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Theories of learning from multimedia suggest that when media include two modal forms (e.g., visual and auditory), learning is improved by activating modally segregated working memory subsystems, thereby expanding the total cognitive resource available for learning (Mayer, 2001; Sweller, 1999). However, a recent meta-analysis suggests that the typical modality effect (use of narrations and diagrams [i.e., multimodal] leads to better learning than use of text and diagrams [i.e., unimodal]) might be limited to situations in which presentations are matched to the time it takes for the narration to play (Ginns, 2005). This caveat can be accounted for by the differences in ways that people process unimodal and multimodal information, but not by the expansion of working memory explanation for modality effects (Tabbers, 2002). In this paper, I propose a framework for conceptualizing how people interact with multimedia instructional materials. According to this approach, learning from multimedia requires (1) creating mental codes to represent to-be-learned information and (2) forming a network of associations among these mental codes to characterize how this information is related. The present research confirms, in two between-subjects experiments, predictions from this model when presentation pace and verbal presentation modality are manipulated to accompany static (Experiment 1) and animated (Experiment 2) diagrams. That is, the data suggest that learning from unimodal presentations improved as presentation pace was slowed, whereas learning from multimodal presentations did not change as presentation pace was slowed. A third experiment also confirmed predicted patterns of eye movement behavior, demonstrating patterns of increasing dwell time on pictures and switches between media as pace was slowed for unimodal presentations but not multimodal presentations. It is concluded that the parallel patterns of learning outcomes and eye-movement behavior support the proposed model and are not predicted by other models of learning from multimedia instructions. This improvement in predictions of the effects of manipulating design elements (e.g., presentation pace and verbal presentation modality) on learning can help designers as they consider what combination of resources (e.g., classroom time or equipment for multimodal presentation) to devote to instructional design.

David A. Castanon. / Bibliography: p. 28-29. / "Air Force Office of Scientific Research ... Grant AFOSR-80-0229."

J.M. Schumacher. / Bibliography: p. 29-31. / "March, 1982"

Description based on: 2nd, Dec.20, 1977. Prepared on NASA Grant NSG 1312, MIT OSP no.84371. Submitted to NASA Langley Research Center, Theoretical Mechanics Branch. Prepared by: 1977- , G. Stein and M. Athans.

Charles E. Rohrs, Lena Valavani, Michael Athans, Gunter Stein. / "June 1983" / Bibliography: p. 14. / "NASA/NGL-22-009-124" "ONR/N00014-82-K-0582 (NR 606-003) "NSF/ECS-8210960" "NSF/ECS-8206495"

