Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:32:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ElvisNM_DISSERT.pdf: 1325328 bytes, checksum: 26a5738f48a900e63cafc3f1e0b1d776 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Neste trabalho estudamos o problema n?o linear F(X) = 0, onde F ? continuamente diferenci?vel com F : Rn-> Rn. Para solucion?-lo empregamos o m?todo de Newton Inexato obtendo um sistema linearizado J(xk)sk =-F(xk), onde J(xk) representa a matriz Jacobiana no ponto xk e o passo iterativo sk ? calculado por meio do m?todo do Res?duo M?nimo Generalizado (GMRES), que pertence ? fam?lia dos m?todos de proje??o em subespa?os de Krylov. Afim de evitar de evitar o acr?scimo no custo computacional devido ao aumento a cada itera??o na dimens?o do subespa?o de Krylov utilizamos o GMRES com recome?os ou GMRES(m), o qual pode apresentar problemas de estagna??o (duas solu??es consecutivas iguais ou quase iguais). Uma das maneiras de contornar essa estagna??o est? no uso de precondicionadores no sistema inicial Ax = b, passando a um sistema equivalente do tipo M-1Ax = M-1b onde a matriz M ? chamada de precondicionador e tem o papel de facilitar a solu??o do sistema inicial. A escolha de precondicionadores ? uma ?rea de pesquisa que remete ao conhecimento espec?fico a priori do problema a ser resolvido e/ou da estrutura da matriz dos coeficientes A. Neste trabalho buscamos estudar o precondicionamento pela esquerda no m?todo do Newton Inexato - GMRES(m). Apresentamos tamb?m uma estrat?gia que permite a mudan?a entre 3 tipos de precondicionadores (Jacobi, ILU e SSOR) dependendo de informa??es advindas da aplica??o do GMRES(m) a cada itera??o do Newton Inexato, ou seja, a cada vez que se resolve o sistema linearizado precondicionado. Assim fazemos ao final uma compara??o entre nossas estrat?gias e o uso de precondicionadores fixos na resolu??o de problemas teste por meio do NI-GMRES

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O monitoramento do carregamento de componentes elÃtricos constitui-se em um aspecto de grande importÃncia para qualquer sistema de potÃncia, pois a partir dele podem ser observadas as condiÃÃes de seguranÃa dos seus componentes. O presente trabalho propÃe um mÃtodo computacional baseado em Redes Neurais Artificiais para monitorar o carregamento de componentes elÃtricos do sistema de distribuiÃÃo de energia, como transformadores, alimentadores e linhas de subtransmissÃo. A partir dos dados colhidos dos medidores das subestaÃÃes, contendo os valores de corrente do componente considerado, sÃo realizadas duas anÃlises: com transferÃncia de carga e sem transferÃncia de carga. Desta maneira, objetiva-se determinar os valores mÃximos de corrente nas duas situaÃÃes para o correspondente transformador, alimentador, ou linha de subtransmissÃo analisada. Busca-se entÃo, obter o seu carregamento mÃximo em ambos os casos e a partir desses valores, determinar se o componente està ou nÃo operando em boas condiÃÃes de seguranÃa. O valor mÃximo de corrente com transferÃncia de carga à simples de ser obtido, pois consiste apenas no valor mÃximo dos dados de corrente sem qualquer tipo de anÃlise mais aprofundada. PorÃm, o valor mÃximo de corrente sem transferÃncia de carga à bastante complexo de ser determinado, pois as condiÃÃes atÃpicas dos dados devem ser eliminadas. Desta forma, um mÃtodo empregando Redes Neurais Artificiais foi desenvolvido para obter este valor de corrente para os componentes analisados. Os resultados se mostraram bem prÃximos dos valores reais, comprovando a eficÃcia do mÃtodo. Finalmente, pode ser concluÃdo que o monitoramento à perfeitamente possÃvel de ser realizado, possibilitando um maior controle sobre os carregamentos, evitando danos tanto ao sistema de distribuiÃÃo, como ao sistema de potÃncia como um todo. / The monitoring of the electrical components loading is an aspect of great importance to any power system, since the components safety conditions can be observed from it. The present study proposes a computational method based on Artificial Neural Networks to monitor the electrical components loading of the power distribution system, as transformers, feeders and subtransmission lines. Based on the data collected from the substations meters, containing the electric current values of the considered component, two analyses are done: with load transfer and without load transfer. Thus, the aim is to determine the current maximum values in both situations to the corresponding transformer, feeder, or subtransmission line analyzed. Then it is sought to obtain the maximum loading in both cases and, from these values, to determinate whether or not the component is operating in good safety conditions. The maximum current with load transfer is simple to obtain, because it consists only in the maximum value of electrical current data without any deeper analysis. However, the maximum current without load transfer is very complex to be determined, once the atypical conditions of the data must be eliminated. Thereby, a method using Artificial Neural Networks was developed to estimate the values of the current to the analyzed components. The results were very close to the real ones, proving the effectiveness of the method. Finally, it can be concluded that the monitoring is perfectly possible to be performed, allowing greater control over the loadings, avoiding damages to both the distribution system and the power system as a whole.

