No description available.

La transmission mère-enfant (TME) du VIH-1 est un des enjeux majeurs de la pandémie. Une meilleure compréhension de la réponse des lymphocytes T cytotoxiques CD8+ (LTC) VIH-spécifiques lors de la grossesse facilitera le design de stratégies optimales pour diminuer la TME. Notre objectif est donc de caractériser l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des LTC VIH-spécifiques avant, pendant et après la grossesse chez des femmes infectées par le VIH-1. Nos résultats montrent pour la première fois que l’initiation et la progression de la grossesse, à elles seules, n'ont que peu d’influence sur l’amplitude et la diversité de la reconnaissance antigénique des réponses LTC en termes de production d’IFN‐. Ces résultats indiquent que les femmes infectées par le VIH conservent une immunocompétence durant leur grossesse, du moins dans le contexte d’un traitement antirétroviral efficace. Ceci pourrait éventuellement aider à promouvoir l’immunisation comme stratégie pour prévenir la TME du VIH‐1. / Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV-1 is one of the major issues of the pandemic. Characterization of HIV-specific immunity during pregnancy, especially cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTL), will lead to a better understanding of HIV pathogenesis and facilitate design of optimal strategies to prevent MTCT. Our objective is to describe the magnitude and the breadth of antigen recognition of HIV-specific CTL responses before, throughout and after pregnancy in a group of HIV-infected women. Our results revealed for the first time that initiation of pregnancy by itself doesn’t change the magnitude of CTL responses in terms of IFN- production. These findings support the fact that HIV-infected women maintain immunocompetence throughout gestation, at least in the context of effective antiretroviral treatment. These results provide a novel understanding of the dynamics of HIV-specific CTL responses during pregnancy and may help to promote maternal immunization as a strategy to prevent MTCT of HIV-1.

Dans les cas de lymphopénie, les lymphocytes T résiduels prolifèrent exagérément dans un phénomène appelé «expansion homéostatique périphérique» (HPE), qui est efficace pour la régénération des T CD8+, mais inefficace pour les T CD4+. L’interleukine-7 (IL7) est une cytokine homéostatique utilisée afin d’augmenter les comptes lymphocytaires T des patients lymphopéniques. Toutefois, la raison de l’expansion préférentielle des lymphocytes T CD8+ par l’IL7 demeure toujours inconnue. Nous montrons que cette expansion est due au fait que l’IL7 induit une prolifération efficace des T CD8+ périphériques (CD8+PERI) ainsi que des émigrants thymiques CD8+ (CD8+RTEs). Par contre, l’effet prolifératif de l’IL7 est restreint presqu’uniquement aux CD4+RTEs même si les CD4+PERI survivent mieux que les CD4+RTEs. De plus faibles doses d’IL7 sont nécessaires aux CD4+RTEs afin de phosphoryler STAT5 ou de proliférer comparativement aux CD4+PERI et nous démontrons que les contacts TCR/CMHII sont nécessaires à la prolifération induite par l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs en périphérie. De fait, augmenter au Flt3 ligand le nombre de cellules dendritiques périphériques d’une souris donneuse, avant de transférer ses TPERI dans des souris receveuses traitées à l’IL7 induit une prolifération significative des CD4+PERI. Nos résultats indiquent donc que l’abondance des contacts TCR/CMHII reçus dans le thymus semble contrôler la sensibilité à l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs. Finalement, l’observation que les CD8+PERI et CD8+RTEs prolifèrent pareillement pendant la thérapie à l’IL7, alors que la prolifération des T CD4+ est largement restreinte aux RTEs expliquerait pourquoi, dans les cas de lymphopénie, la régénération des T CD4+ est aussi dépendante de la thymopoïèse. / In lymphopenic settings, residual T lymphocytes typically undergo exaggerated proliferation via homeostatic peripheral expansion (HPE). While HPE efficiently regenerates CD8+ T cells, it is unable to normalize CD4+ T-cell counts. Interleukin-7 (IL7) is a homeostatic cytokine, currently used in trials in order to increase T-cell counts in lymphopenic humans. Nowadays, it is still not known why IL7 therapy is more effective toward the expansion of CD8+ T cells rather than CD4+ T cells. Here we show that CD8+ T cells preferential expansion is due to IL7-induced efficient proliferation of peripheral CD8+ T cells (CD8+PERI) and CD8+ recent thymic emigrants (CD8+RTEs). In contrast, the proliferative action of IL7 is largely restricted to CD4+RTEs although CD4+PERI survive better than CD4+RTEs. Interestingly, CD4+RTEs require lower concentrations of IL7 in order to phosphorylate STAT5 or proliferate when compared to CD4+PERI, and we demonstrate the requirement for TCR/MHCII contacts to support the IL7-induced HPE of CD4+RTEs in the periphery. Furthermore, augmenting the number of MHCII expressing cells in the periphery of donor mice by treating them with Flt3 ligand (Flt3L) prior transferring their TPERI cells in IL7 therapy-treated recipients, significantly enhances the IL7-induced proliferation of CD4+PERI. Our results indicate so far that the abundance of TCR triggering occurring inside the thymus drives IL7 responsiveness of CD4+RTEs. Moreover, the observation that CD8+PERI and CD8+RTE proliferate similarly during IL7 therapy, while proliferation of CD4+ T cells is largely restricted to RTEs, may explain why CD4+ T cells regeneration in lymphopenic settings is highly dependent on thymopoiesis.

