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There are many ways to produce energy, using e.g. gas or hydro turbines. To guarantee a stable power output, it is important to consider components that could control and adjust the output power automatically. The intention of this thesis work is to carry out a pre-study and system design of a mobileplatform simulator system that could be used by companies like Siemens and help them to reduce their OPEX (Operational expenditure) and easily evaluate their AVR (AutomaticVoltage Regulator) solutions and test improvements. In this document, Siemens has decided to call the simulator system, MPSS (Mobile Platform Simulator System). The pre-study includes the theory behind energy production, synchronous generator, simulator system, AVR, control systems and electrical grid. Furthermore, the pre-study includes selection of the proposed components for the simulator system and design of the complete simulator system that will be built by the Siemens R&D engineers at a later stage. The Mobile Platform Simulator System (MPSS) is intended to test the AVR performance, which is a component with its prime purpose being to maintain the output voltage values from the generator at a fixed value, regardless of the current being drawn by the load. It is important that these output values are constantly regulated during the process of producing electricity, so that problems such as overvoltage, overcurrent etc. can be prevented. The MPSS will also be able to simulate real working scenarios e.g. from the different components of an energy production system, such as gas and hydro turbine, synchronous generator, AVR, electrical grid and serve for personnel training. The MPSS will consist of three main components; Simulator, AVR and control system. Therefore, the report will initially provide the background and general theory behind the synchronous generator, AVR and control system used in power generation systems. General information about the electrical grid is also provided. Furthermore, the report suggests the best possible choice for the necessary components to build a MPSS as well instructions on how to perform event simulation. The necessary documentation, including a circuit diagram to support the building of the MPSS by the R&D engineers at late stage, is also provided. Finally, the general analysis of the technical and non-technical aspects related to the choice of components, work process, method and result are discussed in the end of this report. / Det finns många sätt att producera energi, genom användning av exempelvis gas- eller hydroturbiner. För att garantera en stabil produktion är det viktigt att noga överväga komponenter, som kan styra och justera uteffekten automatiskt. Avsikten med detta arbete är att göra en förstudie och systemdesign av ett simulatorsystem som kan användas av företag som Siemens, med avsikt att hjälpa dem att minska sin driftskostnad(OPEX), och lättare kunna utvärdera sina AVR-lösningar (Automatic Voltage Regulator)och möjliga testförbättringar. För detta arbete har Siemens bestämt att kalla systemet för ett mobilt simulatorsystem eller MPSS (Mobile Platform Simulator System). Förstudien innehåller teorin bakom energiproduktion, synkrongenerator generator, simulatorsystem, AVR, styrsystem och elnät. Ett urval av de olika komponenterna för simulatorsystemet och en slutgiltig design tas fram. Det kompletta simulatorsystemet kommer i ett senare skede att byggas av forsknings- och utvecklingsingenjörerna på Siemens. Simulatorsystemet är avsett att testa AVR-prestanda, vilket är en komponent vars huvudsakliga syfte är att upprätthålla utspänningsvärdena från en generator inom ett fast intervallvärde, oberoende av vilken effekt som en last drar. Det är viktigt att utgångsvärden ständigt regleras under elproduktionsprocesser så att utgångsvärden hålls inom systemets tillåtna gränser så att problem som över-/underspänning, över-/underström, över-/underfrekvens etc. kan förhindras. Simulatorsystemet kommer också att kunna simulera verkliga arbetsscenarier för olika komponenter i ett energiproduktionssystem, såsom gas- och hydroturbin, synkrongenerator, AVR och laster, exempelvis elnät, samt kunna användas vid personalutbildning. Simulatorsystemet kommer att bestå av tre huvudkomponenter; Simulator, AVR och styrsystem. Inledande beskrivning av arbetets bakgrund och allmän teoretisk kring komponenterna synkrongenerator, AVR och styrsystem, som används vid i kraftgenereringssystem, ges. Även en allmän bakgrund om elnätet och dess funktion presenteras. Därefter presenteras förslag på bästa möjliga val av nödvändiga komponenter för att bygga ett simulatorsystem. Ett förslag om hur händelse simulering görs samt vilken nödvändig dokumentation och kretsdiagram som behövs för att bygga ett simulatorsystem presenteras. I slutet av detta arbete presenteras en allmän analys av de tekniska och icke-tekniska aspekterna kring val av komponenter, arbetsprocess samt metod och resultat.

