Le contenu de ce travail de recherche est une analyse comparative des interactions en classe d’espagnol langue étrangère (quatrième et terminale). Il est essentiellement axé sur les productions verbales enseignants/apprenants des classes de quatrième et de terminale, dans des établissements situés à Libreville, capitale du Gabon. Cette analyse prétend répondre à un questionnement sur le déroulement d’une classe de langue espagnole. Applique-t-il les règles préconisées par les institutions gabonaises ? Ce déroulement est-il le même selon les niveaux d’apprentissage des élèves (quatrième-terminale) ? Quels types d’activités sont pratiqués en classe ? Ces types d’activités favorisent-ils l’interaction comme moyen d’échanges et de communication ? Comment coexistent gestion d’interaction, de classe et du cours ? Quel est rôle de chaque interactant (enseignants/apprenants) pour une interaction pluridirectionnelle ? Quelles sont les adoptées stratégies dans la construction des énoncés pour faciliter compréhension des élèves ? Dans une démarche quelque peu sociolinguistique mais fortement didactique, ce travail s’inscrit dans l’enseignement des langues étrangères avec une approche interactionniste. Elle oriente de façon générale la formation des enseignants dans la gestion de la classe. En effet, en Europe comme en Afrique, il se pose, de façon permanente, ce problème de gestion des classes et des effectifs en classe de langue étrangère. Nos résultats montrent que l’enseignant emploie régulièrement les phénomènes langagiers tels que : la reformulation, la répétition et l’allongement syllabique, comme stratégies énonciatifs, afin de solliciter l’attention et la participation des élèves. Il arrive ainsi à assurer la gestion de la classe, des séquences du cours, du matériel et des élèves aussi bien en classe de quatrième qu’en classe de terminale. / A comparative analysis of interactions in Spanish classes at high school level (8th and 12th grade is the basis of this research. Indeed, it provides an insight into the interactions between teachers and students in Libreville-based high schools. So the on-ground research was done in Libreville, Gabon's capital city. This analysis is an attempt at answering questions on the teaching of Spanish as a second language. Does this teaching comply with the rules worked out by the Gabonese Ministry of Education? Is it similar for all grades? What are the various activities during Spanish classes? Do these activities foster interactions as a means of communication and exchange? How does the teacher handle interactions, students' behaviour and the class? How do the teacher and the student contribute to an intense interaction during the class? How do educators do to render their Spanish classes comprehensible for their pupils? By adopting both a sociolinguistic and above all didactic method this work is focused on the teaching of foreign languages. Its objective is to help educators better understand the mechanisms to handle a grade. Handling a grade is more and more complex both in western countries and developing ones due to the ever-growing number of students in language classes. Our findings show that the teacher steadily employs a wide range of teaching strategies like rephrasing, repetition and the prolonged pronunciation of syllables to get students' attention and participation. Thanks to this panoply of teaching techniques, the teacher succeeds in handling the class and students at 8th and 12th grade level.

随着社会的发展，尤其是互联网的发展，很多语言每年都涌现出了不少新词汇。词语是每个语言最基本也是最重要的组成部分，因此分析这些新词汇的结构特点以及构词法是很有意义的。这篇文章分析了2014年出现在中文里的新词汇和它们的构词方式，论文的目的是为了更好地了解中文词汇的发展和特点。本文以《2014汉语新词语》中公布的2014年出现的新词汇作为语料进行分析，发现了以下两个主要特点：第一，合成法，派生法，缩略法是2014年产生的新词汇的主要构词方式；第二， 百分之七十二的新词汇是多音节词（包含三个或者三个以上音节），而百分之八十的是名词。这些特点说明中文词汇现阶段的特点和发展趋势，跟传统的中文词汇有不同之处。 / The aim of this thesis was to investigate how new Chinese words are formed and to examine the linguistic patterns among them. This thesis focused on the analysis of Chinese words formed in 2014. The quantitative data for the analysis included a collection of 423 new Chinese words from the book 2014 汉语新词语 (hànyǔxīn cíyǔ) by Hou and Zhou. Parts of speech and number of syllables in the new words were investigated, although the focus was on word-formation processes. A discussion of derivation, blending, abbreviation, analogy, borrowing, change of meaning, compounding and inventions is also included. The share of each word-formation process used for each of the new words was presented statistically in order to reveal the significance of each word-formation process. The analysis showed that compounding, derivation and abbreviation were the major word-formation processes in 2014. The study also suggests that words formed by derivation and analogy were much more frequent in 2014, in comparison to previous studies. Furthermore, the ways words are formed in Chinese are changing and evolving, as some word-formation processes are becoming more frequently used in the formation of new words.