Dispositivos eletrônicos com características de computadores pessoais, como um alto poder de processamento de dados e armazenamento, estão espalhando-se cada vez mais na vida das pessoas. Variando desde notebooks a PocketPCs e, mais recentemente, telefones celulares com funcionalidades extras, os chamados smart phones, estes dispositivos oferecem recursos antes disponíveis apenas em desktops em praticamente qualquer lugar. Essa tendência em difundir cada vez mais serviços computacionais de forma a integrálos na vida das pessoas deu origem à computação pervasiva. Este ramo da computação almeja integrar os serviços computacionais de forma transparente na vida das pessoas. Um uso interessante desta nova tecnologia ainda relativamente pouco explorado é o entretenimento, mais exatamente jogos pervasivos. A criação deste novo tipo de jogo exige que certos cuidados inerentes ao ambiente pervasivo sejam tomados para aumentar a qualidade dos produtos desenvolvidos e permitir que eles de fato resultem na experiência a que se propõe. Este trabalho contribui apresentando uma pesquisa realizada sobre quais são as características desejáveis em jogos pervasivos. Para embasar essas características foi realizado um estudo sobre o que autores clássicos classificam como sendo as características de jogos tradicionais, isto é, jogos que são encontrados no universo físico, sem o auxílio de computadores. Também foram analizados trabalhos que descrevem os elementos usualmente presentes em jogos de video game, que são jogos que utilizam extensivamente recursos computacionais. Utilizando essas duas análises, é possível identificar pontos em comum entre essas duas formas de jogos, e então derivar importantes características que deveriam estar presentes em jogos pervasivos. Um jogo pervasivo foi desenvolvido para verificar se a utilização dessas características aumentam as possibilidades de um jogo pervasivo ser mais fiel ao projeto de seu idealizador. O conceito desse jogo pervasivo é similar ao conceito de um jogo de video game já existente, porém levando em consideração as necessidades do ambiente pervasivo. O jogo foi projetado utilizando as ferramentas de modelagem da UML, respeitando sempre as características quando uma decisão deveria ser tomada. Um protótipo do jogo foi desenvolvido e testado com usuários, sempre procurando avaliar quando as características estavam de fato presentes. Este trabalho finaliza apresentando uma conclusão e algumas possibilidades de trabalhos futuros. / Electronic devices with characteristics of personal computers (such as high processing power and high data storage capacities) are becoming more common in everybody lives. These devices vary from laptops to PocketPCs and, recently, to cell phones with expanded functionality, the so called smart phones. All these equipments make available everywhere possibilities that have been available before only in desktops. This new paradigm of spreading computational services and integrating them into the lives of everybody created the concept of pervasive computing. This branch of computer science aims to integrate computational services transparently into the lives of everyone. An interesting use of this new technology that still has not been widely explored is for entertainment, specifically for pervasive games. The creation of this new type of game demands certain precautions relative to the pervasive environment. This is a necessity, such that the final product has higher quality and actually corresponds to the satisfying experience it proposes. This work contributes by presenting a research about desirable characteristics in pervasive games. A study about the elements of traditional games as classified by classic authors was performed. Traditional games are games that happen in the physical universe, without the use of computers. This work also includes an analysis of different works that describe the characteristics of video games. Video games are games that extensively use computational resources. This work uses both analysis to identify similarities between these two different forms of games, and then builds important characteristics that should be present in pervasive games. A pervasive game has been developed to verify if the use of these characteristics increase the possibilities of a pervasive game meet the design goals set by its designer. The idea behind this pervasive game is similar to the concept of an existing video game, but now considering the requirements of a pervasive environment. This game was designed using the UML tools, always respecting the characteristics when a decision should be made. A prototype of this game was coded and tests have been performed with different users, always trying to verify if the characteristics were indeed present in the game. In the end of this work there is a conclusion section, along with some possibilities for future work.

Dispositivos eletrônicos com características de computadores pessoais, como um alto poder de processamento de dados e armazenamento, estão espalhando-se cada vez mais na vida das pessoas. Variando desde notebooks a PocketPCs e, mais recentemente, telefones celulares com funcionalidades extras, os chamados smart phones, estes dispositivos oferecem recursos antes disponíveis apenas em desktops em praticamente qualquer lugar. Essa tendência em difundir cada vez mais serviços computacionais de forma a integrálos na vida das pessoas deu origem à computação pervasiva. Este ramo da computação almeja integrar os serviços computacionais de forma transparente na vida das pessoas. Um uso interessante desta nova tecnologia ainda relativamente pouco explorado é o entretenimento, mais exatamente jogos pervasivos. A criação deste novo tipo de jogo exige que certos cuidados inerentes ao ambiente pervasivo sejam tomados para aumentar a qualidade dos produtos desenvolvidos e permitir que eles de fato resultem na experiência a que se propõe. Este trabalho contribui apresentando uma pesquisa realizada sobre quais são as características desejáveis em jogos pervasivos. Para embasar essas características foi realizado um estudo sobre o que autores clássicos classificam como sendo as características de jogos tradicionais, isto é, jogos que são encontrados no universo físico, sem o auxílio de computadores. Também foram analizados trabalhos que descrevem os elementos usualmente presentes em jogos de video game, que são jogos que utilizam extensivamente recursos computacionais. Utilizando essas duas análises, é possível identificar pontos em comum entre essas duas formas de jogos, e então derivar importantes características que deveriam estar presentes em jogos pervasivos. Um jogo pervasivo foi desenvolvido para verificar se a utilização dessas características aumentam as possibilidades de um jogo pervasivo ser mais fiel ao projeto de seu idealizador. O conceito desse jogo pervasivo é similar ao conceito de um jogo de video game já existente, porém levando em consideração as necessidades do ambiente pervasivo. O jogo foi projetado utilizando as ferramentas de modelagem da UML, respeitando sempre as características quando uma decisão deveria ser tomada. Um protótipo do jogo foi desenvolvido e testado com usuários, sempre procurando avaliar quando as características estavam de fato presentes. Este trabalho finaliza apresentando uma conclusão e algumas possibilidades de trabalhos futuros. / Electronic devices with characteristics of personal computers (such as high processing power and high data storage capacities) are becoming more common in everybody lives. These devices vary from laptops to PocketPCs and, recently, to cell phones with expanded functionality, the so called smart phones. All these equipments make available everywhere possibilities that have been available before only in desktops. This new paradigm of spreading computational services and integrating them into the lives of everybody created the concept of pervasive computing. This branch of computer science aims to integrate computational services transparently into the lives of everyone. An interesting use of this new technology that still has not been widely explored is for entertainment, specifically for pervasive games. The creation of this new type of game demands certain precautions relative to the pervasive environment. This is a necessity, such that the final product has higher quality and actually corresponds to the satisfying experience it proposes. This work contributes by presenting a research about desirable characteristics in pervasive games. A study about the elements of traditional games as classified by classic authors was performed. Traditional games are games that happen in the physical universe, without the use of computers. This work also includes an analysis of different works that describe the characteristics of video games. Video games are games that extensively use computational resources. This work uses both analysis to identify similarities between these two different forms of games, and then builds important characteristics that should be present in pervasive games. A pervasive game has been developed to verify if the use of these characteristics increase the possibilities of a pervasive game meet the design goals set by its designer. The idea behind this pervasive game is similar to the concept of an existing video game, but now considering the requirements of a pervasive environment. This game was designed using the UML tools, always respecting the characteristics when a decision should be made. A prototype of this game was coded and tests have been performed with different users, always trying to verify if the characteristics were indeed present in the game. In the end of this work there is a conclusion section, along with some possibilities for future work.

Thesis (M.Diploma in Technology)--Cape Technikon, Cape Town, 1993 / This thesis describes the design, development and implementation of an intelligent printer sharer, capable of servicing ten personal computers and two printers.

Thesis (MTech (Industrial Design))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. / The purpose of this Master’s Thesis is to explore the application of Design Thinking as a valuable resource to any organisation, in this studies case the business model. Furthermore, it seeks to describe how the concept of ‘Design Thinking’ is shaping business models in the context of industrial design. By developing a language for and a description of these intersections and interdisciplinary roles. Consensus regarding the concepts of Design Thinking and the business model still needs development since this emerging area has become more established. An applied contextual research approach inevitably paints a new picture using the concepts and will also develop a language to assist design education, researchers and entrepreneurs in the industrial design praxis. The competitive advantage of any business is now driven even more by the intersection between different fields and disciplines. At this intersection exists the opportunity to understand the relationship between Design Thinking (a methodology that is grounded in industrial design) and the business model (a global concept for the logic of business) to help decision makers develop more sustainable pathways for design entrepreneurship. This research also addresses aspects of the changing role of industrial design and devotes the findings to the creative industries in South Africa. The research was conducted using a qualitative methodology, taking an applied context case study approach. Data were gathered from industry experts and three core cases: Thingking (design-maker consultants), Research Unit (a leather and luxury apparel company) and Nomanini, (provider of mobile solutions in the electronic domain).