O presente estudo tem por objetivo principal avaliar as alterações funcionais precoces de mitocôndrias hepáticas de ratos wistar submetidos ao estímulo de sepse através da técnica de ligadura cecal e punção (cecal ligation and puncture-CLP) e indução de tolerância ao lipopolissacarídeo (LPS) de Escherichia coli. As mitocôndrias exercem papel na alteração do metabolismo celular de pacientes sépticos. Os objetivos do presente trabalho foram: (1) padronizar a técnica de indução a tolerância para ratos wistar com LPS de E. coli (2) avaliar a função mitocondrial fosforilativa e oxidativa; (3) quantificar DNA mitocondrial em tecido hepático de animais submetidos à CPL e tolerância; (4) verificar a expressão dos genes responsáveis pela biogênese mitocondrial e replicação do DNA mitocondrial: nuclear respiratory factor (NRF-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) e peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1alfa); (5) avaliar a função dos complexos respiratórios I e IV. Os resultados encontrados no presente estudo revelaram que: (a) a taxa de mortalidade dos animais submetidos a tolerância foi de 10% quando submetidos à dose letal de LPS, enquanto a taxa de mortalidade dos animais controle foi de 100% quando submetidos à dose letal de LPS; (b) observou-se que o grupo do controle respiratório que recebeu doses controladas de LPS e foi submetido à CLP apresentou razão igual ao grupo Controle, sugerindo que a fosforilação oxidativa se manteve igual ao basal, enquanto o grupo que foi submetido ao procedimento de CLP sem indução a tolerância apresentou piora da razão do controle respiratório em relação ao grupo controle; (c) a quantificação de DNA mitocondrial mostrou-se maior nos animais submetidos a CLP sem prévia indução a tolerância, com igual aumento da expressão dos fatores de biogênese mitocondrial em relação aos demais grupos; (d) houve diferença significativa na avaliação da funcionalidade dos complexo I, porém o complexo IV se manteve igual em todos os grupos. Concluiu-se que a indução a tolerância altera positivamente a função mitocondrial em animais submetidos à CLP / The aim of this study was to evaluate the early functional alterations of hepatic mitochondria of wistar rats submitted to the stimulation of sepsis through the technique of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and induction of tolerance to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli. Mitochondria play a role in altering the cellular metabolism of septic patients. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to standardize the tolerance induction technique for wistar rats with E. coli LPS (2) to evaluate the mitochondrial phosphorylation and oxidative function; (3) quantify mitochondrial DNA in hepatic tissue of animals submitted to CPL and tolerance; (4) to verify the expression of genes responsible for mitochondria biogenesis and mitochondrial DNA replication nuclear mitochondrial biogenesis (NRF-1), mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1alpha); (5) to evaluate the function of respiratory complexes I and IV. The results found in the present study revealed that: (a) the mortality rate of the animals submitted to tolerance was 10% when submitted to the lethal dose of LPS, whereas the mortality rate of the control animals was 100% when submitted to the lethal dose of LPS; (B) it was observed that the group receiving controlled doses of LPS and submitted to CLP presented a ratio equal to the control group, suggesting that oxidative phosphorylation remained the same at baseline, whereas the group that underwent CLP procedure without induction of tolerance presented worsening of the respiratory control ratio in relation to the control group; (C) the mitochondrial DNA quantification was higher in the animals submitted to CLP without prior tolerance induction, with an equal increase in mitochondrial biogenesis factors expression in relation to the other groups; (D) there was significant difference in the evaluation of the functionality of complexes I, but no difference in complex IV in all groups. It was concluded that induction of tolerance positively alters mitochondrial function in animals submitted to CLP

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Systemic inflammation involves a complex array of cytokines that can result in organ dysfunction. Mortality remains high despite the vast amount of research conducted to find an effective biomarker. The cause of systemic inflammation can be broad and non-specific; therefore, this research investigates using transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurements to better define systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)/sepsis within a patient. Results show a difference in TEER measurements between healthy individuals and SIRS-rated patients. This research also displays correlations between TEER measurements and biomarkers currently studied with systemic inflammation (tumor necrosis factor-α, C- reactive protein, procalcitonin). Furthermore, this research also presents the groundwork for developing a microfluidic cell-based biosensor using low temperature co-fired ceramic materials. An LTCC TEER-based microfluidic device has the potential to aid in a more effective treatment strategy for patients and potentially save lives.