L’Optimisation Topologique (OT) est un sujet en plein essor qui suscite l’intérêt de nombreux chercheurs depuis ces deux dernières décennies dans le domaine de l’électromagnétisme. L’OT représente une méthode très attrayante et originale car elle permet de trouver des structures innovantes sans aucun a priori. Ce travail de thèse est orienté vers l’OT des dispositifs électromagnétiques en approfondissant plusieurs aspects du sujet. Tout d’abord, un outil d’OT est développé et testé, à partir des outils existant au L2EP. En effet, l’OT requiert un outil d’éléments finis et un outil d’optimisation devant être couplés. Une méthodologie originale d’OT fondée sur les principes de la Méthode de Densité est développée et testée. Un cas test académique est utilisé afin de tester et valider le couplage des outils et la méthodologie. Une approche visant à prendre en compte le comportement non-linéaire des matériaux ferromagnétiques avec nos outils OT est également mise en place. Ensuite, la méthode est appliquée afin d’optimiser un électroaimant en 3 dimensions, représentant un cas test proche de la réalité. Ce cas test permet de comparer les résultats avec un comportement linéaire et non-linéaire des matériaux. Diverses topologies sont présentées, par rapport aux différentes formulations du problème. Par la suite, la méthodologie est appliquée à un dispositif électromagnétique plus complexe : une Génératrice Synchrone à Pôles Saillants. Cet exemple nous permet de voir comment la définition du problème d’optimisation peut grandement affecter les résultats d’OT. Quelques topologies sont présentées, et leur faisabilité est analysée / Topology Optimisation (TO) is a fast growing topic that has been sparking the interest of many researchers for the past two decades in the electromagnetic community. Its attractiveness lies in the originality of finding innovative structures without any layout a priori. This thesis work is oriented towards the TO of electromagnetic devices by elaborating on various aspects of the subject. First of all, a tool for TO is developed and tested, based on the ‘home-made’ tools available at the L2EP. As TO requires a FE and an optimisation tool working together, a coupling is done using both. Furthermore, a TO methodology is developed and tested, based on the Density Method. An academic cubic test case is used to carry out all the tests, and validate the tools and methodology. An approach is also developed to consider the nonlinear behaviour of the ferromagnetic materials with our TO tools. Afterwards, the methodology is applied to a 3D electromagnet, which represents a more real test case. This test case also serves to compare the results with linear and nonlinear behaviour of the materials used. Various topologies are presented, for different problem formulations. Subsequently, the methodology is applied to a more complex electromagnetic device: a Salient Pole Synchronous Generator. This example allows us to see how the problem definition can largely affect TO results. Some topologies are presented and their viability is discussed

O ensaio de resposta em frequência em geradores síncronos vem ganhando espaço nas últimas décadas, porém o alto custo dos equipamentos empregados para realização do ensaio ainda é um empecilho, tanto para fabricantes como para consumidores finais. Este trabalho tem por objetivo complementar trabalhos anteriores, através do uso de redes neurais artificiais para identificação de padrões em ensaios realizados com equipamentos de baixo custo e baixa resolução. Através das redes neurais artificiais utilizadas é possível estimar novos pontos de ensaio sem que seja necessário um novo ensaio ou até mesmo um ensaio com equipamentos mais caros. Através de uma combinação de algoritmos de tratamento de dados, é possível a aproximação de modelos ensaiados com modelos teóricos e através desses resultados obter parâmetros elétricos dos geradores síncronos. / The frequency response test on synchronous generators has been increasing in recent decades, but the high cost of equipment used for conducting the test is still a stumbling block for both manufacturers and end-consumers. This dissertation aims to complement previous work, through the use of artificial neural networks to identify patterns in tests conducted with low-cost and low-resolution equipment. Through the artificial neural networks used it is possible to estimate a new set of test points without retesting is necessary or even a more expensive assay equipments. Through a combination of data processing algorithms, the approach tested models with theoretical models is possible and through these results to obtain electrical parameters of synchronous generators.

