Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2002. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the World Wide Web.

Sankt Gallen, Univ., Diss., 2003.

Zugl.: Fribourg, Univ., Diss., 2007

Os isolados de Toxoplasma gondii encontrados no Brasil apresentam grande variedade genética. No país, foram verificadas quatro linhagens clonais, denominadas tipo BrI, BrII, BrIII e BrIV. Dentre elas, a virulência para camundongos varia, sendo BrI virulenta, BrIII não virulenta e, as linhagens BrII e BrIV são consideradas de virulência intermediária. A definição da virulência desses isolados é feita, na maioria dos estudos, a partir do isolamento por bioensaio, com a determinação da mortalidade de camundongos infectados. No entanto, a dose de T. gondii inoculada nesses animais é desconhecida e, assim, trata-se de um método impreciso para caracterização da virulência. Dessa maneira, este estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a virulência, em camundongos, de 22 isolados brasileiros de T.gondii, utilizando inóculos padronizados. Para o teste de virulência, utilizou-se taquizoítas de cada um dos isolados, em três concentrações (10¹, 10² e 10³). Cada dose foi inoculada via intraperitoneal em grupos formados por quatro camundongos heterogênicos fêmeas, de oito semanas de idade, da linhagem Swiss Webster. A mortalidade dos animais foi observada por 30 dias e, baseando-se nesses dados, além do tempo decorrido pós-inoculação até a morte dos animais, determinou-se a virulência dos isolados. Dos 22 isolados brasileiros incluídos nesse estudo, sete (32%) foram definidos como de virulência intermediária, pois houve sobrevivência de animais infectados e a mortalidade foi dose-dependente. Além disso, 15 (68%) foram considerados virulentos, uma vez que causaram a morte de todos os camundongos independente da dose analisada. Comparando as classificações definidas pelo bioensaio e pelo teste de virulência, 83% dos isolados virulentos analisados se mantiveram como virulentos, em contrapartida os isolados não virulentos e de virulência intermediária pelo bioensaio mostraram um fenótipo de maior virulência no teste. Devido à predominância de isolados virulentos no Brasil, o uso de uma metodologia padronizada para determinação da virulência em camundongos é de pouca utilidade epidemiológica. / The isolates of Toxoplasma gondii found in Brazil present a great genetic variety. In the country, four clonal lineages, denominated type BrI, BrII, BrIII and BrIV were verified. Among them, virulence for mice varies, with virulent BrI and non-virulent BrIII, and the BrII and BrIV strains are considered as intermediate virulence. The determination of the virulence of these isolates is made, in the majority of the studies, from the isolation by bioassay, with the determination of the mortality of infected mice. However, the dose of T. gondii inoculated in these animals is unknown and thus is an imprecise method for characterization of virulence. Thus, this study aims to evaluate the virulence of 22 Brazilian isolates of T. gondii in mice using standardized inocula. For the virulence test, tachyzoites from each of the isolates were used in three concentrations (10¹, 10² and 10³). Each dose was inoculated intraperitoneally into groups consisting of four 8-week-old female heterogenic mice of the Swiss Webster strain. The mortality of the animals was observed for 30 days and, based on these data, in addition to the time elapsed post-inoculation until the death of the animals, the virulence of the isolates was determined. Of the 22 Brazilian isolates included in this study, seven (32%) were defined as intermediate virulence, since there was survival of infected animals and mortality was dose-dependent. In addition, 15 (68%) were considered virulent, since they caused the death of all mice regardless of the dose analyzed. Comparing the classifications defined by the bioassay and the virulence test, 83% of the virulent isolates analyzed remained virulent. In contrast, the non virulent isolates and intermediate virulence by the bioassay showed a phenotype of greater virulence in the test. Due to the predominance of virulent isolates in Brazil, the use of a standardized methodology for the determination of virulence in mice is of little epidemiological utility.