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Introdução: O trauma é um fenômeno que cursa com lesão tecidual, sendo que o trauma cirúrgico (TC) apresenta a referida lesão como consequência de um ato cirúrgico. A isquemia seguida de reperfusão (IR) é um evento comum em várias condições patológicas, bem como em diversos procedimentos cirúrgicos, principalmente transplantes. É frequente o desenvolvimento de lesões teciduais locais e remotas após trauma e após a I/R, parte de um fenômeno conhecido como síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS), frequentemente seguida pela falência de múltiplos órgãos (FMO). Estudos provaram o envolvimento do neutrófilo em tais síndromes como resultado da ação de enzimas proteolíticas secretadas a partir de grânulos citoplasmáticos, radicais livres produzidos por explosão respiratória e citocinas liberadas após a infiltração nos tecidos. Nesse contexto, foi provado que o pré-condicionamento isquêmico (PCI), definido como curtos episódios de isquemia precedendo a IR, protege contra essas lesões, com menor ativação de neutrófilos. No entanto, o conhecimento a respeito dos mecanismos operantes nos neutrófilos após o trauma cirúrgico, a isquemia seguida de reperfusão ou o pré-condicionamento isquêmico, ainda são preliminares. Objetivo: Analisar com maior profundidade o impacto dessas condições (TC, IR e PCI) no proteoma e fosfoproteoma do neutrófilo. Métodos: Foi realizada a análise de parâmetros hematológicos juntamente com a análise proteômica e fosfoproteômica de neutrófilos de ratos submetidos a TC, IR e PCI, comparados ao grupo controle. A análise proteômica foi realizada em sistema de nLC-MS/MS orbitrap de alto desempenho, usando marcação com iTRAQ, enriquecimento de fosfopeptídios e pré-fracionamento por HILIC. A análise estatística baseada em clusters utilizando scripts em R mostrou proteínas com abundância relativa diferencial em todas as condições. Resultados: A avaliação dos parâmetros hematológicos antes e depois de TC, IR e IPC demonstrou alterações no número, forma e tamanho de linfócitos, hemácias, plaquetas e, principalmente, neutrófilos (granulócitos). Observou-se um claro aumento na contagem de neutrófilos após TC e IR, sendo que tal aumento foi prevenido pelo PCI. Um total de 393 proteínas foram determinadas como reguladas para abundância relativa entre o grupo controle e o grupo TC. A maioria das proteínas encontradas como reguladas em comum nos grupos TC e IR estão relacionadas à apoptose (caspase-3), motilidade celular (PAK2), transdução de sinal (IL-5, IL-6 e TNF) e degradação pelo sistema proteassoma no neutrófilo. Maior produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e disfunção da migração direcional de neutrófilos (PKC-delta) com aumento do tempo de vida dos neutrófilos são eventos iniciais importantes que podem resultar em mais dano tecidual e em infecção. A análise proteômica de neutrófilos de ratos após PCI levou à identificação de 2437 grupos de proteínas atribuídos a 5 clusters diferentes, contendo proteínas de abundância relativa significativamente aumentada ou diminuída em IR e PCI. O estudo de vias desses clusters baseado no KEGG revelou aumento nas vias de fagocitose mediada por Fc-gama R, sinalização por quimiocinas, adesão focal e migração transendotelial, citoesqueleto de actina, metabolismo e diminuição nas vias ribossomais, de transporte de RNA, de processamento de proteínas. A regulação da fosforilação de proteínas após IR e PCI mostrou algumas vias como quimiocinas, Fc-gama, GPCR, migração celular e vias pró e antiapoptóticas, sendo que a via de splicing alternativo foi a que apresentou regulação mais evidente (p < 0.0001). A regulação da abundância, bem como da fosforilação, presença de motivos e de domínios levou à identificação de fosfatases, como Fgr, GRK2, PKC delta, ptpn6 e ptprc reguladas por IR, bem como stk38, pkn1, syk e inpp5d reguladas por PCI. A interação mais marcante entre proteínas foi demonstrada como sendo entre os receptores de Fgr e Ptp. Conclusão: Concluímos que as alterações causadas por TC, IR e PCI levaram a intenss alterações na abundância de algumas proteínas e em eventos de fosforilação em neutrófilos, levando ao efeito destrutivo observado após a IR e ao efeito protetor consequente ao PCI / Introduction: Trauma is a phenomenon that involves tissue injury, whereas the surgical trauma (ST) has such injury as a consequence of a surgery. Ischemia reperfusion is common event in many surgical procedures, especially in transplants, as well as in many pathological conditions. Local and remote tissue injuries usually develop after trauma and ischemic reperfusion, part of a phenomenon known as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, frequently followed by multiple organ failure (MOF). Studies have proven the involvement of the neutrophil in all these injuries as a result of proteolytic enzymes secreted from cytoplasmic granules, free radicals produced by respiratory burst, cytokines released after tissue infiltration. In that context, ischemic preconditioning (IPC), that are