ses onderhoude gevoer -
twee per sektor - ten einde 'n beter begrip te kry van die land se benadering tot
vennootskappe in diens van ontwikkeling. As 'n uitvloeisel van hierdie studie, word 'n aantal aanbevelings gemaak oor hoe die
EKA 'n leidende rol kan speel in die aanmoediging van vennootskappe in Afrika.
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From cash flows to water flows : an assessment of financial risks to rural water supply sustainability in sub-Saharan AfricaFoster, Timothy January 2016 (has links)
This research examines the collective action and financial dimensions of rural waterpoint sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa. Four interlinking papers empirically evaluate the nature and drivers of financial risks, and how they in turn impact the operational performance of community water supplies. The research is grounded in conceptual and theoretical frameworks pertaining to collective action and common-pool resource management, in particular Ostrom's social-ecological systems framework (Ostrom, 2007), Musgrave & Musgrave's economic good framework (Musgrave & Musgrave, 1973), and Marwell & Oliver's critical mass theory (Marwell & Oliver, 1993). The first paper analyses data extracted from national waterpoint inventories in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Uganda. The remaining three papers draw on primary data from rural Kenya comprising 229 years' worth of water committee financial records, a census of 571 waterpoints, and a survey of 3,361 households. These data were collected during extensive field work campaigns in Kwale, Kenya. Quantitative analyses were carried out by way of advanced statistical techniques, including logistic regression, linear mixed (repeated measure) models, and generalised estimating equations. Results suggest collection of user fees is a significant determinant of waterpoint sustainability, alongside other institutional, technical, geographical and environmental variables. However, monthly payment arrangements are beset by non-payment and late payment, particularly if rainfall levels are high, group size is large, households are far away, and water is aggressive and unpalatable. Although monthly contribution levels remain relatively stable above a collective payment rate of 60%, there is little evidence of self-sustaining growth beyond this point, and revenue collection is prone to collapse below this collective payment threshold. In comparison, pay-as-you-fetch fees are associated with increased revenue and improved operational performance, but result in a higher proportion of households opting for an unimproved water source. If the Sustainable Development Goal of universal access to safe water supplies is to be achieved in rural sub-Saharan Africa, strategies are needed to strengthen revenue collection systems and bolster payment incentives. External support and professionalised service delivery models present potential pathways to advance these goals. Policymakers may also need to introduce carefully designed subsidies, or promote self-supply approaches that realign lifecycle costs with users' willingness-to-pay.
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An investigation into the problems encountered by South Africa in the promotion of the New Partnership for African Development / Dankiso Ignatius Chungi MabulaMabula, Dankiso Ignatius Chungi January 2004 (has links)
The New Partnership for Africa's Development- NEPAD is the continued search
by African people and its leaders to develop Pan African structures that will
initiate social and economic transformation in a rapidly globalizing world which
continues to marginalize Africa. According to the human indicators of the United
Nations Development Programme, Africa remains the poorest continent under
the sun. Half of Africa's 875 million people survive on US $ 1 daily and they
have little access to socio - economic infrastructure.
South Africa, guided by her foreign policy, which advocates respect for human
rights, democracy and economic development, is at the forefront in efforts to
promote NEPAD. South Africa's promotion of NEPAD is encouraged by her will
to promote the philosophy of African Renaissance, to maintain her prestige in
Africa and to assert South Africa's leadership in Africa.
Many internal and external problems have been encountered by South Africa
whilst promoting NEPAD. Internal problems have been; unemployment, poverty,
tuberculosis, HIV I AIDS, corruption and an excruciating debt. The forces of
globalization such as economic marginalisation and the non-representation of
South Africa within the multilateral institutions such as the World Trade
Organization have presented external problems.