Les Systèmes de Systèmes (SdSs) sont des grands systèmes dont les composants sont eux-mêmes des systèmes qui interagissent en vue de la réalisation de certaines fonctions, et pour lesquels le dysfonctionnement d'un seul système peut avoir des conséquences graves sur le fonctionnement du SdS entier. Il est donc important que la conception de ces SdSs tienne compte des exigences de Sûreté de Fonctionnement (SdF) et notamment de leur fiabilité et leur disponibilité quand ils sont sollicités. Par ailleurs, il est nécessaire qu'elle s'assure, par le biais d'analyses quantitatives, du respect de ces exigences. L'incertitude est également une partie importante de la thèse, parce qu'il y a toujours des différences entre un système et sa représentation par un modèle. L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie de conception sûre des SdSs. Il s'agit dans un premier temps de proposer un modèle dysfonctionnel du SdS global intégrant les aspects matériels, les aspects réseaux ainsi que le facteur humain. Dans un second temps, il s'agit d'évaluer des exigences de SdF. Dans un troisième temps, il s'agit de prendre en compte de différents types d'incertitudes dans les modèles. Concernant la partie applicative, le sujet s'articulerait autour de la conception sûre d'un système ferroviaire. La contribution principale de cette thèse réside dans trois aspects. Premièrement, on propose une méthodologie générale pour modéliser des SdSs. Deuxièmement, on considère l'ERTMS Niveau 2 comme un SdS et évalue ses exigences de SdF en tenant compte de l'indisponibilité du SdS comme une propriété émergente. Troisièmement, on modélise quantitativement différents types d'incertitudes dans les modèles proposés en utilisant les théories probabilistes et non probabilistes. / Systems of Systems (SoS) are large systems whose components are themselves systems which interact to realize a common goal, and for which the malfunction of a single system can have some serious consequences on the performance of the whole SoS. So it’s important that the design of these SoSs takes into account the dependability requirements of safety standard. In this thesis, our interests concern the modeling of SoS and the reliability analysis of SoS under uncertainty which is due to the lack of knowledge related to failure data and model. Therefore, two modeling methods which deal with different issues are applied to model SoSs and the corresponding quantitative reliability analysis is proposed. The objective of this thesis is to propose graphical models for dependability assessment and risk analysis of SoSs under uncertainty. Firstly, it will propose a dysfunctional model of the ERTMS which is considered as an SoS. The model will integrate the hardware aspect, the network aspect and the human factors. Then, it will evaluate some dependability attributes of the whole SoS. Later, it will take different kinds of uncertainties into account quantitatively. The proposed methodology is applied on the ERTMS Level 2. The main contribution of this thesis lies in three aspects. First, we propose a methodology to model and evaluate SoSs. Second, we consider ERTMS Level 2 as an SoS and seek to evaluate its dependability parameters by considering the unavailability of the whole SoS as an emergent property. Third, we model quantitatively different kinds of uncertainties in the proposed models.

