Title: Effect of disciplinary specialization on the body mass distribution in the body of karateka Aim of work: The main aim this thesis os to discover whether the disciplinary specialization effects the body mass distribution on limbs of karateka. Methods: The thesis has an empiric and theorethic character. Data collection is processed by dynamometry, measurement of limb circuits and body mas analyzation by Tanita MC-980. Data evaluation is processed by basic statistic methods. Keywords: Karate, kata, kumite, dynamometry, symetry

A emergência de relações não diretamente treinadas e a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes têm sido demonstradas após treinos com o procedimento matching-to-sample em humanos. Entretanto, estudos com não-humanos têm encontrado dificuldade em demonstrálas. Estudos que utilizaram procedimentos alternativos ao matching-to-sample com pombos sugerem a emergência de relações de dentidade e simetria a partir do procedimento go/no-go. O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar se o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos produziria relações emergentes de simetria, transitividade e equivalência, que atestam a formação de classes de equivalência, utilizando pombos como sujeitos. Três pombos passaram por um treino (AB e BC) de discriminação sucessiva, no qual responder aos compostos A1B1, A2B2, B1C1 e B2C2 foi consequenciado com alimento em VI60 e responder aos compostos A1B2, A2B1, B1C2 e B2C1 não foi seguido de consequência programada. Os testes envolveram compostos formados pelas recombinações dos elementos dos compostos de treino: BA e CB (simetria), AC (transitividade) e CA (equivalência). Todos os pombos apresentaram desempenhos indicativos de emergência de simetria, mas não de transitividade e equivalência. Esses resultados sugerem que testes de simetria com o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos podem avaliar repertórios diferentes dos testes de simetria com o procedimento matching-to-sample, uma vez que no caso desse último procedimento a literatura indica maiores dificuldades de se estabelecer simetria do que transitividade. Outra possibilidade é que o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos seria mais eficaz para testar emergência de simetria. Futuros estudos poderão investigar quais parâmetros do procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos poderiam favorecer a emergência também das relações de transitividade e equivalência. / Emergence of not directly trained relations and formation of stimulus equivalence classes have been shown using matching-to-sample procedure in humans. However, studies found difficulties to demonstrate these relations in nonhumans. Studies with alternative procedures suggest the emergence of identity and symmetry relations with the go/no-go procedure in pigeons. The present study aimed to evaluate if the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would produce symmetry, transitivity and equivalence relations with pigeons as subjects. Three pigeons were submitted to a successive discrimination training in which responding in the presence of the compounds A1B1, A2B2, B1C1 and B2C2 was followed by food and responding to A1B2, A2B1, B1C2 and B2C1 was not followed by programmed consequence. During tests, the compounds were formed by recombination of the elements of training compounds: BA and CB (symmetry), AC (transitivity) and CA (equivalence). All pigeons showed emergence of symmetry, but not transitivity and equivalence. These results suggest that symmetry tests with go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would evaluate different repertories than the symmetry tests with matching-to-sample procedure because studies with matching-to-sample procedure indicate difficulties in establishing symmetry but not to establish transitivity. Another possibility is that the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would be more efficient to test emergence of symmetry. Future studies could investigate which parameters in a go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would favor the emergence of transitivity and equivalence relations.

A emergência de relações não diretamente treinadas e a formação de classes de estímulos equivalentes têm sido demonstradas após treinos com o procedimento matching-to-sample em humanos. Entretanto, estudos com não-humanos têm encontrado dificuldade em demonstrálas. Estudos que utilizaram procedimentos alternativos ao matching-to-sample com pombos sugerem a emergência de relações de dentidade e simetria a partir do procedimento go/no-go. O presente estudo pretendeu avaliar se o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos produziria relações emergentes de simetria, transitividade e equivalência, que atestam a formação de classes de equivalência, utilizando pombos como sujeitos. Três pombos passaram por um treino (AB e BC) de discriminação sucessiva, no qual responder aos compostos A1B1, A2B2, B1C1 e B2C2 foi consequenciado com alimento em VI60 e responder aos compostos A1B2, A2B1, B1C2 e B2C1 não foi seguido de consequência programada. Os testes envolveram compostos formados pelas recombinações dos elementos dos compostos de treino: BA e CB (simetria), AC (transitividade) e CA (equivalência). Todos os pombos apresentaram desempenhos indicativos de emergência de simetria, mas não de transitividade e equivalência. Esses resultados sugerem que testes de simetria com o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos podem avaliar repertórios diferentes dos testes de simetria com o procedimento matching-to-sample, uma vez que no caso desse último procedimento a literatura indica maiores dificuldades de se estabelecer simetria do que transitividade. Outra possibilidade é que o procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos seria mais eficaz para testar emergência de simetria. Futuros estudos poderão investigar quais parâmetros do procedimento go/no-go com estímulos compostos poderiam favorecer a emergência também das relações de transitividade e equivalência. / Emergence of not directly trained relations and formation of stimulus equivalence classes have been shown using matching-to-sample procedure in humans. However, studies found difficulties to demonstrate these relations in nonhumans. Studies with alternative procedures suggest the emergence of identity and symmetry relations with the go/no-go procedure in pigeons. The present study aimed to evaluate if the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would produce symmetry, transitivity and equivalence relations with pigeons as subjects. Three pigeons were submitted to a successive discrimination training in which responding in the presence of the compounds A1B1, A2B2, B1C1 and B2C2 was followed by food and responding to A1B2, A2B1, B1C2 and B2C1 was not followed by programmed consequence. During tests, the compounds were formed by recombination of the elements of training compounds: BA and CB (symmetry), AC (transitivity) and CA (equivalence). All pigeons showed emergence of symmetry, but not transitivity and equivalence. These results suggest that symmetry tests with go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would evaluate different repertories than the symmetry tests with matching-to-sample procedure because studies with matching-to-sample procedure indicate difficulties in establishing symmetry but not to establish transitivity. Another possibility is that the go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would be more efficient to test emergence of symmetry. Future studies could investigate which parameters in a go/no-go procedure with compound stimuli would favor the emergence of transitivity and equivalence relations.