NEPAD should develop social policies that complement liberal policies in order
to address internal problems such as unemployment and poverty. African
.governments should not withdraw from being involved in their nation's
economies and solely rely on liberal policies for economic capital flows. Lastly, NEPAD should fight for the restructuring of the multilateral institutions such as
the World Trade Organization. / M.Admin. (PSIS) North-West University, Mafikeng Campus, 2004
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Investigating learning interactions influencing farmers' choices of cultivated food plantsPesanayi, Tichaona Victor January 2008 (has links)
The most critical hurdle on the path to sustainable development in Africa and the rest of the so-called Third World is poverty, commonly manifested as food security. A number of factors threaten food security in Zimbabwe, and these include climate change, an unstable socio-political environment and economic depression. The major debates and initiatives on sustainable development often fail to focus on the eradication of poverty in southern Africa. As a result, the trade liberalisation programmes signed by African countries in economic partnership agreements leave smallholder farmers vulnerable to the influx of hybrid seed and genetically modified organisms (GMOs), which threaten local agro-biodiversity. This case study has shown that farmers select seed to plant for food as a result of various learning interactions they engage in, which include inter-generational knowledge transfer, farmer to farmer extension and external training by extension organisations and NGOs. A communities of practice (COPs) (Wenger, 2007) framework was used to gain an understanding of the learning interactions among farmers and their stakeholders in Nyanga and Marange COPs of small grain farmers in Manicaland Province, Zimbabwe, who have been working with Environment Africa (A regional NGO). A critical realist causal analysis was conducted to unravel the various causal factors influencing choice. A number of underlying structures and causal mechanisms were found to influence learning interactions and choices in these communities of practice, and they include ambivalence, which influences the changing domain and practice. Climate change, drought and risk were found to affect farmer practice, while power relations affect the community, its practice, domain, sponsorship and the learning interactions in the COPs. The political economy was also found to have a profound effect on the domain and practice. A space was found for the influence of capacity and knowledge sharing in participatory frameworks of the communities, implying that extension quality can be enhanced to promote locally adapted and diverse seed varieties for food security improvement. The study shows that a deeper understanding of the mechanisms influencing the context of teaching and learning provides a more refined insight into the learning interactions and choices of farmers. This, coupled with the social processes descriptors provided by Wildemeersch (2007) has given me a more detailed understanding of the nature of learning interactions influencing farmer choices.
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The politics in and around governance in the New Partnership for Africa's DevelopmentRoussel, Jean Thierry Kevin January 2006 (has links)
This study examines the prominence of the term governance and its use in multilateral organisations, in particular the New Partnership for African Development. It argues that the term governance is contentious and needs to be reviewed. This is in light of the elevation of governance as a requisite for development, which has come about through the development of NEPAD. This is primarily a study on the position of the state in multilateral regimes and how governance will affect the state and non-state actors. The politics in and around governance are therefore important in any assessment of African development as governance becomes a developmental necessity. The African Rennaisance and African Union have become ‘beacons of hope’ for Africa and these have been discussed here. We can see NEPAD as a historical development that fits into the African Renaissance. This has been a mechanism to ensure state survival and the states that drive NEPAD have played a significant role in providing legitimacy to Africa’s calls for development. This thesis attempts to explain the shift in developmental policy in that NEPAD has seemingly become the first African development strategy that has the support of the West. Through this thesis, we will examine the role that the Post Washington consensus has played in getting this phase of African development started. What becomes significant here is the way in which governance has been accepted as the gauge for support in development. This study therefore aims to offer a means by which to analyse governance in multilateral organisations. As the term is contentious, three paradigms on governance will be provided in order to refine governance in such a way that it can be applied in analysis. This thesis shows that governance can be refined into corporatist, prebendal and conciliar forms. The form of governance that NEPAD will take has implications for the type of reconfiguration of the state brought about by governance.
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Gender issues in development : an African rural perspectiveFetsha, Angela Joy Nosipho 11 1900 (has links)
The need to carry out an analysis of gender issues in development stems from a concern about the persistent inequalities surrounding African rural women. Women assume social and economic roles inside and outside the household but their contribution does not receive due recognition. Having being excluded from crucial
decision making processes, their productive roles have been secondary to their reproductive responsibilities.
The purpose of this study was to highlight the negative impact imposed by gender oppression on women's economic and social progress. This necessitated an in-depth review of literature that included journals, books,
newspaper articles and general publications. The review reflected that women have undisputedly faced social, cultural, economic, political and educational barriers and that simple rhetoric has not done much to
alleviate women's subordinate position and dependency on men. Finally a suggested plan- of action followed to provide an axis around which gender issues in development should revolve. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Administration)
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Extractivism and transition in Africa : opportunities and challengesHuber, Maria 04 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MPhil) Stellenbosch University, 2014 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Existence of natural resources in majority of African countries has been identified to support further
development due to continuously increase in commodity revenues. However, the resource curse
presents critical aspects of resource intensive economies such as short-term benefits of
commodity revenues, limited economic diversification and unstable government. Due to natural
resource abundance in Africa, extractive industries are essential in the domestic economic system,
although, the disadvantages based on the resource curse theory, question the support of
commodity revenues in Africa’s development.
South America views the issues of extractive industries from a different perspective by analysing
the related developmental approaches namely conventional extractivism, neo-extractivism and
post-extractivism. While South American countries are in different transition phases of extractivism,
Africa is dominated solely by conventional extractivism. This results in varying degrees of social
and environmental impacts on the African continent. However, Africa’s transition towards neo- or
post-extractivism will limit the problems of the resource curse and offers a more sustainable
resource management of the extractive industries.
The Environmental Kuznets’ Curve (EKC) supports the principle of developed and recently
industrialised countries by relying on the economic development, which will reduce environmental
degradation automatically by achieving a specific turning point. The three phases of EKC can be
related to different stages of economic development, as well as to the three extractivism
approaches. Therefore, transitions from conventional extractivism to neo-extractivism and finally to
post-extractivism have to occur to stabilise economic development and reduce environmental
degradation.