Un système de systèmes est un système dont les composants sont eux-mêmes des systèmes indépendants, tous communiquant pour atteindre un objectif commun. Lorsque ces systèmes sont mobiles, il peut être difficile d'établir des connexions de bout-en-bout. L'architecture mise en place dans de telles situations est appelée réseau tolérant aux délais. Les données sont transmises d'un système à l'autre – selon les opportunités de communication, appelées contacts, qui apparaissent lorsque deux systèmes sont proches – et disséminées dans l'ensemble du réseau avec l'espoir que chaque message atteigne sa destination. Si une donnée est trop volumineuse, elle est découpée. Chaque fragment est alors transmis séparément.Nous supposons ici que la séquence des contacts est connue. On s'intéresse donc à des applications où la mobilité des systèmes est prédictible (les réseaux de satellites par exemple). Nous cherchons à exploiter cette connaissance pour acheminer efficacement des informations depuis leurs sources jusqu'à leurs destinataires. Nous devons répondre à la question : « Quels éléments de données doivent être transférés lors de chaque contact pour minimiser le temps de dissémination » ?Nous formalisons tout d'abord ce problème, appelé problème de dissémination, et montrons qu'il est NP-difficile au sens fort. Nous proposons ensuite des algorithmes pour le résoudre. Ces derniers reposent sur des règles de dominance, des procédures de prétraitement, la programmation linéaire en nombres entiers, et la programmation par contraintes. Une partie est dédiée à la recherche de solutions robustes. Enfin, nous rapportons des résultats numériques montrant l'efficacité de nos algorithmes. / Systems of systems are supersystems comprising elements which are themselves independent operational systems, all interacting to achieve a common goal. When the subsystems are mobile, these may suffer from a lack of continuous end-to-end connectivity. To address the technical issues in such networks, the common approach is termed delay-tolerant networking. Routing relies on a store-forward mechanism. Data are sent from one system to another – depending on the communication opportunities, termed contacts, that arise when two systems are close – and stored throughout the network in hope that all messages will reach their destination. If data are too large, these must be split. Each fragment is then transmitted separately.In this work, we assume that the sequence of contacts is known. Thus, we focus on applications where it is possible to make realistic predictions about system mobility (e.g. satellite networks). We study the problem of making the best use of knowledge about possibilities for communication when data need to be routed from a set of systems to another within a given time horizon. The fundamental question is: "Which elements of the information should be transferred during each contact so that the dissemination length is minimized"?We first formalize the so-called dissemination problem, and prove this is strongly NP-Hard. We then propose algorithms to solve it. These relies on different dominance rules, preprocessing procedures, integer-linear programming, and constraint programming. A chapter is dedicated to the search for robust solutions. Finally experimental results are reported to show the efficiency of our algorithms in practice.

Audience Response Systems (ARSs) provide a promising opportunity to address issues occurring in traditional higher education, e.g., the lack of interaction, by allowing students to participate anonymously in lectures using their mobile devices. This can promote the students' attention, increase the interaction between the lecturer and the students and foster active thinking during class. In order to choose an appropriate ARS, numerous surveys list and classify these systems according to different criteria, e.g., supported features and platforms. [From the introduction]

This graduation work is about co-ordinal measuring machines (CMM) with optical reader system and optical CMM. In accordance with submission and in terms of survival well known contactless systems the direction is to make methodology objective classification of rating with granting summary of these systems. The first part contains optical principles for visual scanner in CMM and optical CMM. Ist is described there principle of contactless obtaining steric digital version of measured object with using laser and optical facilities. The second part contains brief makes survey of these contactless systems and their component which are used for co-ordinal measuring. The survey is devided into optical readers, which are put on CMM brake or on mobile measuring brake and on optical CMM, which localize position measuring/sensing head in the space or they read measured object from specific distance – fotogrammetric. Characteristic of offered systems and chart with technical data are mentioned with each maker. The third and fourth part is about submission methodology for objective choice suitable sort of reader, optical CMM in target of characteristic reader system quality. And from this methodology is given the choice of suitable exponent stationary measuring machine with contact and contactless way of reading and their comparison.

This work is focusing on automatic verification of systems with parallel running processes. We discuss the existing methods and certain possibilities of optimizing them. Existing techniques are essentially based on finding an inductive invariant (for instance using a variant of counterexample-guided abstract refinement (CEGAR)). The effectiveness of these methods depends on the size of the invariant. In this thesis, we explored the possibility of improving the methods by focusing on finding invariants of minimal size. We implemented a tool that facilitates exploring the space of invariants of the system under scrutiny. Our experimental results show that many practical existing systems indeed have invariants that are much smaller than what can be found by the existing methods. The conjectures and the results of the work will serve as a basis of future research of an efficient method for finding small invariants of parallel systems.