La sclérose en plaques (SEP) est une maladie inflammatoire démyélinisante et neurodégénérative du système nerveux central (SNC). Les cellules T activées qui expriment le PD-1 sont inhibées via l’interaction avec l’un des ligands: PD-L1 ou PD-L2. Des études effectuées chez le modèle murin de la SEP, l’encéphalomyélite auto-immune expérimentale (EAE), ont démontré que l’interaction du PD-1 avec ses ligands contribue à atténuer la maladie. Toutefois, le rôle du PD-1 et de ses ligands dans la pathogenèse de la SEP chez l’humain et dans le modèle murin n’a pas été complètement élucidé. Nous avons déterminé que plusieurs cellules du SNC humain peuvent exprimer les ligands du PD-1. Les astrocytes, les microglies, les oligodendrocytes et les neurones expriment faiblement le PD-L1 dans des conditions basales mais augmentent de façon significative cette expression en réponse à des cytokines inflammatoires. Le blocage de l’expression du PD-L1 par les astrocytes à l’aide de siRNA spécifiques mène à l’augmentation significative des réponses des cellules T CD8+ (prolifération, cytokines, enzymes lytiques). Nos résultats établissent ainsi que les cellules gliales humaines peuvent exprimer des niveaux suffisants de PD-L1 en milieu inflammatoire pour inhiber les réponses des cellules T CD8+. Notre analyse de tissus cérébraux post-mortem par immunohistochimie démontre que dans les lésions de la SEP les niveaux de PD-L1 sont significativement plus élevés que dans les tissus de témoins; les astrocytes et les microglies/macrophages expriment le PD-L1. Cependant, plus de la moitié des lymphocytes T CD8+ ayant infiltré des lésions de SEP n’expriment pas le récepteur PD-1. Au cours du développement de l’EAE, les cellules du SNC augmentent leur niveau de PD-L1. Le PD-1 est fortement exprimé par les cellules T dès le début des symptômes, mais son intensité diminue au cours de la maladie, rendant les cellules T insensibles au signal inhibiteur envoyé par le PD-L1. Nous avons observé que les cellules endothéliales humaines formant la barrière hémato-encéphalique (BHE) expriment de façon constitutive le PD-L2 mais pas le PD-L1 et que l’expression des deux ligands augmente dans des conditions inflammatoires. Les ligands PD-L1 et PD-L2 exprimés par les cellules endothéliales ont la capacité de freiner l’activation des cellules T CD8+ et CD4+, ainsi que leur migration à travers la BHE. L’endothélium du cerveau des tissus normaux et des lésions SEP n’exprime pas des taux détectables de PD-L1. En revanche, tous les vaisseaux sanguins des tissus de cerveaux normaux sont positifs pour le PD-L2, alors que seulement la moitié de ceux-ci expriment le PD-L2 dans des lésions SEP. Nos travaux démontrent que l’entrée des cellules T activées est contrôlée dans des conditions physiologiques grâce à la présence du PD-L2 sur la BHE. Cependant, l’expression plus faible du PD-L2 sur une partie des vaisseaux sanguins dans les lésions SEP nuit au contrôle de la migration des cellules immunes. De plus, une fois dans le SNC, les cellules T CD8+ étant dépourvues du PD-1 ne peuvent recevoir le signal inhibiteur fourni par le PD-L1 fortement exprimé par les cellules du SNC, leur permettant ainsi de rester activées. / Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Responses of activated T cells are suppressed upon engagement of the receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) with its ligands (PD-L1 and PD-L2). Experiments using the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have demonstrated that the PD-1/PD-Ls interaction contributes to attenuate disease severity. However, the expression and the role of PD-1 and PD-Ls have been partially documented in inflammatory murine models and human CNS data are still incomplete. We determined that primary cultures of human astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, or neurons expressed low or undetectable PD-L1 levels under basal conditions, but inflammatory cytokines significantly induced such expression, especially on astrocytes and microglia. Blocking PD-L1 expression in astrocytes using specific siRNA in co-culture led to significantly increased CD8 T cell responses (proliferation, cytokines, lytic enzyme). Thus, our results establish that inflamed human glial cells can express sufficient and functional PD-L1 to inhibit CD8 T cell responses. Extensive immunohistochemical analysis of post-mortem brain tissues demonstrated a significantly greater PD-L1 expression in MS lesions