Within this process of transition towards more sustainable extractivism approaches, the principle of
“Sustainable Structural Transformation” (SST) is applicable. SST was described in the UNCTAD
report (2012) as a tool to reduce environmental impacts while continuing to provide for the demand
of an increasing global population. Neo- and post-extractivism approach supports the concept of
SST, which primarily emphasises more efficient technologies, new economic activities, labour
productivity and regulations. The foundation of SST is based on resource decoupling in order to
separate economic developmental process from natural resource extraction while minimizing
environmental impacts. For the application of SST and thus for the transition of extractivism,
reinvestment is essential to create a diversified economy. While reinvestment can take place in
various forms, the World Bank (2011) identified three types of wealth namely natural, produced
and intangible capital contributing to the total wealth of a country. However, developing countries
prioritise natural wealth in comparison to other forms of wealth; therefore, reinvestment has to take place in other types of wealth namely intangible and produced wealth in order to achieve
sustainable development in Africa.
UNCTAD (2012) considers SST as a framework without an attempt of creating a “one-size-fits-all”
solution. This understanding is crucial for the transition from one phase of extractivism to another.
Depending on the context of a country, tools have to be adapted to support the needed transition.
These existing differences are presented in the case studies of Nigeria and Botswana, which are
two developing countries in Africa but they present different stages of extractivism and resource
management. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is vasgestel dat die beskikbaarheid van natuurlike hulpbronne in ’n meerderheid van Afrikalande
verdere ontwikkeling ondersteun deur ’n ononderbroke toename in grondstofinkomstes. Die
hulpbronvloek wys egter kritisie aspekte van hulpbron-intensiewe ekonomieë uit. Van hierdie
aspekte sluit in korttermynvoordele van grondstofinkomstes, beperkte ekonomiese diversifisering
en onstabiele regerings. Weens die oorvloed van natuurlike hulpbronne in Afrika is
ontginningsnywerhede onontbeerlik in die binnelandse ekonomiese stelsel, alhoewel die nadele
wat deur die hulpbronvloekteorie uitgewys word die ondersteuning van grondstofinkomstes in
Afrika se ontwikkeling bevraagteken.
Suid-Amerika beskou die kwessie van ontginningsnywerhede vanuit ’n ander perspektief deur die
verwante ontwikkelingsbenaderings, naamlik konvensionele ontginning, neo-ontginning en
postontginning, te ontleed. Alhoewel Suid-Amerikaanse lande in ander oorgangsperiodes van
ontginning verkeer, word Afrika slegs deur konvensionele ontginning oorheers. Dit lei tot
wisselende grade van sosiale en omgewingsimpakte op die Afrika-kontinent. Afrika se oorgang na
neo- en postontginning sal egter die uitdagings van hulpbronvloek beperk en bied ’n meer
onderhoubare hulpbronbestuur van die ontginningsnywerhede.
Die Omgewing-Kuznetskurwe (OKK) ondersteun die beginsel van ontwikkelde en onlangs
geïndustrialiseerde lande. Hierdie ondersteuning geskied deur staat te maak op die ekonomiese
ontwikkeling wat outomaties omgewingsagteruitgang sal verminder deur ’n spesifieke keerpunt te
bereik. Die drie fases van die OKK kan met verskillende fases van ekonomiese ontwikkeling asook
die drie ontginningsbenaderings verbind word. Om hierdie rede moet oorgange van konvensionele
ontginning na neo-ontginning en uiteindelik postonginning plaasvind om die ekonomiese
ontwikkeling te stabiliseer en die omgewingsagteruitgang te beperk.
Die beginsel van “Onderhoubare Strukturele Transformasie” (OST) is veral toepaslik in die
oorgangsproses na meer onderhoubare ontginningsbenaderings. Die OST is in die verslag van die
Verenigde Nasies se Kongres van Handel en Ontwikkeling (VNKHEO) (2012) beskryf as ’n middel
om omgewingsimpakte te beperk terwyl dit in die behoefte van ’n toenemend groeiende
wêreldbevolking voorsien. Neo- en postontginningsbenaderings ondersteun die OST-konsep wat
veral meer doeltreffende tegnologieë, nuwe ekonomiese aktiwiteite, arbeidsproduktiwiteit en
regulasies benadruk. Vir die toepassing van OST en dus die verandering in ontginning is
herbelegging noodsaaklik om ’n gediversifiseerde ekonomie te bewerkstellig. Alhoewel
herbelegging op verskillende maniere kan plaasvind, het die Wêreldbank (2011) drie tipes rykdom
geïdentifiseer, naamlik natuurlike, vervaardigde en ontasbare kapitaal wat tot die algehele rykdom
van ’n land bydra. Ontwikkelende lande gee voorkeur aan natuurlike rykdom teenoor ander vorme
van rykdom. Om hierdie rede moet herbelegging binne die ander vorme van rykdom plaasvind om onderhoubare ontwikkeling in Afrika teweeg te bring. Hierdie ander vorme van rykdom sluit
ontasbare en vervaardigde rykdom in.
