This research critically examines the international protection of children education during the Syrian armed conflict since 2011. It identifies the reasons behind the failure of the international community in providing the necessary protection and its impacts on the Syrian children education. It analyzes the legal protection available to children education in situations of armed conflict in accordance with the international law. In order to evaluate the reluctance of the international community humanitarian intervention under the principle of Responsibility to Protect, this research used the textual analysis method and the realism and liberalism theories. Altogether, during the eight years of the ongoing Syrian conflict, children right to education have been violated throughout Syria, and millions have been out of schools, and many are at high risk to dropout. The research concludes that the vetoes in the Security Council and political and economic considerations among the superpowers have overcome the legal protection.

Seven long years of conflict in Syria with humanitarian catastrophe as consequence.The UN and the blocked Security Council, with the inability to address the deteriorating political andhumanitarian situation in Syria, actualizes the former Secretary-General Kofi Annan's words beforethe General Assembly in 2000:"... if humanitarian intervention is, indeed, an unacceptable assault on sovereignty, how should werespond to a Rwanda, to a Srebrenica - to gross and systematic violations of human rights thataffect every prescription of our common humanity?"From the Cold War until today, the UN system has failed to live up to the high expectations basedon the fundamental principles of the Charter and international law, which can be attributed to theimbalance between the General Assembly and the Security Council, as well as within the Councilbetween the five permanent members with individual veto and the chosen six.The question is not new. The tension in power balance and decision-making in the UN has existedsince the organization's formation. Interestingly in this context, the resolution Uniting for Peace,which was adopted in 1950, has as its starting point the unrestricted power of veto in relation to theGeneral Assembly's responsibility for peace and security.The resolutions Responsibility to Protect and Uniting for Peace become important and necessaryfor the understanding of the conflict in Syria, but also for a reform work motivated by humanitarianlaw. The meaning of the concepts of sovereignty, veto and erga omnes is therefore decisive in thebalance between de lege lata and de lege ferenda, with can be clarified by de lege interpretata.This essay will try to make the connection between these concepts more intelligible.

This thesis examines documents from the US department of State relating to the Internal Affairs of Turkey in the years of 1918-1922, to answer questions pertaining to French imperial policy directed toward minority groups in French Mandate Syria, which included present-day nations of Lebanon and Syria. Of the many minority groups present in French Mandate Syria, I chose to examine the Maronite, Druze, Alawi, Eastern Christian, and Armenian communities because of their significant role in the state-building of Syria and Lebanon. By using documents originating from US diplomats, this thesis attempts to present the United States’ view on these imperial policies. In the formation of this perspective, the thesis asks some of the following questions: What were the effects of French imperial policies on Syrian minorities? And how did French imperial policy regarding minorities shape French Syrian society as a whole? To answer these questions as completely as possible, I supplemented the archival sources with material from significant scholars in Levantine and broader Mid-East history, like Albert Hourani and Yaron Friedman. My research suggests that policies pursued had a negative impact on all of the minorities but to a lesser extent for the Maronites, and other Christians. It also suggests that French imperial policy led to the creation of a violent society but steps could have been taken to produce a more peaceful outcome. The final goal of this thesis is to provide the historical narratives of the minority groups with an additional perspective, that of the US diplomats throughout the region.

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Yes / This paper develops the notion of ‘Talibanization’ – a concept which stems from the resilience and the determination of the Taliban to remain a dominant player in Afghanistan even after the downfall of their state in 2001. The factors that helped the Taliban to maintain their influence after the disintegration of their state constitute a pattern which could be applied to other conflict-driven areas such as Syria. By critically examining the socio-political conditions in the Syrian district of Jarablus, this paper demonstrates the ways in which the inept post-IS administration is inadvertently helping IS to gain what we call ‘retrospective legitimacy’ a drive which could sustain its influence for many years following its downfall.

yes / The context for irrigation modernization in Syria reflects global drivers for change in irrigated agriculture. Two drivers are identified as being of particular importance, increasing stress on water resources, and the trend towards irrigation management transfer to the farmer level. Within these broad categories a number of specific challenges are likely to be of importance in the modernization process in Syria. Capacity-building to meet these challenges is required at three levels, policy, institutions and the individual. This paper focuses on institutional development, as being the most difficult level at which to undertake effective capacity-building. It discusses the institutional framework for irrigation management and goes on to describe current approaches, based round the concept of design principles. Constraints and limitations of the design principles approach are discussed. The paper concludes by proposing an agenda for preliminary action on capacity-building for irrigation modernization. This agenda comprises an institutional mapping exercise, an assessment of the roles and responsibilities of water sector entities, and the development of a strategy for supporting farmer-level institutions. Integration with other capacity-building initiatives (policy reform, human resource development) is necessary if it is to make an effective contribution to the overall modernization programme.