compared to control tissues, which co-localized with astrocyte and microglia/macrophage cell markers. However, more than half of infiltrating CD8 T lymphocytes in MS lesions did not express PD-1, the cognate receptor. Similar results were obtained in EAE mice. Even though CNS cells expressed PD-L1 at the peak of the disease, PD-1 intensity on infiltrating T cells decreased throughout EAE disease development. This reduction of PD-1 level on activated T cells prevented these cells to receive PD-L1 inhibitory signal. We also investigated whether human brain endothelial cells (HBECs), which form the blood brain barrier (BBB), can express PD-L1 or PD-L2 and thereby modulate T cells. HBECs expressed PD-L2 under basal conditions, whilst PD-L1 was not detected. Both ligands were up-regulated under inflammatory conditions. Blocking PD-L1 and PD-L2 led to increased transmigration and enhanced responses by human CD8 T cells in co-culture assays. Similarly, PD-L1 and PD-L2 blockade significantly increased CD4 T cell transmigration. Brain endothelium in normal tissues and MS lesions did not express detectable PD-L1; in contrast, all blood vessels in normal brain tissues were PD-L2-positive, while only about 50% expressed PD-L2 in MS lesions. Therefore, our results demonstrate that under basal conditions, PD-L2 expression by HBECs impedes the migration of activated immune T cells through the BBB, and inhibits their activation. However, such impact is impaired in MS lesions due to down-regulation of PD-L2 levels on the endothelium. The majority of infiltrating CD8 T cells is devoid of PD-1, thus insensitive to PD-L1 inhibitory signal providing by CNS cells once they have entered the CNS.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol, inst., 2002. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph.D. in Immunology) -- University of Colorado Denver, 2007. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-118). Free to UCD affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

The Tec family kinases Itk and Rlk have been previously shown to have an important role in signaling downstream of the T cell receptor [TCR]. Almost all of the work done in the past on these two kinases looked at their role in conventional αβ T cells, specifically CD4+ T cells. These studies demonstrated functions for Itk [primarily] and Rlk in T cell development, activation, and differentiation. However, despite the wealth of knowledge on conventional CD4+ T cells, prior to the work presented here little to no studies addressed the role of Tec family kinases on CD8+ or innate T cell development. My studies show a clear role for Itk [and in some cases Rlk] in innate T cell development; whether it be deprecating, in the case of innate CD8+ T cells or some subsets of γδ T cells, or beneficial, in the case of NKT cells. I show that Itk has a crucial role in conventional CD8+ T cell development, as absence of Itk [or Itk and Rlk] causes strongly reduced numbers of conventional CD8+ T cells and a vigorous enhancement of an innate-like CD8+ T cell population. In NKT cells, my work demonstrates that Itk [and to a lesser extent Rlk] is required for terminal maturation, survival, and cytokine secretion. Finally, on γδ T cells Itk is important in maintaining the Th1 cytokine secretion profile usually associated with these cells, and regulating the development of CD4+ or NK1.1+ γδ T cells. Taken together, this work clearly illustrates an important role for Tec family kinases in innate T cell development and function.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that establishes a life-long latent infection of B cells. It is usually asymptomatic in healthy individuals; however, individuals with compromised immunity often develop EBV-induced lymphoma. EBV also encodes potential oncogenes that can contribute to tumorigenesis. Therefore, vaccine and immunotherapeutic strategies targeting EBV are desirable. Recent studies have shown that infusion of EBV-specific CD8+T cells can elicit remission of lymphomas arising after administration of immunosuppressive drugs during transplantation, suggesting an important role for T cells in the prevention of EBV-induced malignancy. A better understanding of the cellular immune components involved in the control of EBV will aid in the development of methods to prevent infection and/or treat EBV-associated disease. While EBV infection is usually acquired asymptomatically during childhood, primary infection of