The unique flavor of high quality Swiss cheese is difficult to reproduce in commercial market cheese. Swiss cheese flavor has never been duplicated or thoroughly understood. New techniques and advances in flavor research have enabled better definition and understanding of food flavors. Therefore, it was desirable to make a detailed investigation of Swiss cheese flavor. Neutral volatile flavor compounds were isolated from Swiss cheese fat by low-temperature low-pressure distillation. The compounds were separated by temperature programmed gas chromatography. Direct analysis of cheese fat and whole cheese from four domestic and two imported good flavored cheeses by gas entrainment and on-column trapping provided a further means of isolation of volatile flavor compounds in Swiss cheese. Gas chromatography in conjunction with rapid scan mass spectrometry and relative retention time data were used to identify compounds. Compounds positively identified by the distillation and on-column trapping techniques were as follows: methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-pentanol, trans-2-hexene-1-ol, 2-phenylethanol, acetaldehyde, 2-methyl propanal, 2-methyl butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, phenylacetaldehyde, acetone, butanone, 2-pentanone, 2-hexanone, 2-heptanone, 2-nonanone, 2-undecanone, 2-tridecanone, 2-pentadecanone, hexane, octane, 1-octene, nonane, 1-nonene, dodecane, pentadecane, toluene, α-pinene, methyl acetate, methyl hexanoate, methyl octanoate, methyl decanoate, ethyl propionate, ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl octanoate, ethyl decanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, butyl acetate, 3-methyl butyl acetate, γ-valerolactone, γ-dodecalactone, δ-octalactone, δ-decalactone, δ-dodecalactone, dimethyl sulfide, diacetyl, benzothiazole, o-dichlorobenzene, 1, 2, 4-trichlorobenzene, di-isobutyl adipate, and chloroform. Compounds tentatively identified include an aromatic hydrocarbon, pinane, α-fenchene, ethyl benzene, a di-methyl benzene, methyl benzoate, 2-phenyl-2-methyl butane, 5-methyl-5-ethyl decane, 3-methyl butyl octanoate, 2, 5-dimethyl tetra decane, methyl vinyl ether and 2-methyl propenal. The concentration of selected volatile compounds identified by the on-column trapping technique were determined by relating their peak heights to known quantities of compound. Average concentrations calculated from the mean values for all the six cheeses and expressed in parts per million were as follows: dimethyl sulfide. 0.107; diacetyl, 0.8; acetaldehyde, 1.4; acetone, 1.6; butanone, 0.3; 2-methyl butyraldehyde, 0.42; 2-pentanone, 0.98; 2-heptanone, 0.45; ethanol, 16.3; 2-butanol, 0.3; 1-propanol, 2.9; 1-butanol, 0.7; methyl hexanoate, 1.5; and ethyl butanoate, 0.6. Liquid-liquid partition chromatography and gas chromatography were utilized to determine quantitatively the major free, fatty acids in the six Swiss cheeses. 2-Methyl butyric acid was detected in all cheeses and varied from 9.0 to 100.0 mg/kg cheese. The other isomeric acid, 3-methyl butyric, was detected in only two cheeses. Formic acid was detected in only one cheese. No n-valeric or 2-methyl propionic acids were detected. A synthetic Swiss cheese flavor was prepared utilizing the data obtained in this investigation and that available in the literature for free amino acids. A satisfactory reproduction of Swiss cheese flavor could be achieved only if the mixture contained free fatty acids, volatile constituents, and free amino acids and was adjusted to the pH of natural cheese. / Graduation date: 1966

Thesis advisor: Paul Doherty / Thesis advisor: Michael Resler / This thesis is a case study of translation, based upon the translation of Max Frisch's play "Don Juan: oder, die Liebe zur Geometrie". It includes a brief overview of translation theory from the Romans to the present century, an introduction to the life and works of Frisch and post WWII Swiss literature, and a translation of the full text of the play, complete with notes and observations on the translation. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2006. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: English. / Discipline: Germanic Studies. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

From Cache Valley Dairy Association in Smithfield, Utah, milk from two to three cheese vats plus the corresponding Swiss cheese trimmings, salted cheese, and whey were sampled each week from October 1981 to October 1982. The weights of the Swiss Cheese were recorded. Milk samples were analyzed for fat and protein; cheese samples were analyzed for fat, protein, and moisture; whey samples were analyzed for fat. By using Gauss-Newton nonlinear Least Squares method of iteration, the data was analyzed. Two formulas for predicting Swiss cheese yield were derived. A good relationship was found to exist between Swiss cheese yield and fat and protein. In this study it was found that the season affected the percentage of fat and protein in the milk and thereby the cheese yield. The highest cheese yields corresponded with the months with highest protein and fat percentage in the milk.

A hierarchical series of studies, based mainly on molecular data, was conducted to elucidate the life history of the Douglas-fir Swiss needle cast pathogen Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii at macro- and micro-evolutionary scales. This information was then utilized to design and evaluate molecular diagnostic tools for use in studies on the epidemiology of a Swiss needle cast outbreak near Tillamook, Oregon. Phylogenetic analyses of partial nuclear ribosomal gene sequences indicated that P. gaeumannii, currently classified in the Venturiaceae, is closely related to neither Phaeocryptopus nudus, type of the genus, nor Venturia inaequalis, type of the Venturiaceae. Instead, it is closely related to members of the "sooty molds" (Capnodiales), particularly the common and morphologically similar Douglas-fir epiphyte Rasutoria pseudotsugae (Euantennariaceae). Single-strand conformation polymorphisms, revealing DNA sequence variation in five loci, were used to investigate population biology of P. gaeumannii from a worldwide collection of isolates. In western Oregon, P. gaeumannii population structure suggests a predominantly selfing reproductive mode within two reproductively isolated sympatric lineages. One lineage was widely distributed both locally and abroad. The second lineage was restricted to western Oregon and suggested a correlation with symptoms of Swiss needle cast. A novel application of real-time PCR allowed species-specific detection and quantification of P. gaeumannii and proved a good measure of its biomass in Douglas-fir needles. Compared to other techniques (ergosterol and a DNA probe), real-time PCR correlated best with visual estimates of needle colonization and additionally proved useful early in the first year of the colonization process before visible development of fruiting structures. While all four methods provided evidence that sites expressing a range of disease severity differed in the degree of fungal colonization, only real-time PCR consistently separated both moderately and severely diseased sites from relatively healthy sites. Seedling inoculation experiments, fulfilling Koch's postulates, demonstrated that P. gaeumannii is the causal agent of Swiss needle cast, as observed in the Tillamook epidemic. Furthermore, the incorporation of virulence tests provided independent, non-molecular evidence that Oregon's pathogen population is not homogeneous. One strain, isolated from a severely diseased site, caused significantly greater symptom severity than strains derived from less damaged sites. / Graduation date: 2002

The sixteenth century Bavarian Anabaptist, Balthasar Hubmaier (ca. 1480-1528), has had a disputed role in Anabaptist historiography ever since his martyrdom in March, 1528. On the one hand he is known as the most erudite and prolific writer of the early Anabaptists, and on the other he has been separated from the original Zurich Brethren by his rejection of two major principles, total separation from the world and absolute non-resistance, that were supposedly held unanimously by the Zurich Brethren. Today Hubmaier’s reputation for militancy has been endorsed by most writers, but this militancy is not expressed in any of his writings except On the Sword, the last tract written before his death. Using the well-documented biography of Hubmaier by Bergsten and his own writings collected and translated by Pipkin and Yoder, the thesis explores the question of the extent to which Hubmaier was willing to advocate the use of lethal force by government or against government. It is found that only one source, Johann Faber, accused Hubmaier of inciting peasant revolt , and that witness would seem dubious by any modern standard. Arguments that Hubmaier was ostracized by the Zurich Brethren are found to be conjectural and dependent upon anachronism. Thus in the critical years 1524-26, Hubmaier was a veritable Swiss Brethren. On the Sword indicates a major change in Hubmaier’s thinking, and the reasons for that change are explored.

The sixteenth century Bavarian Anabaptist, Balthasar Hubmaier (ca. 1480-1528), has had a disputed role in Anabaptist historiography ever since his martyrdom in March, 1528. On the one hand he is known as the most erudite and prolific writer of the early Anabaptists, and on the other he has been separated from the original Zurich Brethren by his rejection of two major principles, total separation from the world and absolute non-resistance, that were supposedly held unanimously by the Zurich Brethren. Today Hubmaier’s reputation for militancy has been endorsed by most writers, but this militancy is not expressed in any of his writings except On the Sword, the last tract written before his death. Using the well-documented biography of Hubmaier by Bergsten and his own writings collected and translated by Pipkin and Yoder, the thesis explores the question of the extent to which Hubmaier was willing to advocate the use of lethal force by government or against government. It is found that only one source, Johann Faber, accused Hubmaier of inciting peasant revolt , and that witness would seem dubious by any modern standard. Arguments that Hubmaier was ostracized by the Zurich Brethren are found to be conjectural and dependent upon anachronism. Thus in the critical years 1524-26, Hubmaier was a veritable Swiss Brethren. On the Sword indicates a major change in Hubmaier’s thinking, and the reasons for that change are explored.