ABSTRACT The purpose of the current study was to compare speech samples elicited with four different methods regarding speech sound production errors. Nine Swedish-speaking children with SSD (Speech Sound Disorder) participated. A new method of speech elicitation was introduced, a narrative task using a silent short film as a prompt. Severity of involvement of the speech sound production was measured using PCC-R (Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised), as well as a new severity metric, PSC (Percentage of Syllables Correct). Speech error patterns were also analyzed. All four methods of speech elicitation are suggested to be useful clinical tools for phonological assessment. The elicitation methods yielded similar results. However, the results indicated that a higher degree of control and phonological complexity in a task generally yield lower severity measures and more types of speech error patterns. The definition of SSD used in this study includes several clinical diagnoses used by speech and language pathologists. The participants’ results were therefore analyzed regarding clinical diagnosis. No difference was found. This first evaluation of PSC shows that it is a promising new severity metric, and that its strength lies first and foremost in the possibility to include unintelligible speech. The evaluation of the new elicitation task shows that narration of a silent short film as a prompt is promising as well. The results yielded indicate a gain in degree of control combined with a preserved high ecological validity associated with speech elicitation methods yielding conversational speech. SAMMANFATTNING Syftet med den här studien var att undersöka variation av avvikelser i språkljudsproduktionen hos nio svensktalande barn med språkljudsstörning vid fyra olika taluppgifter. En av de fyra uppgifterna innefattade en ny eliciteringsstrategi: berättande till ljudlös film. Grad av avvikelse undersöktes genom beräkning av PCC-R (Percentage of Consonants Correct-Revised), samt ett nytt mått, PSC (Percentage of Syllables Correct). Även avvikelsetyper undersöktes. Resultatet tyder på att samtliga undersökta taluppgifter kan vara användbara kliniska verktyg. Även om ingen skillnad kunde påvisas mellan deltagarnas grad av avvikelse vid de fyra taluppgifterna, sågs en tendens till att en hög styrningsgrad och fonologisk komplexitet av målorden ger upphov till en lägre träffsäkerhet i språkljudsproduktionen och ökar antalet olika avvikelsetyper som förekommer. Definitionen av språkljudsstörning inkluderar olika logopediska diagnoser. I denna studie kunde barnens diagnostillhörighet inte förklara variationer i resultaten. Den första utvärderingen av PSC visar att det är ett lovande nytt mått på träffsäkerhet i språkljudsproduktionen, och att dess styrka framför allt ligger i möjligheten att inkludera oförståeligt tal. Även denna första utvärdering av den nya eliciteringsmetoden berättande till ljudlös film är lovande. Resultaten tyder på en högre styrningsgrad samtidigt som den ekologiska validiteten i sammanhängande tal till stor del bibehållits.

Cette thèse porte sur le développement d'une chaîne de traitement complète pour réaliser des tâches de reconnaissance d'écriture manuscrite non contrainte. Trois difficultés majeures sont à résoudre: l'étape du prétraitement, l'étape de la modélisation optique et l'étape de la modélisation du langage. Au stade des prétraitements il faut extraire correctement les lignes de texte à partir de l'image du document. Une méthode de segmentation itérative en lignes utilisant des filtres orientables a été développée à cette fin. La difficulté dans l’étape de la modélisation optique vient de la diversité stylistique des scripts d'écriture manuscrite. Les modèles optiques statistiques développés sont des modèles de Markov cachés (HMM-GMM) et les modèles de réseaux de neurones récurrents (BLSTM-CTC). Les réseaux récurrents permettent d’atteindre les performances de l’état de l’art sur les deux bases de référence RIMES (pour le Français) et IAM (pour l’anglais). L'étape de modélisation du langage implique l'intégration d’un lexique et d’un modèle de langage statistique afin de rechercher parmi les hypothèses proposées par le modèle optique, la séquence de mots (phrase) la plus probable du point de vue linguistique. La difficulté à ce stade est liée à l’obtention d’un modèle de couverture lexicale optimale avec un minimum de mots hors vocabulaire (OOV). Pour cela nous introduisons une modélisation en sous-unités lexicales composée soit de syllabes soit de multigrammes. Ces modèles couvrent efficacement une partie importante des mots hors vocabulaire. Les performances du système de reconnaissance avec les unités sous-lexicales dépassent les performances des systèmes de reconnaissance traditionnelles de mots ou de caractères en présence d’un fort taux de mots hors lexique. Elles sont équivalentes aux modèles traditionnels en présence d’un faible taux de mots hors lexique. Grâce à la taille compacte du modèle de langage reposant sur des unités sous-lexicales, un système de reconnaissance multilingue unifié a été réalisé. Le système multilingue unifié améliore les performances de reconnaissance par rapport aux systèmes spécialisés dans chaque langue, notamment lorsque le modèle optique unifié est utilisé. / This thesis is about the design of a complete processing chain dedicated to unconstrained handwriting recognition. Three main difficulties are adressed: pre-processing, optical modeling and language modeling. The pre-processing stage is related to extracting properly the text lines to be recognized from the document image. An iterative text line segmentation method using oriented steerable filters was developed for this purpose. The difficulty in the optical modeling stage lies in style diversity of the handwriting scripts. Statistical optical models are traditionally used to tackle this problem such as Hidden Markov models (HMM-GMM) and more recently recurrent neural networks (BLSTM-CTC). Using BLSTM we achieve state of the art performance on the RIMES (for French) and IAM (for English) datasets. The language modeling stage implies the integration of a lexicon and a statistical language model to the recognition processing chain in order to constrain the recognition hypotheses to the most probable sequence of words (sentence) from the language point of view. The difficulty at this stage is related to the finding the optimal vocabulary with minimum Out-Of-Vocabulary words rate (OOV). Enhanced language modeling approaches has been introduced by using sub-lexical units made of syllables or multigrams. The sub-lexical units cover an important portion of the OOV words. Then the language coverage depends on the domain of the language model training corpus, thus the need to train the language model with in domain data. The recognition system performance with the sub-lexical units outperformes the traditional recognition systems that use words or characters language models, in case of high OOV rates. Otherwise equivalent performances are obtained with a compact sub-lexical language model. Thanks to the compact lexicon size of the sub-lexical units, a unified multilingual recognition system has been designed. The unified system performance have been evaluated on the RIMES and IAM datasets. The unified multilingual system shows enhanced recognition performance over the specialized systems, especially when a unified optical model is used.