History many times over has shown when war and internal conflicts erupt, communities are forced to flee their homes and leave behind all they cherished until, if ever possible, the time and conditions re-align to return. In such conflict zones with countless uprooted communities news of refugees often gets more coverage in the media. Yet, alongside them are internally displaced people (IDPs) seeking as much help if not more, and not to mention can be significantly larger in number. Research also shows the majority of these groups end up being women and children exacerbating the problem and adding to the urgency. None the less, such post-conflict zones with widespread need seldom receive sufficient support for resettlement, from basic shelter and food to achieving a resemblance of some self-sufficiency. Shelter in post-war zones is a critical issue. But, due to challenging conditions on the ground like shortage of resources against the high demand among others, organizations participating in the rebuilding and assistance effort often resort to temporary and transitional settlements. Unfortunately, such displaced populations end up living in these potentially deteriorating settlements for many years with their lives at a standstill, while support and resources dwindle. The matter of creating shelter being of architecture, a question then follows how can architecture alleviate the problem of resettling displaced populations in post-war zones? And in the process how can it help communities restore what they lost and potentially establish a better future? And is there perhaps a practical approach to resettlement that spurs a positive change in motion to what would be a long process of rebuilding a community and then a nation as a whole? The issue of post-war resettlement being a complicated one, and requiring many hands, this thesis strives to propose a resettlement model from an architectural standpoint. As a case in point, the thesis looks at the extensively damaged city of Raqqa in Syria, following the ongoing civil war of more than 7 years. The thesis furthermore aims to propose a model that can serve as a catalyst towards much-needed rebuilding in this historic city and beyond. Besides this, the thesis makes an effort to identify and translate what post-war resettlement specific to the area in question could mean and design a communal campus at the end of which. Also, contrary to a temporary relief typology, the thesis attempts to break down and respond to some of the contextual issues present through targeted questions of why what and how towards a potentially evolving and flourishing housing and community rebuilding campus. / Master of Architecture / In the aftermath of conflicts and war, communities are forced to abandon their homes along with all they cherished into the worst of circumstances that leave them in limbo for many years. A majority of these displaced populations become Internally Displaced People(IDP) while others become refugees in near and far lands. Adding to that, women and children make up nearly 80% of these groups. Yet, during and post-conflict, the support for resettlement continues to be a no match to the extensive need created from basic housing to reaching a level of self-sufficiency as communities rebuild their lives piece by piece. While issues surrounding post-war resettlement are intricate and need all resources possible, this thesis identifies and puts forward a proposal towards architectural responses. Particularly looking at one of the extensively bombed city of Raqqa in Syria, the thesis furthermore suggests a model that can be a catalyst towards the extensive need for rebuilding communities against the predicament that continue to cloud the hopes of the nation and its people. Besides this, the thesis brings forth solutions potentially suitable for a post-war campus taking into consideration material resources to human factors like labor. The thesis, unlike temporary and transitional shelters that could leave behind settlements into a slum-like state, proposes a permanent rebuilding model to help lay a foundation to what is urgently needed and will be a long term undertaking.

No description available.