La Théorie de la Fonctionnelle de la Densité (DFT) combinée avec la méthode de la Symétrie Brisée (BS) est aujourd'hui très utilisée dans le domaine du magnétisme moléculaire pour le calcul des constantes d'échange. Cette méthode (DFT-BS) reste cependant semi-quantitative et elle souffre de défauts déjà discutés dans la littérature. Dans le but de mieux en comprendre l'origine, nous avons réexaminé les contributions physiques qui participent au mécanisme d'échange. Nous proposons alors plusieurs formules analytiques construites suivant deux approches complémentaires (orbitales moléculaires et liaison de valence). Au cours de notre analyse, nous avons soulevé un problème inédit relatif à l'état de symétrie brisée tel que livré par le calcul DFT. Nos modèles seront appliqués au cas des dimères de cuivre(II) et nous verrons comment quantifier les différents paramètres afin de reconstruire les constantes d'échange. Qui plus est, notre travail permet d'établir une correspondance quantitative originale entre les deux approches pré-citées. / Density Functional Theory (DFT) combined with the Broken Symmetry (BS) method is today widely used in the field of molecular magnetism for the computation of exchange coupling constants. But this method (DFT-BS) remains semi-quantitative as it suffers from a series of drawbacks already discussed in the literature. In order to better understand the origin of such problems, we reexamined the physical contributions acting in the exchange phenomenon. We then propose alternative analytical expressions built along two complementary approaches (molecular orbitals and valence bond). During our analysis, we found a new problem linked to the broken symmetry state as it comes out of a DFT calculation. Our models will be applied to copper(II) dimers and we will show how to quantify the different parameters involved in order to reconstruct the coupling constants. Moreover, our work allows for an original quantitative correspondence between the two above-mentioned approaches.

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

Usando uma transformação de dualidade generalizada, considerações de simetria e supondo que as superfície críticas sejam contínuas, obtivemos o dia grama de fase para sistemas de spins Z (N) bidimensionais e sistemas com invariança de calibre Z (N) a quatro dimensões. Caracterizamos as diversas fases dos sistemas de spins pelo valor esperado das potências dos operadores de ordem e desordem. No sistema com invariança de calibre, por outro lado, estas fases caracterizadas pelo comportamento do valor esperado das potências das alças de Wilson e de \'t Hooft. Obtivemos para ambos os sistemas fases moles em que no caso de spins 2D (calibre 4D) todas as potências dos parâmetros de ordem e desordem ( todas as potências das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft) são nulas (exibem decaimento com o perímetro da alça). Enquanto no sistema com invariança de calibre todas as combinações de decaimento (área ou perímetro) das alças de Wilson e \'t Hooft são permitidas, as relações de comutação no sistema de spins proíbe a existência de fases em que tanto o parâmetro de ordem como o de desordem são não nulos (exceto quando estes operadores comutam). Apresentamos por completeza as relações de dualidade para sistemas de calibre Z (N) com campos de Higgs a três dimensões. / Using a generalized duality transformation, symetry considerations and assuming that criticality is continuous in the system?s parameters, we obtain the phase diagram for two-dimensional Z (N) spins system?s and four-dimensional gauge Z (N) system\'s. For spins system we characterize the various phases by the expectation value of powers of the order and disorder operators. For gauge systems, on the other hand, the characterization is via decay law of powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops. We obtain soft phases for both systems, with the folowing, behaviour: for spins system all powers of order and disorder parameters vanish, whereas for gauge systems all powers of Wilson and \'t Hooft loops decay like the perimeter. Whereas all combinations of area and perimeter decay are allowed for Wilson\'s and \'t Hooft\'s loops, the Z (N) commutation relations for spin systems forbid the simultaneous non-vanishing of order and disorder parameters (except when these operators commute). For completeness we include the duality relations for three-dimensional gauge plus Higgs Z(N) systems.

Les conceptions récentes de turbomachines ont tendance à évoluer vers des liaisons entre étages de plus en plus souples et des niveaux d'amortissement faibles, donnant lieu à des configurations où les modes sont susceptibles de présenter des niveaux de couplages inter-étages forts. En général, les ensembles disques aubes multi-étagés n'ont aucune propriété de symétrie cyclique d'ensemble et l'analyse doit porter sur un modèle de la structure complète donnant lieu à des calculs très coûteux. Pour palier ce problème, une méthode récente appelée symétrie cyclique multi-étages peut être utilisée pour réduire le coût des calculs des rotors composés de plusieurs étages, même lorsque les étages ont un nombre différent de secteurs. Cette approche profite de la symétrie cyclique inhérente à chaque étage et utilise une hypothèse spécifique qui aboutit à des sous-problèmes découplés pour chaque ordre de Fourier spatial. La méthodologie proposée vise à étudier l'effet des incertitudes sur le comportement dynamique des rotors en utilisant l'approche de symétrie cyclique multi-étages et l'expansion en Chaos Polynomial. Les incertitudes peuvent découler de l'usure des aubes, des changements de température ou des tolérances de fabrication. En première approche, seules les incertitudes provenant de l'usure uniforme de l'ensemble des aubes sont étudiées. Celles-ci peuvent être modélisées en considérant une variation globale des propriétés du matériau de l'ensemble des aubes d'un étage particulier. L'approche de symétrie cyclique multi-étages peut alors être utilisée car l'hypothèse de secteurs identiques est respectée. La positivité des matrices aléatoires concernées est assurée par l'utilisation d'une loi gamma très adaptée à la physique du problème impliquant le choix des polynômes de Laguerre comme base pour le chaos polynomial. Dans un premier temps des exemples numériques représentatifs de différents types de turbomachines sont introduits dans le but d'évaluer la robustesse de la méthode de symétrie cyclique multi-étages. Ensuite, les résultats de l'analyse modale aléatoire et de la réponse aléatoire obtenus par le chaos polynomial sont validés par comparaison avec des simulations de Monte-Carlo. En plus des résultats classiquement rencontrés pour les fréquences et réponses forcées, les incertitudes considérées mettent en évidence des variations sur les déformées modales qui évoluent entre différentes familles de modes dans les zones de forte densité modale. Ces variations entraînent des modifications sensibles sur la dynamique globale de la structure analysée et doivent être considérées dans le cadre des conceptions robustes. / Recent designs in turbomachinery tend to have more flexible inter-stage rims and to be more lightly damped, resulting in configurations where modes might not be confined to only one stage. In general, multi-stage rotors have no particular axial symmetry property and the computationally costly analysis of the whole structure becomes mandatory. However, a multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach can be used for reducing the cost of modeling rotors composed of several stages even when the stages have different numbers of sectors. This approach takes advantage of the inherent cyclic symmetry of each stage and uses a specific assumption that results in decoupled subproblems for each spatial Fourier harmonic. The methodology proposed in this work allows including uncertainties in the analysis of multi-stage rotors using the multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach and the Polynomial Chaos Expansion. Uncertainties in rotors may arise from in-use wear of blades, temperature changes or manufacturing tolerances. As a first approach, only uncertainties arising from uniform in-use wear of the set of blades are included. These may be modeled by considering a global variation of the material properties of the set of blades of a particular stage. The multi-stage cyclic symmetry approach can then be used since the underlying assumption of identical sectors is respected. The positiveness of the random matrices involved is reached by using gamma-distributed random variables which imply the use of Laguerre's polynomials as basis for the polynomial chaos. Numerical examples representative of various types of turbomachinery are introduced in order to assess the robustness of the method of multi-stage cyclic symmetry. Uncertainties results for the free and forced response analyses obtained by the polynomial chaos are validated by comparison with Monte Carlo simulations. The considered uncertainties induce variations on the mode shapes that evolve between different families of modes in areas of high modal density. These variations result in significant changes in the global dynamics of the structure and must be considered in the context of robust designs.

Biometrics is a method of recognizing the identity of a person based on unique biological characteristics that are unique to each person. The methods of biometric identification is currently becoming increasingly widespread in various sectors. This work is focused on the identification of a person by iris images. The introductory section describes the principles of the well-known methods for biometric applications and the next part describes the design method and its implementation in Matlab. In the practical part, fast radial symmetry method is used for detection of pupil, from which it derives further image processing. Two dimensional discrete welvet transform is used here. The proposed algorithm is tested on databases CASIA-Iris- Interval and database IITD.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal