Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2006.

Thesis--Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, 1904. / Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 143 p.; also includes graphics. Includes bibliographical references (p. 106-111). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center

No description available.

Dans une première partie, nous étudions l’opérade SC2 "Swiss-Cheese" de Voronov, qui gouverne l’action d’une algèbre D2 sur une algèbre D1. Nous construisons un modèle en groupoïdes de cette opérade et nous décrivons les algèbres sur ce modèle de manière similaire à la description classique des algèbres sur H*(SC). Nous étendons notre modèle en un modèle rationnel dépendant d’un associateur de Drinfeld, et nous le comparons au modèle qui existerait si l’opérade SC était formelle. Dans une seconde partie, nous étudions les espaces de configurations des variétés compactes, lisses, sans bord et simplement connexes. Nous démontrons sur R une conjecture de Lambrechts–Stanley qui décrit un modèle de tels espaces de configurations, avec comme corollaire leur invariance homotopique réelle. En nous fondant sur la preuve par Kontsevich de la formalité des opérades Dn, nous obtenons en outre que ce modèle est compatible avec l’action de l’opérade de Fulton–MacPherson quand la variété est parallélisée. Cela nous permet de calculer explicitement l’homologie de factorisation d’une telle variété. Enfin, dans une troisième partie, nous élargissons ce résultat à une large classe de variétés à bord. Nous utilisons d’abord une dualité de Poincaré–Lefschetz au niveau des chaînes pour calculer l’homologie des espaces de configurations de ces variétés, puis nous reprenons les méthodes du second chapitre pour obtenir le modèle, qui est compatible avec l’action de l’opérade Swiss-Cheese SCn. / In a first part, we study Voronov’s "Swiss-Cheese" operad SC2, which governs the action of a D2-algebra on a D1-algebra. We build a model in groupoids of this operad and we describe algebras over this model in a manner similar to the classical description of algebras over H*(SC). We extend our model into a rational model which depends on a Drinfeld associator, and we compare this new model to the one that we would get if the operad SC were formal. In a second part, we study configuration spaces of closed smooth simply connected manifolds. We prove over R a conjecture of Lambrechts–Stanley which describes a mode of such configuration spaces, and we obtain as corollary their real homotopy invariance. Moreover, using Kontsevich’s proof of the formality of the operads Dn, we obtain that this model is compatible with the action of the Fulton–MacPherson operad when the manifold is framed. This allows us to explicitly compute the factorization homology of such a manifold. Finally, in a third part, we expand this result to a large class of manifolds with boundary. We first use a chain-level Poincaré–Lefschetz duality result to compute the homology of the configuration spaces of these manifolds, then we reuse the methods of the second chapter to obtain our model, which is compatible with the action of the Swiss-Cheese operad SCn.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Os isolados de Toxoplasma gondii encontrados no Brasil apresentam grande variedade genética. No país, foram verificadas quatro linhagens clonais, denominadas tipo BrI, BrII, BrIII e BrIV. Dentre elas, a virulência para camundongos varia, sendo BrI virulenta, BrIII não virulenta e, as linhagens BrII e BrIV são consideradas de virulência intermediária. A definição da virulência desses isolados é feita, na maioria dos estudos, a partir do isolamento por bioensaio, com a determinação da mortalidade de camundongos infectados. No entanto, a dose de T. gondii inoculada nesses animais é desconhecida e, assim, trata-se de um método impreciso para caracterização da virulência. Dessa maneira, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a virulência, em camundongos, de 22 isolados brasileiros de T.gondii, utilizando inóculos padronizados. Para o teste de virulência, utilizou-se taquizoítas de cada um dos isolados, em três concentrações (10¹, 10² e 10³). Cada dose foi inoculada via intraperitoneal em grupos formados por quatro camundongos heterogênicos fêmeas, de oito semanas de idade, da linhagem Swiss Webster. A mortalidade dos animais foi observada por 30 dias e, baseando-se nesses dados, além do tempo decorrido pós-inoculação até a morte dos animais, determinou-se a virulência dos isolados. Dos 22 isolados brasileiros incluídos nesse estudo, sete (32%) foram definidos como de virulência intermediária, pois houve sobrevivência de animais infectados e a mortalidade foi dose-dependente. Além disso, 15 (68%) foram considerados virulentos, uma vez que causaram a morte de todos os camundongos independente da dose analisada. Comparando as classificações definidas pelo bioensaio e pelo teste de virulência, 83% dos isolados virulentos analisados se mantiveram como virulentos, em contrapartida os isolados não virulentos e de virulência intermediária pelo bioensaio mostraram um fenótipo de maior virulência no teste. Devido à predominância de isolados virulentos no Brasil, o uso de uma metodologia padronizada para determinação da virulência em camundongos é de pouca utilidade epidemiológica. / The isolates of Toxoplasma gondii found in Brazil present a great genetic variety. In the country, four clonal lineages, denominated type BrI, BrII, BrIII and BrIV were verified. Among them, virulence for mice varies, with virulent BrI and non-virulent BrIII, and the BrII and BrIV strains are considered as intermediate virulence. The determination of the virulence of these isolates is made, in the majority of the studies, from the isolation by bioassay, with the determination of the mortality of infected mice. However, the dose of T. gondii inoculated in these animals is unknown and thus is an imprecise method for characterization of virulence. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the virulence of 22 Brazilian isolates of T. gondii in mice using standardized inocula. For the virulence test, tachyzoites from each of the isolates were used in three concentrations (10¹, 10² and 10³). Each dose was inoculated intraperitoneally into groups consisting of four 8-week-old female heterogenic mice of the Swiss Webster strain. The mortality of the animals was observed for 30 days and, based on these data, in addition to the time elapsed post-inoculation until the death of the animals, the virulence of the isolates was determined. Of the 22 Brazilian isolates included in this study, seven (32%) were defined as intermediate virulence, since there was survival of infected animals and mortality was dose-dependent. In addition, 15 (68%) were considered virulent, since they caused the death of all mice regardless of the dose analyzed. Comparing the classifications defined by the bioassay and the virulence test, 83% of the virulent isolates analyzed remained virulent. In contrast, the non virulent isolates and intermediate virulence by the bioassay showed a phenotype of greater virulence in the test. Due to the predominance of virulent isolates in Brazil, the use of a standardized methodology for the determination of virulence in mice is of little epidemiological utility.

Switzerland and the European Union share common values and have peaceful and well functioning economic and political agreements. Nevertheless, the Swiss banking secrecy is definitely a thorn in the EU's flesh, especially because of tax fraud or money laundering. Since the existence of the Swiss banking secrecy it has been associated with holocaust money, tax evasion, potentates' money etc. and also has been confronted with espionage attacks by foreign authorities and various other disputes. Recent global events have shed light on the Swiss banking secrecy's wider international agenda. A newly debate about the Swiss banking secrecy started with the global economic crisis and the Euro crisis. Finally, not a day goes by where there is no report or article in the media regarding the banking secrecy, the Swiss banks and its issues concerning the European Union or the United States. This writing focuses on the relationship between Switzerland and the European Union which is affected by Swiss banking secrecy: By explaining the history and importance of the Switzerland as a financial centre, its banking secrecy and the differences to other systems, possible issues and conflicts can be outlined. This thesis covers existing issues with EU member states. What regulations and restrictions were enforced by the...