Os sistemas de proteção dos elementos da rede elétrica desempenham um papel de fundamental importância na segurança e confiabilidade dos sistemas de potência. A não atuação ou a atuação incorreta dos relés de proteção durante uma falta localizada em um componente da rede pode transformar-se em um evento sistêmico de grandes proporções (blecaute). Esses eventos trazem riscos e elevados prejuízos econômicos à sociedade. A proteção dos geradores síncronos, apesar do alto custo e complexidade deste tipo de equipamento, não recebe a mesma atenção na literatura que a dedicada à proteção de outros elementos da rede, como, por exemplo, a das linhas de transmissão. Isso decorre do menor número de geradores existentes na rede e também da ideia que as faltas neste tipo de equipamento são menos frequentes. Este trabalho aborda os principais aspectos envolvidos com o projeto de um sistema de proteção para geradores síncronos de grande porte. Incialmente, discutese os principais conceitos associados com os geradores, de interesse para a tarefa de proteção. Particular atenção é dedicada às formas de aterramento e aos critérios adotados para projeto do resistor de aterramento utilizado nesse equipamento. Em seguida, apresentam-se as principais funções de proteção aplicáveis aos geradores, particularmente aquelas voltadas para a detecção de faltas nos enrolamentos do estator. Discute-se também os critérios de ajustes dos parâmetros dessas funções. Descreve-se o uso de uma plataforma laboratorial, baseada em simulador de tempo real (RTDS), para ensaio e análise do sistema de proteção visando validar seu correto desempenho frente às possíveis condições operativas que podem ser encontradas em campo. Finalmente, utilizando os conceitos desenvolvidos ao longo do trabalho, desenvolve-se um estudo de caso, onde é realizado o projeto e implementação do sistema de proteção dos geradores de uma usina hidrelétrica hipotética. Para avaliar e analisar o desempenho do sistema de proteção dessa rede exemplo, parametrizou-se o IED G60 (GE) e realizou-se inúmeras simulações na plataforma de testes proposta. / Protection systems play a critical role in the safety and reliability of electric power systems. The non-operation or wrong operation of protective relays during a fault in a network element can evolve to a systemic event in large scale (blackout). These events bring risks and high economic losses to society. Despite the high cost and complexity, the protection of synchronous generators has not received much attention in the literature devoted to protection of other network elements, such as transmission lines. This stems from the smaller number of generators in the network and also the idea that the faults in this type of equipment are less frequent. This research discusses the main aspects involved in the design of a protection system for large synchronous generators. Initially, it discusses the key concepts of interest to the generation protection. Particular attention is given to grounding techniques and the criteria adopted for the design of grounding resistors used in those equipment. Then the main protection functions applicable to generators are presented, particularly those related to fault detection in the stator windings. The criteria for setting the parameters of these functions are also discussed. After that, the use of a laboratory shelf, based on Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for testing and analysis of the protection system, is described in order to validate the correct performance in face of possible operating conditions in the field. Finally, a study case is developed using the concepts developed throughout the research. Then, the design and implementation of the protection system of generators of a hypothetical hydroelectric plant are carried out. To evaluate and analyze the performance of this example network protection system, parameterized up IED G60 (GE) and held numerous simulations in the proposed test platform.

Os sistemas de proteção dos elementos da rede elétrica desempenham um papel de fundamental importância na segurança e confiabilidade dos sistemas de potência. A não atuação ou a atuação incorreta dos relés de proteção durante uma falta localizada em um componente da rede pode transformar-se em um evento sistêmico de grandes proporções (blecaute). Esses eventos trazem riscos e elevados prejuízos econômicos à sociedade. A proteção dos geradores síncronos, apesar do alto custo e complexidade deste tipo de equipamento, não recebe a mesma atenção na literatura que a dedicada à proteção de outros elementos da rede, como, por exemplo, a das linhas de transmissão. Isso decorre do menor número de geradores existentes na rede e também da ideia que as faltas neste tipo de equipamento são menos frequentes. Este trabalho aborda os principais aspectos envolvidos com o projeto de um sistema de proteção para geradores síncronos de grande porte. Incialmente, discutese os principais conceitos associados com os geradores, de interesse para a tarefa de proteção. Particular atenção é dedicada às formas de aterramento e aos critérios adotados para projeto do resistor de aterramento utilizado nesse equipamento. Em seguida, apresentam-se as principais funções de proteção aplicáveis aos geradores, particularmente aquelas voltadas para a detecção de faltas nos enrolamentos do estator. Discute-se também os critérios de ajustes dos parâmetros dessas funções. Descreve-se o uso de uma plataforma laboratorial, baseada em simulador de tempo real (RTDS), para ensaio e análise do sistema de proteção visando validar seu correto desempenho frente às possíveis condições operativas que podem ser encontradas em campo. Finalmente, utilizando os conceitos desenvolvidos ao longo do trabalho, desenvolve-se um estudo de caso, onde é realizado o projeto e implementação do sistema de proteção dos geradores de uma usina hidrelétrica hipotética. Para avaliar e analisar o desempenho do sistema de proteção dessa rede exemplo, parametrizou-se o IED G60 (GE) e realizou-se inúmeras simulações na plataforma de testes proposta. / Protection systems play a critical role in the safety and reliability of electric power systems. The non-operation or wrong operation of protective relays during a fault in a network element can evolve to a systemic event in large scale (blackout). These events bring risks and high economic losses to society. Despite the high cost and complexity, the protection of synchronous generators has not received much attention in the literature devoted to protection of other network elements, such as transmission lines. This stems from the smaller number of generators in the network and also the idea that the faults in this type of equipment are less frequent. This research discusses the main aspects involved in the design of a protection system for large synchronous generators. Initially, it discusses the key concepts of interest to the generation protection. Particular attention is given to grounding techniques and the criteria adopted for the design of grounding resistors used in those equipment. Then the main protection functions applicable to generators are presented, particularly those related to fault detection in the stator windings. The criteria for setting the parameters of these functions are also discussed. After that, the use of a laboratory shelf, based on Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) for testing and analysis of the protection system, is described in order to validate the correct performance in face of possible operating conditions in the field. Finally, a study case is developed using the concepts developed throughout the research. Then, the design and implementation of the protection system of generators of a hypothetical hydroelectric plant are carried out. To evaluate and analyze the performance of this example network protection system, parameterized up IED G60 (GE) and held numerous simulations in the proposed test platform.