The subject of this work is aids and their possible use in teaching music reading to beginner pianists. The theoretical part presents the methodology behind aids and games, the importance of music reading for the musical activities of the pupils and for the development of their musical skills. It also explains the importance of using games in piano lessons. In the second part of this work you can find the description of the aids, recommendations for activities (often games), suggestions that are based on author's experience etc. The third part describes the effect of using aids and games on a few pupils of different levels of piano skills.

Computer assisted language learning (CALL) comprises a wide range of information technologies that aim to broaden the context of teaching by getting advantages of IT. For example, a few efforts have been put on including a combination of voice and its visual representation for language learning, and some studies are reporting positive outcomes. However, more research is needed in order to assess the impact caused by specific visualization styles such as: highlighting syllables and/or wave of sound. In order to explore this issue, we focused at measuring the potential impact that two distinct visualization styles and its combination can have on teaching children the pronunciation of English as a second language. We built a prototype which was designed to assist students while learning pronunciation of syllables. This system was employing two different real-time interactive visualization styles. One of these visualization styles utilizes audio capturing and processing, using a recent technology development: Web Audio API.We evaluated the effect of our prototype with an experiment with children aged from 9 to 11years old. We followed an experimental approach with a control group and three experimental groups. We tested our hypothesis that states that the use of a combined visualization style can have greater impact at learning pronunciation in comparison with traditional learning approach.Initial descriptive analyses were suggesting promising results for the group that used the combined visualization prototype. However, additional statistical analyses were carried out in order to measure the effect of prototype as accurately as possible within the constraints of our study. Further analyses provided evidence that our combined visualizations prototype has positively affected the learning of pronunciation. Nonetheless, the difference was not big comparing to the system that employed only wave of sound visualization. Ability to perceive visual information differs among individuals. Therefore, further research with different sample division is needed to determine whether is the combination of visualizations that does the effect, or is the wave in itself. Slitting groups based on this characteristic and perform the testing will be considered for the future research.Eventually, we can be confident to continue exploring further the possibility of integrating our proposed combination of two visualization styles in teaching practices of second language learning, due to positive outcomes that our current research outlined. In addition, from a technological perspective, our work is at the forefront of exploring the use of tools such as Web Audio API for CALL.

This thesis investigates the intonation of Argentine Spanish in Queens, NYC, with the goal of verifying if the unique prosody of producing early peak alignments in the F0 of Argentine Spanish, specifically of Porteños (those from Buenos Aires), is maintained among the intense contact influences with other varieties of Spanish in the area. Previous studies have reported this early peak alignment phenomenon in the Spanish spoken in Buenos Aires, and this paper strives to see if this still occurs among Argentine Spanish speakers in New York City. The Buenos Aires speakers were compared with other native Argentine Spanish speakers in New York City who originated from provinces other than Buenos Aires (primarily from Mendoza) to verify if the dialectal varieties of Argentine Spanish had remained the same under the intense language contact situation of living in Queens. The data in the current study are from interviews recorded during the summer of 2014 in the Queens, NYC neighborhood of Elmhurst. Acoustic information obtained includes total syllable duration, F0 measurements, and F0 patterns. Additional linguistic variables included vowel type and vowel syllable position within a word. Extralinguistic variables included speaker sex, age, origin in Argentina, educational level, number of years in NYC, and number of years in Argentina. Results indicate that early peak alignment does indeed occur among Argentine speakers in Queens, NYC; however, it is interesting to note that it not only occurs in the informants from Buenos Aires as predicted, but in the informants from outside Buenos Aires as well. This suggests that the Outside Buenos Aires speakers are undergoing prosodic dialectal leveling with their pitch accent patterns and an increase in stressed syllable duration as occur naturally among the Buenos Aires speakers.

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