short episodes of ischemia before ischemia reperfusion, was proved to be protective against these injuries with less activation of neutrophils. However the knowledge about the underlying mechanism operating in the neutrophil after surgical trauma, ischemia reperfusion and preconditioning is preliminary. Objective: To deeply analyze the impact of these conditions (ST, IR and IPC) on the neutrophil proteome and phosphoproteome. Methodology: We did hematological analysis along proteomics and phospho proteomics through high throughput nLC-MS/MS analysis by orbitrap using iTRAQ labeling, phospho peptide enrichments, and HILIC pre-fractionation. Neutrophils from control, ST, IR and IPC conditions after extraction were processed for proteomic analysis. Statistical package using R based on cluster analysis led to the detection of differentially regulated proteins in all conditions. Results: The evaluation of the hematological parameters before and after ST, IR or IPC on blood cells stated alteration in size, number and shape of lymphocytes, RBCs, platelets and specially neutrophils (granulocytes). In the analysis, a clear increase in neutrophil count after ST and IR with such increase prevented by IPC. A total of 393 proteins were found differentially regulated between control and trauma groups. Most of the common proteins found regulated in trauma and IR seem to be related to apoptosis (caspase-3), cell motility (PAK2) and signal transduction in IL5, IL6 and TNF and proteasomal degradation in neutrophil. Higher oxygen species production and dysfunction of directional neutrophil migration (PKC delta) with increase in the life span of neutrophils are early important events that can finally result into more tissue damage and infection. The total proteomic analysis of rat neutrophils after IPC led to the identification of 2437 protein groups assigned to five different clusters with significantly up and downregulated proteins in IR and IPC. Cluster based KEGG pathways analysis revealed up-regulation of chemokine signaling, focal adhesion, leukocyte transendothelial migration, actin cytoskeleton, metabolism and Fc gamma R mediated phagocytosis, whereas downregulation in ribosome, spliceosome, RNA transport, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum and proteasome, after intestinal ischemic preconditioning. The phosphoregulated proteins containing domains and motifs in the regulated peptides after IR and IPC led to the identification of some of important players such as chemokine, Fc gamma, GPCR, migration and pro/anti-apoptotic pathways. The phosphoproteins from alternative splicing was the pathway presenting the most remarkable regulation with a p-value of 0.0001. The regulation in expression as well as in phosphorylation, the presence of motifs and domains led to the identification of kinases and phosphatases including Fgr, GRK2, PKC delta, ptpn6 and ptprc in neutrophils after IR whereas stk38, pkn1, syk, and inpp5d in neutrophil due to IPC. The highest protein-protein interaction was shown by Fgr and Ptp receptors. Conclusion: We concluded that the changed stimulus produced after ST, IR and IPC led to the huge alteration in proteins expression and phosphorylation events in the neutrophil proteome as mentioned in our work, that leads to final destructive and protective phenotype of neutrophils respectively

Sepsis-induced organ failure is associated with high morbidity and mortality rates. The onset of an exaggerated host response to microbial invasion and/or trauma, is believed to be the primary cause of excessive inflammation and the subsequent tissue hypoperfusion observed in patients with severe sepsis. In our mouse model of sepsis induced by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP), symptoms indicative of the disease, including diarrhea, increased ventilation and persistent hypothermia, are present at six hours after the surgery (T6). In the untreated CLP mice, mortality occurs starting at T15. As induced hypothermia has shown to exert immunomodulatory effects, this study is aimed at assessing its potential in attenuating inflammation and improving survival in experimental sepsis. Our data has shown that deep hypothermia initiated at T6, by means of cold chamber-induced cooling, prolongs survival. Plasma cytokine quantification by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) also reveals that induced deep hypothermia reduces tumour necrosis factor(TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 production in untreated CLP mice. In contrast, induced moderate hypothermia does not have such effect. Antibiotic (cefotaxime) and saline resuscitation initiated immediately following CLP ensures survival. However, when these supportive treatments are initiated at T6, >50% mortality is observed in the CLP mice with or without induced hypothermia. In summary, this preliminary study provides proof for a downregulated inflammatory response mediated by external cooling. However, to achieve a survival benefit, treatment strategies in addition to cooling and antibiotics may be required.

Orientador: Francisco Hideo Aoki / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T19:53:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Sauer_CarlosRobertodeOliveira_M.pdf: 4893312 bytes, checksum: 191dcebcc690c95e22eb505e300a4963 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Introdução: Síndrome da resposta inflamatória sistêmica (SRIS) é uma situação clínica na qual ocorrem as alterações fisiológicas da sepse, mas que é desencadeada por uma agressão não infecciosa ao organismo. Foi definida em 1991, em consenso internacional, e, assim como a sepse, está associada à insuficiência de múltiplos órgãos e sistemas (IMOS) e à mortalidade. Não há muitos dados epidemiológicos a respeito da SRIS, mas sabe-se que a sepse grave e choque séptico são juntos a principal causa de morte nas unidades de terapia intensiva (UTIs) não coronarianas nos EUA e,no Brasil, são responsáveis por mais de 54.000 internações anualmente, com uma mortalidade associada de 32,9% e 64,1%, para sepse grave e choque séptico, respectivamente. Após documentar, em estudo fisiológico com cateter de artéria pulmonar, um caso de choque distributivo com depressão do miocárdio no pós-operatório imediato de uma cirurgia redutora de mama, sem qualquer associação a quadro infeccioso, foi feita, sem sucesso, uma extensa busca de casos semelhantes na literatura médica. Inclusive, nesta revisão, foi encontrada uma grande incidência de cirurgias estéticas de mama no Brasil: quase 280.000 por ano, dentre as quais 131.000 são mamoplastias redutoras. Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência de SRIS e SRIS grave no pós-operatório da cirurgia estética de mama e, secundariamente, avaliar os fatores de risco associados a sua ocorrência e discutir as possíveis implicações da SRIS nos cuidados peri-operatórios das cirurgias estéticas de mama. Casuística e método: foram realizados dois estudos epidemiológicos, um retrospectivo no Hospital Estadual de Sumaré¿UNICAMP (HES), a mesma instituição onde foi verificado esse caso de SRIS grave, envolvendo todas as pacientes que foram submetidas somente a mamoplastia redutora (de 2001 a 2012, com 154 pacientes) e outro estudo prospectivo no Hospital do Instituto do Coração de Campinas (Hospital ICC), onde também foram avaliadas pacientes submetidas à inserção e à troca de próteses mamárias, associadas ou não à lipoaspiração (primeiro semestre de 2012, com 24 pacientes). Resultados: no HES encontrou-se 17 casos de SRIS (11,0%) e três casos de SRIS grave (1,9%), sendo verificado, dentre estes, um caso de SRIS grave com choque. Não houve diferença entre os grupos de pacientes com e sem SRIS para 29 variáveis clínicas,-epidemiológicas e farmacológicas analisadas. Observou-se uma tendência a maior frequência de SRIS em pacientes submetidas a anestesia por halogenados, mas sem significância estatística (p>0,05). No estudo do Hospital ICC foi verificada uma prevalência de SRIS 29,2%. Nesse segundo estudo, além de se aproximar da realidade das cirurgias estéticas de nosso país, pois foi feito em um hospital particular não ligado a qualquer universidade, pudemos contar com o critério do leucograma, colhido após a cirurgia. Após exaustiva revisão da literatura médica, foram encontrados alguns possíveis fatores confundidores da análise, a saber:os anestésicos inalatórios (halogenados e óxido nitroso), o propofol, a anestesia peridural, o próprio tecido mamário (em sua anatomia e fisiologia apresenta interfaces com sistema imune) e o órgão adiposo (participa da constituição da mama e possui funções endócrinas, além de ser ontologicamente ligado ao sistema imune). Ao revisar o tipo de cirurgia realizado e a fisiopatogenia da SRIS, encontramos mais duas questões com relevância em termos saúde coletiva: a imunossupressão e a ativação da cascata de coagulação associadas à SRIS poderiam gerar uma população de mulheres mais suscetíveis às complicações infecciosas, à trombose venosa profunda (TVP) e ao trombo-embolismo pulmonar (TEP). Novamente, foram feitos novos levantamentos bibliográficos para abordar estas questões, sendo encontradas inúmeras referências associando o uso inadequado de antibióticos a complicações bacterianas (superinfecções) e artigos descrevendo, nesta situação específica de pós-operatório, o frequente descumprimento dos protocolos de profilaxia de TVP/TEP. Conclusão: na cirurgia estética de mama ocorre uma incidência de SRIS próximo a 30% (quando são utilizados os 4 critérios diagnósticos de SRIS) e uma incidência de SRIS grave de quase 2%. Também foi descrito um caso clínico de SRIS grave com choque no pós-operatório da cirurgia estética de mama, algo presente no dia a dia dos profissionais que atendem estas pacientes, mas sem prévio relato na literatura médica. Não foi encontrada qualquer associação entre SRIS e os fatores de risco analisados. É necessário estarmos atentos para uma melhor definição da importância deste quadro em termos de saúde pública, com um olhar protetor para a população de mulheres submetidas à cirurgia estética de mama, vulneráveis às complicações do pós-operatório numa frequência que pode ser maior que a esperada / Abstract: Introduction : SIRS is a clinical situation where the physiological changes due to sepsis occur, but triggered by a noninfectious aggression to the organism. It was defined in 1991, with international consensus, and like sepsis it is associated to multiple system organ failure (MSOF) and mortality. There is not much epidemiological data related to SIRS but it is known that severe sepsis and septic shock are together the leading cause of death in non-coronary ICUs in the U.S. and, In Brazil, they are responsible for more than 54,000 hospitalizations annually, with an associated mortality of 32.9% and 64.1% for severe sepsis and septic shock, respectively. After reporting, in a physiological study of pulmonary artery catheter, a case of septic shock with myocardial depression in the immediate postoperative of reductive mammoplasty, without any sign of infection, an extensive literature review was done without success, seeking similar cases in the medical literature. Moreover, in this review, a high frequency of cosmetic surgery in breast were found in Brazil: almost 280,000 per year, of which 131,000 were reductive mammoplasties. Objective: Assess the prevalence of SIRS and severe SIRS in the postoperative of cosmetic breast surgery and , secondarily , assess the risk factors associated to its occurrence and discuss the possible implications of SIRS in the perioperative care of cosmetic breast surgery. Patients and Methods: Two epidemiological studies were conducted, one was a retrospective epidemiological survey which took place at the Sumaré State Hospital ¿ UNICAMP, the same institution where this case was found, involving all patients who underwent reduction mammoplasty ( from 2001 to 2012, with 154 patients) and the other was a prospective study developed at the Campinas Heart Institute Hospital, where patients subjected to placement and replacement of breast implants, associated or not to liposuction were assessed (first semester of 2012, with 24 patients). Results At the Sumaré State Hospital 17 cases of SIRS were found (11.0%), and three cases of severe SIRS (1.9%), among which there was one case of severe SIRS with shock. There was no difference between the group of patients with and without SIRS, regarding the 29 clinical, epidemiological and pharmacological variables that were analyzed. A tendency for a higher frequency of SIRS in patients undergoing anesthesia by halogenated substances was observed, but without statistical significance (p>0.05).At the Campinas Heart Institute Hospital, the prevalence of SIRS was of 29.2%. In this second study, in addition to being similar to the reality of cosmetic surgeries of our country, because it was conducted in a private hospital not related to any university, we could rely on the leucocyte count, collected after surgery. After an exhaustive review of the medical literature, some possible confounding analysis factors were found, namely: inhalational anesthetics (nitrous oxide as the halogenated), propofol, epidural anesthesia, the breast tissue itself (in their anatomy physiology presents interfaces with the immune system) and the adipose organ (part of the constitution of the breast, it has endocrine functions and is ontologically linked to the immune system). When reviewing the type of surgery performed and the pathophysiology of sepsis, we found two other relevant issues: immunosuppression and activation of the coagulation cascade associated to SIRS could generate a population of women transiently more susceptible to infectious complications, Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) and Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE). Again, we reviewed the literature to address these issues, numerous references were found involving the inappropriate use of antibiotics for bacterial complications (superinfection) and articles describing the incorrect use of the protocols for prophylaxis of DVT / PTE. Conclusion: In cosmetic breast surgery there is an incidence of SIRS close to 30% ( when the four diagnostic criteria for SIRS are used) and an incidence of severe SIRS close to 2%. Moreover, a clinical case of SIRS was described in the postoperative of cosmetic breast surgery, which is present in the everyday routine of the professionals that work with these patients but has not previously been related in the medical literature. No association was found between SIRS and the analyzed risk factors / Mestrado / Clinica Medica / Mestre em Clinica Medica

Zymosan-induced peritonitis is a model commonly used to study systemic inflammatory response syndrome and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. However, effects of zymosan on cardiac function have not been reported. We evaluated cardiac responses to zymosan in mice and the role of β-Glucan and dectin-1 in mediating these responses. Temperature and cardiac function were evaluated before and after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of zymosan (100 or 500 mg/kg) or saline. Chronotropic and dromotropic functions were measured using electrocardiograms (ECGs) collected from conscious mice. Cardiac inotropic function was determined by echocardiography. High-dose zymosan caused a rapid and maintained hypothermia along with visual signs of illness. Baseline heart rate (HR) was unaffected but HR variability (HRV) increased, and there was a modest slowing of ventricular conduction. High-dose zymosan also caused prominent decreases in cardiac contractility at 4 and 24 h. Because zymosan is known to cause gastrointestinal tract pathology, peritoneal wash and blood samples were evaluated for bacteria at 24 h after zymosan or saline injection. Translocation of bacterial occurred in all zymosan-treated mice (n=3), and two had bacteremia. Purified β-Glucan (50 and 125 mg/kg, i.p.) had no effect on temperature or ECG parameters. However, deletion of dectin-1 modified the ECG responses to high-dose zymosan; slowing of ventricular conduction and the increase in HRV were eliminated but a marked bradycardia appeared at 24 h after zymosan treatment. Zymosan-treated dectin-1 knockout mice also showed hypothermia and visual signs of illness. Fecal samples from dectin-1 knockout mice contained more bacteria than wild types, but zymosan caused less translocation of bacteria. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that zymosan-induced systemic inflammation causes cardiac dysfunction in mice. The data suggest that dectin-1-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved. Although zymosan treatment causes translocation of bacteria, this effect does not have a major role in the overall systemic response to zymosan.

Background: Systemic inflammation can occur after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and correlates with adverse outcome. The impact of remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) on TAVR associated systemic inflammation is unknown and was focus of this study. Methods: We performed a prospective controlled trial at a single center and included 66 patients treated with remote ischemic preconditioning (RIPC) prior to TAVR, who were matched to a control group by propensity score. RIPC was applied to the upper extremity using a conventional tourniquet. Definition of systemic inflammation was based on leucocyte count, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), assessed in the first 5 days following the TAVR procedure. Mortality was determined within 6 months after TAVR. RIPC group and matched control group showed comparable baseline characteristics. Results: Systemic inflammation occurred in 66% of all patients after TAVR. Overall, survival after 6 months was significantly reduced in patients with systemic inflammation. RIPC, in comparison to control, did not significantly alter the plasma levels of leucocyte count, CRP, PCT or IL-6 within the first 5 days after TAVR. Furthermore, inflammation associated survival after 6 months was not improved by RIPC. Of all peri-interventional variables assessed, only the amount of the applied contrast agent was connected to the occurrence of systemic inflammation. Conclusions: Systemic inflammation frequently occurs after TAVR and leads to increased mortality after 6 months. RIPC neither reduces the incidence of systemic inflammation nor improves inflammation associated patient survival within 6 months.