With the growth of power system interconnections, the economic drivers encourage the electric companies to load the transmission lines near their limits, therefore it is critical to know those limits well. One important limiting issue is the damping of inter-area oscillation (IAO) between groups of synchronous machines. In this Ph.D. thesis, the contribution of power system components such as load and static var compensators (SVC) that affect the IAO of the power system, are analysed. The original contributions of this thesis are as follows: 1-Identification of eigenvalues and mode shapes of the IAO: In the first contribution of this thesis, the eigenvalues of the IAO are identified using a correlation based method. Then, the mode shape at each identified resonant frequency is determined to show how the synchronous generators swing against each other at the specific resonant frequencies. 2-Load modelling and load contribution to damping: The first part of this contribution lies in identification of the load model using cross-correlation and autocorrelation functions . The second aspect is the quantification of the load contribution to damping and sensitivity of system eigenvalues with respect to the load. 3- SVC contribution to damping: In this contribution the criteria for SVC controller redesign based on complete testing is developed. Then the effect of the SVC reactive power on the measured power is investigated. All of the contributions of this thesis are validated by simulation on test systems. In addition, there are some specific application of the developed methods to real data to find a.) the mode shape of the Australian electricity network, b.) the contribution of the Brisbane feeder load to damping and c.) the effect of the SVC reactive power of the Blackwall substations on the active power supplying Brisbane.

Lors de la phase de dimensionnement d’un générateur électrique, des choix préliminaires imposent généralement la topologie. Cette thèse a pour objectif d’apporter une aide décisionnelle au choix des structures de générateurs de fortes puissances. L’intérêt des machines à haute efficacité énergétique est porté par des objectifs environnementaux forts. En conséquence, maîtriser et comprendre l’origine des pertes dans les machines de production d’électricité est un enjeu capital. Ainsi, une méthodologie de calculs de pertes fer est développée pour des générateurs de fortes puissances.Dans les secteurs de la production et conversion d’énergie, les Machines Synchrones à Double Excitation présentent un fort potentiel pour répondre aux défis de la transition énergétique. Dès lors, il est important de quantifier l’impact de ces nouvelles structures par rapport aux solutions existantes. Cette thèse propose une modélisation par méthodes analytiques et semi-analytiques dans l’objectif de concevoir un ensemble de structures de générateurs. La modélisation est également comparée à deux prototypes de fortes puissances, dont un pour une application éolienne à attaque directe.Ensuite, cette modélisation est employée dans un processus de conception par optimisation. Les structures Pareto optimales sont comparées suivant différents cahiers des charges. Ces optimisations permettent de mettre en avant des gains significatifs par rapport aux solutions existantes notamment sur des données statistiques de fonctionnement éolien. / During the design phase of an electrical generator, the topology is generally imposed by preliminary criteria. This thesis aims at providing a decision support for the choice of high power generator structures. The interest for high efficiency machines is driven by strong environmental objectives. Consequently, understanding the origin of losses in power generation machines is a major issue. Thus, a methodology for iron loss calculation is developed for high power generators.In the energy production and conversion sectors, Hybrid Excitation Synchronous Machines have a great potential to respond to the challenges of energy transition. It is important to quantify the impact of these new structures compared with existing solutions. This thesis proposes analytical and lumped models to design a set of generator structures. The modeling approach is also compared with two high power generators, including one for a direct drive wind turbine. Then, this modeling is used in an optimization design process. The optimal Pareto structures are compared according to different specifications. These optimized designs show significant gains compared to the existing solutions, especially on wind profile from a Weibull probability density function.