VNKHEO (2012) beskou OST as ’n raamwerk wat nie poog om ’n “one-size-fits-all”-oplossing voort
te bring nie. ’n Oorkoepelende benadering is kardinaal om die verandering in ontginning teweeg te
bring. Afhangende van die konteks van ’n land moet middels aangepas word vir die nodige
ondersteuning van die verandering. Hierdie bestaande verskille word in die gevallestudies van
Nigerië en Botswana uitgewys. Dié twee lande dui op twee verskillende ontginningstadia en
hulpbronbestuur.
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Gender issues in development : an African rural perspectiveFetsha, Angela Joy Nosipho 11 1900 (has links)
The need to carry out an analysis of gender issues in development stems from a concern about the persistent inequalities surrounding African rural women. Women assume social and economic roles inside and outside the household but their contribution does not receive due recognition. Having being excluded from crucial
decision making processes, their productive roles have been secondary to their reproductive responsibilities.
The purpose of this study was to highlight the negative impact imposed by gender oppression on women's economic and social progress. This necessitated an in-depth review of literature that included journals, books,
newspaper articles and general publications. The review reflected that women have undisputedly faced social, cultural, economic, political and educational barriers and that simple rhetoric has not done much to
alleviate women's subordinate position and dependency on men. Finally a suggested plan- of action followed to provide an axis around which gender issues in development should revolve. / Development Studies / M. Admin. (Development Administration)
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Is economic growth without human development sustainable? : Sub-Saharan Africa’s recent growth acceleration in contextHadisi Basingene, Serge January 2014 (has links)
The purpose of the study has been to assess the question of sustainability of economic growth and human development, particularly using sub-Saharan Africa in context. Sub-Saharan Africa is an interesting case study because, on the one hand, it has been mired in poverty and remains the least developed region in the world, and on the other, it has experienced a revival in economic growth since the mid-1990s. Economists tend to use the term economic development and economic growth interchangeably. However, questions have been raised about whether Africa’s latest growth episode is indeed ‘development’. Although there are many issues at stake, the key question, and the focus of this thesis, is whether sub-Saharan Africa’s revival is sustainable. The paper sets out the debate between the ‘World Bank view’ and the ‘alternative view’. The main debate lies around how genuine development should be achieved. Firstly, the ‘World Bank view’ claims that economic growth is necessary and sufficient condition to achieve development. Economic growth will be generated by ‘orthodox’ policies and this growth will automatically trickle-down and stimulate development. Secondly, the ‘alternative view’ argues that economic growth is necessary but it is not sufficient to stimulate sustainable development. Economic growth without ‘qualitative’ change is not ‘sustainable’. Indeed, human development shortfalls (as well as other, social, political and structural problems), if not addressed through appropriate policy interventions, can undermine economic growth. The ‘alternative view’ appears to be strongly supported by evidence from other developing regions such as Latin America and East Asia. The empirical study conducted in this thesis reinforces doubts about ‘sustainability’. Even though there are signs of convergence in some indicators; this is not the case for all indicators. More importantly the gap between sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions remains very wide. Sub-Saharan Africa’s development path remains uncertain. The intention in this study is not to be conclusive that sub-Saharan Africa cannot achieve sustainable development. Rather the study attempts to identify potential hindrances to sub-Saharan Africa’s development and to provide a solid foundation for further research in the same direction.
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Achieving sustainable development and indigenous rights in Africa : tensions and prospectsKamau, Virginia Njeri January 2007 (has links)
The key research question explored in this study is: can a state attain its national
economic development objectives and at the same time advance the rights of indigenous groups? Examines the tensions and prospects of the coexistence of both the rights of indigenous peoples in Africa and sustainable development with reference
to selected case studies and approaches adopted by World Bank (WB) and United
Nations Development Programme (UNDP).The broad objectives of the study are:
(a) To examine the link between indigenous peoples’ rights and sustainable
development, (b) To explore the manner in which the international legal framework and African human rights system responds to the problem of indigenous in development, (c) To analyse key case studies of indigenous rights and development in Kenya,
Botswana, and South Africa and explore emerging approaches by the WB and
UNDP, (d) To make proposals on mechanisms for mediating indigenous peoples’ rights
and national development aspirations. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2007. / A Dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Angelo Matusse of the Faculty of Law, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Mozambique. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / Centre for Human Rights / LLM
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