Rating agencies provide service by offering information about different kinds of securities and/or investment opportunities. This paper addresses questions often asked during the 2008 U.S. financial crisis: Why did no one see this coming? Why were all the explanations given afterward, not given before as precautions? Or if they were given before, why did nobody listen? Using Giddens’ idea of disembedded systems [Giddens A (1991a) The Consequences of Modernity (Polity Press, Cambridge, UK)], the paper describes and frames the phenomenon of U.S. financial crisis and the role of rating agencies in particular as a disembedded service system. Hereby it offers an explanation of the crises in contrast to the common incentive-oriented or moralizing perspectives. The paper shows that the U.S. financial crisis emerged from a disembedded service system, a simulacrum of ratings, which after a while was no more connected to the reality of securities. Information-providing service systems are in danger to become simulacra, and with it they can disembed. The paper offers a new insightful perspective on how to analyze and understand information-providing service systems and hence offers a perspective to avoid crises based on disembedded systems. This is the first paper to our knowledge to analyze information-providing service systems based on Giddens’ theory of abstract disembedded systems. It provides a new understanding of information-providing service systems that can help to avoid crises based on disembedded systems.

Many systems in nature, e.g. atoms, molecules and planetary motion, can be described as Hamiltonian systems. In such systems, the transport between different regions of phase space determines some of their most important properties like the stability of the solar system and the rate of chemical reactions. While the transport in lower-dimensional systems with two degrees of freedom is well understood, much less is known for the higher-dimensional case. A central new feature in higher-dimensional systems are transport phenomena due to resonance channels. In this thesis, we clarify the complex geometry of resonance channels in phase space and identify a turnstile mechanism that dominates the transport out of such channels. To this end, we consider the coupled standard map for numerical investigations as it is a generic example for 4D symplectic maps. At first, we visualize resonance channels in phase space revealing their highly non-trivial geometry. Secondly, we study the transport away from such channels. This is governed by families of hyperbolic 1D-tori and their stable and unstable manifolds. We provide an approach to measure the volume of a turnstile in higher dimensions as well as the corresponding transport. From the very good agreement of the two measurements we conclude that these structures are a suitable generalization of the well-known 2D turnstile mechanism to higher dimensions. / Viele Systeme in der Natur, z.B. Atome, Moleküle und Planetenbewegungen, können als Hamilton'sche Systeme beschrieben werden. In solchen Systemen bestimmt der Transport zwischen verschiedenen Regionen des Phasenraums einige ihrer wichtigsten Eigenschaften wie die Stabilität des Sonnensystems und die Geschwindigkeit chemischer Reaktionen. Während der Transport in niedrigdimensionalen Systemen mit zwei Freiheitsgraden gut verstanden ist, ist für den höherdimensionalen Fall deutlich weniger bekannt. Eine zentrales neues Merkmal von höherdimensionalen Systemen sind Transportphänomene aufgrund von Resonanzkanälen. In dieser Arbeit verdeutlichen wir die komplexe Geometrie von Resonanzkanälen im Phasenraum und identifizieren einen Drehkreuzmechanismus, der den Transport aus einem solchen Kanal heraus dominiert. Zu diesem Zweck betrachten wir die gekoppelte Standardabbildung für numerische Untersuchungen, da sie ein generisches Beispiel für 4D symplektische Abbildungen ist. Zuerst visualisieren wir Resonanzkanäle im Phasenraum und zeigen ihre höchst nicht-triviale Geometrie. Zweitens untersuchen wir den Transport weg von solchen Kanälen. Dieser wird durch Familien von hyperbolischen 1D-Tori sowie deren stabile und instabile Mannigfaltigkeiten bestimmt. Wir stellen einen Ansatz zur Messung sowohl des eingeschlossenen Volumens in höheren Dimensionen als auch des entsprechenden Transports vor. Aus der sehr guten Übereinstimmung der beiden Messungen schließen wir, dass diese Strukturen eine geeignete Verallgemeinerung des bekannten 2D Drehkreuzmechanismus in höheren Dimensionen sind.

<p>U doktorskoj disertaciji opisani su interorganizacioni informacioni sistemi i uslovi za njihovo uvođenje. Definisan je model vrednovanja informacionih sistema sa aspekta njihove integracije u kooperativne, otvorene interorganizacione informacione sisteme. Ovaj model je testiran sa 50 odabranih organizacija i formulisani su zaključci sprovedenog istrživanja.</p> / <p>In this master degree thesis interorganisational information sytems and factors for their<br />implementation are described. Evaluation model for information systems from the aspects for their integration into cooperative, open interorganisational information systems is defined. This model is tested on the sample made from 50 organisations and conclusions from whole research are formulated.</p>