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This Thesis proposes sensorless vector control schemes that combine designed observers in the discrete-time domain to estimate the rotor position and speed for a permanent magnet synchronous generator of non-salient poles. Two control schemes are proposed. The first scheme is based on a discrete sliding mode current observer in series with an adaptive electromotive force observer. Then, the sliding conditions that assure the sliding motion around the sliding surface are derived to ensure the stability of the current observer as well as an innovative design procedure is proposed for it. Moreover, the electromotive force observer is designed using Lyapunov s Discrete Direct Method, which provides the estimated rotor position and speed. The second scheme extends the developed methodology for the former, considering the parametric uncertainties and eliminating the high frequency components of chattering. The second scheme uses a discrete sliding mode current observer as in the first scheme. However, the electromotive force observer is replaced by a phase-locked loop in series with a discrete sliding mode robust differentiator, which follows the proposed methodology for the discrete sliding mode current observer. Experimental results validate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the performance of the proposed control schemes considering a small scale wind energy conversion system. In addition, proposed schemes are compared with others of the literature. It should be noticed that the whole approach is carried out in discrete time domain making it suitable for a microcontroller or digital signal processor implementation. / Esta Tese propõe esquemas de controle vetorial sem sensores mecânicos de posição e de velocidade que combinam observadores projetados no domínio de tempo discreto para estimar essas variáveis para um gerador síncrono a ímãs permanentes de polos não salientes. Dois esquemas de controle são propostos. O primeiro esquema baseiase em um observador de corrente por modos deslizantes discretos em série com um observador adaptativo de força eletromotriz. Então, as condições de deslizamento que asseguram os modos deslizantes em torno da superfície de deslizamento são estabelecidas no domínio de tempo discreto para garantir a estabilidade do observador de corrente e um inovador procedimento de projeto para ele é proposto. Em seguida, o observador de força eletromotriz é projetado usando o método direto de Lyapunov discreto, que fornece a posição e a velocidade rotóricas estimadas. O segundo esquema estende a metodologia desenvolvida para o primeiro, considerando as incertezas paramétricas bem como eliminando as componentes de alta frequência de chattering. O segundo esquema usa um observador de corrente por modos deslizantes discretos como o primeiro. Entretanto, o observador de força eletromotriz é substituído por um retentor de fase em série com um diferenciador robusto por modos deslizantes discretos, que segue a metodologia proposta para o observador de corrente. Resultados experimentais validam a análise teórica desenvolvida e demonstram o desempenho dos esquemas de controle propostos considerando um sistema de conversão de energia eólica de pequeno porte. Além disso, os esquemas propostos são comparados com outros da literatura. Ressalta-se que a toda abordagem é desenvolvida no domínio de tempo discreto tornando-a apta para uma implementação em microcontroladores e em processadores digitais de sinais.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:07:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 IsacCJ_DISSERT.pdf: 1949059 bytes, checksum: dd9548aaca6ef14a8a29ea281a293986 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-25 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / The robustness and performance of the Variable Structure Adaptive Pole Placement Controller are evaluated in this work, where this controller is applied to control a synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus. The evaluation of the robustness of this controller will be accomplished through simulations, where the control algorithm was subjected to adverse conditions, such as: disturbances, parametric variations and unmodeled dynamic. It was also made a comparison of this control strategy with another one, using classic controllers. In the simulations, it is used a coupled model of the synchronous generator which variables have a high degree of coupling, in other words, if there is a change in the input variables of the generator, it will change all outputs simultaneously. The simulation results show which control strategy performs better and is more robust to disturbances, parametric variations and unmodeled dynamics for the control of Synchronous Generator / A robustez e o desempenho do Controlador Adaptativo por Posicionamento de Polos e Estrutura Variavel s?o avaliados neste trabalho, onde este controlador e aplicado para o controle de um Gerador Sncrono conectado a um barramento infi- nito. A avaliac?o da robustez deste controlador sera realizada atraves de simulac?es, onde o algoritmo de controle foi submetido a condic?es adversas, tais como: perturba c?es, variac?es parametricas e din?mica n?o modelada. Tambem foi feita uma comparac?o desta estrategia de controle, com outra utilizando controladores classicos. Nas simulac?es, e utilizado o modelo acoplado do gerador sncrono, onde suas variaveis apresentam um alto grau de acoplamento, ou seja, se houver alterac?o em uma das variaveis de entrada do gerador todas as suas sadas ser?oo alteradas simultaneamente. Os resultados das simulac?es demonstram qual estrategia de controle apresenta melhor desempenho, e e mais robusta a perturbac?es, variac?es parametricas e din?mica n?o modelada para o controle do Gerador S?ncrono