adolescents and young adults can result in an illness termed acute infectious mononucleosis (AIM). Because of the characteristic symptoms of the illness, individuals with AIM can be readily identified and diagnosed with acute EBV infection. Thus, primary CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against the virus can be evaluated. It has been previously found that there is a marked expansion of lytic EBV protein-specific CD8+ T cells early during AIM, with delayed detection of lower frequencies of latent EBV protein-specific CD8+ T cells. The magnitude and specificity of CD4+T cell responses during AIM has been less well characterized. This thesis dissertation presents data from both functional assays and direct staining experiments documenting the timing, magnitude, and antigen-specificity of CD4+ T cells over the course of primary EBV infection. Lytic and latent protein-specific CD4+ T cells were readily detected by intracellular IFN-γ production at presentation with AIM and declined rapidly thereafter. Blood EBV load was also quantitated and found to decrease over time following AIM. By contrast, CD8+T cell IFN-y responses remained high for several weeks following presentation with AIM. Direct staining of lytic epitope-specific CD4+ T cells during AIM revealed high frequencies of virus-specific cells with low proliferative and IFN-γ-producing potential. Blood EBV load in these patients was persistently high through 6 wk following AIM. These data suggest a relationship between high EBV load during acute infection and impaired EBV-specific CD4+ T cell responses, which are compatible with impaired CD4+ T cell responses reported during high viremia associated with other viral infections. This may represent a mechanism by which persistent viruses, such as EBV, are able to establish a life-long infection in their hosts.

High frequencies of CTL recognizing laboratory strains of HIV-1 are present in HIV-1 infected adults as early as preseroconversion. The presence of HIV-1 specific CTL during primary infection has been correlated with better control of early viremia and a more delayed onset of CD4 lymphocyte loss. Previous experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that, unlike HIV-1 infected adults, the majority of vertically infected infants lack CTL which recognize laboratory strains of HIV-1 within the first year of life. ADCC antibody responses against laboratory strains of HIV-1 env gene products are also delayed until at least two years of age. As a possible correlate, disease progression is also more rapid in vertically infected infants. We hypothesized that HIV-1-specific CTL are type-specific in early infancy and that the use of target cells expressing laboratory strain gene products might limit the detection of HIV-1-specific CTL. To address this hypothesis, HIV-1 env genes from early isolates of four infants were PCR amplified, cloned, and used to generate recombinant vaccinia vectors (vv). The frequencies of CTL precursors (CTLp) recognizing env gene products from autologous isolates and the IIIB strain of HIV-1 were measured at time points from early infancy to 19 months using limiting dilution analysis (LDA). ADCC titers were also measured against autologous and IIIB env gene products at 4 time points spanning 2 months to 2 years of age. CTL precursors from 3 of 4 of these patients were specific only for autologous HIV-1 env gene products during the first 6 to 12 months of age. A pattern of CTL responsiveness was observed in these 3 patients in which type-specific CTL precursors observed in early infancy were replaced by cross-reactive, group-specific CTL by 6 to 12 months of age. CTL precursors from a fourth patient at 12 months of age recognized IIIB env and 1 out of 2 envs derived from 2 autologous viral isolates. High titers titers of ADCC antibodies against autologous env were detected in two infants prior to the detection of ADCC antibodies to IIIB. In two other infants, group specific ADCC antibody responses were detected in late infancy. Our results demonstrate that young infants can mount HIV-1 specific CTL and ADCC responses. The ability of young infants to mount cellular immune responses to HIV-1 also provides support for the concept of perinatal vaccination to prevent HIV-1 transmission. Furthermore. the lack of broadly-reactive CTL in early infancy suggests that the use of vaccines based on laboratory strains of HIV-1 may not afford protection from vertical infection.