La thèse examine les rapports complexes entre Archéologie, Tourisme et Développement à travers l’analyse des enjeux et modalités de la mise en valeur des sites archéologiques en Syrie. Le contexte syrien offre à ces égards un terrain d’observation particulièrement riche puisque les sites archéologiques y ont été investis dès la fin du XIXème siècle de valeurs cognitives, identitaires et plus récemment économiques et touristiques dans le cadre des politiques de développement et d’aménagement du territoire « national ». Alors que les relations entre Archéologie, Tourisme et Développement sont stigmatisées par les archéologues, elles tendent à être conçues sous la forme d’une complémentarité « naturelle » par les gestionnaires et institutions patrimoniales et touristiques. Ces derniers voient dans le patrimoine (culturel) un levier potentiel de développement à la fois socio-économique et socio-culturel. Les discours archéologiques, managériaux et institutionnels se fondent néanmoins sur une conception limitative du site archéologique et de sa valorisation, terme connoté qui renverrait exclusivement à une exploitation marchande de la « ressource » archéologique. Or, il y a lieu de proposer une autre approche et d’adopter une voix médiane en soulignant que le rapprochement entre les trois dimensions évoquées ci-dessus est possible mais non obligé. Par conséquent, cette thèse propose une conception renouvelée des sites archéologiques et de leur mise en valeur. <p><p>The thesis examines the complex relationships between Archaeology, Tourism and Development through the analysis of the stakes and modalities of the development of archeological sites in Syria. The Syrian context offers a ground of particularly rich observation because archeological sites were invested from the end of the XIXth century of cognitive, identical values and more recently economic and touristic values in the framework of development policies. Within the framework of policies of development and "national" land settlement. While the relations between Archaeology, Tourism and Development are stigmatized by the archaeologists, they tend to be conceived under the shape of a "natural" complementarity by the administrators and the heritage and tourist institutions. These last ones see in the (cultural) heritage a potential lever of socio-economic and socio-cultural development. The archaeological, managerial and institutional rethorics base themselves nevertheless on a restrictive conception of the archeological site and its valuation (valorisation), a connoted term which would send back exclusively to a commercial exploitation of the archaeological "resource". Now, it seems important to propose another approach and to adopt a "median voice" by underlining that the link between three dimensions. Consequently, this thesis proposes a renewed conception of archeological sites and their development. / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Cette thèse de doctorat constitue une première étude de synthèse de la céramique de cuisine (Brittle Ware), de l’époque romaine à l’époque omeyyade en Syrie. Cette recherche repose sur une approche méthodologique combinant un classement typologique des formes et un classement par groupes de pâtes. Le corpus étudié provient de plusieurs sites archéologiques de Syrie du nord, dont la céramique de cuisine est encore inédite et pour laquelle on ignore les centres de production (Apamée, Andarin, Alep et Dibsi Faraj). Ce travail a entrepris d’identifier le nombre d’ateliers et leur localisation, leur profil de production et leur aire de diffusion. Les objectifs sont de caractériser la production de Brittle Ware depuis la manufacture jusqu’aux contextes de consommation, <p>L’étude chrono-typologique a permis de définir le répertoire de la Brittle Ware et de situer sa production entre l’époque hellénistique (3e av. J.-C.) et l’époque mamelouke (13e s. apr. J.-C.). Aux époques romaine, byzantine et omeyyade, un même assemblage formel, constituant un service de cuisine se diffuse dans toute la province antique de Syrie. Ce service de cuisine est constitué d’un pot à cuire haut et fermé qui devait servir aux liquides et aux bouillies, d’une casserole ouverte pour les plats mijotés et d’une cruche. <p>L’analyse minéralogique et chimique des pâtes a identifié cinq groupes de pâte, correspondant à cinq zones de production. L’origine des matières premières exploitées a pu être localisée dans le nord-ouest de la Syrie, à proximité de l’Euphrate et dans le sud-ouest de la Syrie. L’étude des pâtes et des formes de Brittle Ware dans leur contexte géographique et chronologique a de surcroît montré que ces cinq sources d’argile correspondent à cinq centres de production. Les profils de ces centres de production ont pu être définis :leur durée d’activité et l’aire géographique de leur diffusion varie pour chacun d’entre eux. Quatre sont des ateliers syriens alors que le dernier semble être localisé plus au sud. Deux centres de production ont une diffusion supra-régionale (couvrant plusieurs zones géographiques). L’un diffuse ses produits de Syrie occidentale jusqu’à l’Euphrate et l’autre, moins attesté à l’est, constitue l’unique fournisseur de la ville d’Apamée. Les trois autres centres ont une distribution régionale. La plupart de ces ateliers partagent le même service de cuisine, témoignant de la transmission d’un savoir-faire technique et formel sur plusieurs générations.<p>Alors qu’à l’époque hellénistique, on note sur quelques sites la présence d’une vaisselle culinaire différente, qui s’apparente aux traditions de l’Âge du Fer et de l’Âge du Bronze syrien, l’étude de la distribution de la Brittle Ware en Syrie révèle que celle-ci représente l’unique céramique de cuisine utilisée aux époques romaines et byzantines. En outre, les formes typiques de la Brittle Ware ne sont pas attestées en dehors des limites de la province antique de Syrie :en Cilicie, en Palestine ou à Chypre. Les céramiques culinaires des régions limitrophes de la Syrie constituent d’autres faciès régionaux qui partagent néanmoins des traditions formelles et techniques avec les productions de Brittle Ware. Ces autres faciès sont caractérisés par leurs répertoires typologiques spécifiques, par ailleurs inconnus en Syrie.<p>Les cartes de distribution de la Brittle Ware et la comparaison avec les productions des régions limitrophes montrent par conséquent que la production de Brittle Ware représente un commerce à échelle supra-régionale, tourné essentiellement vers l’intérieur de la Syrie. Le fait que ce commerce ne dépasse pas les limites de la province, loin d’être un facteur négatif, indique que la production de Brittle Ware est suffisamment prospère pour défier la concurrence. <p>L’étude des contextes de production de la Brittle Ware montre que cette catégorie de vaisselle, bien qu’utilitaire était l’objet d’une production de masse, diffusée à l’échelle d’une province et provenant sans doute de grands centres de production spécialisés. Cette recherche couvrant trois périodes historiques contribue à notre connaissance de l’économie syrienne, car elle illustre la pérennité des centres de production et de certains réseaux d’échange, depuis l’époque romaine jusqu’à la fin de l’époque omeyyade.<p> / Doctorat en philosophie et lettres, Orientation histoire de l'art et archéologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished