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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Pharmacometric Models for Antibody Drug Conjugates and Taxanes in HER2+ and HER2- Breast Cancer

Bender, Brendan January 2016 (has links)
In oncology, there is a need to optimize drug treatment for efficient eradication of tumors, minimization of adverse effects (AEs), and prolonging patient survival. Pharmacometric models can be developed to streamline information between drug development phases, describe and quantify response to treatment, and determine dose regimens that balance toxicity and efficacy. In this thesis, data from trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) and taxane drug treatment were used to develop pharmacometric models of pharmacokinetics (PK), AEs, anti-tumor response, and survival, supporting drug development. T-DM1 is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) for treatment of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)–positive breast cancer. ADCs are a relatively new class of oncologic agents, and contain multiple drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) moieties in their dose product. The complex distribution of T-DM1 was elucidated through PK models developed using in vitro and in vivo rat and cynomolgus monkey DAR data. Mechanism–based PK/pharmacodynamic (PKPD) models were also developed for T-DM1 that described the AEs thrombocytopenia (TCP) and hepatotoxicity in patients receiving T-DM1. Variable patterns of platelet and transaminase (ALT and AST) response were quantified, including an effect of Asian ethnicity that was related to higher incidences of TCP.  Model simulations, comparing dose intensities (DI) and Grade 3/4 incidences between the approved T-DM1 dose (3.6 mg/kg every three weeks) and weekly regimens, determined that 2.4 mg/kg weekly provided the highest DI. Docetaxel and paclitaxel are taxane treatment options for HER2–negative breast cancer. Tumor response data from these treatments were used to develop a mechanism–based model of tumor quiescence and drug–resistance. Subsequently, a parametric survival analysis found that tumor baseline and the model–predicted time to tumor growth (TTG) were predictors of overall survival (OS). This tumor and OS modeling approach can be applied to other anticancer treatments with similar patterns of drug–resistance. Overall, the pharmacometric models developed within this thesis present new modeling approaches and provide understanding on ADC PK and PKPD (TCP and hepatotoxicity), as well as drug–resistance tumor response. These models can inform simulation strategies and clinical study design, and be applied towards dose finding for anticancer drugs in development, especially ADCs.
2

Development and characterization of models of resistance to T-DM1 / Développement et caractérisation de modèles de résistance au T-DM1

Sauveur, Juliette 12 December 2016 (has links)
Le T-DM1 est un immunoconjugué composé de l'anticorps trastuzumab qui cible HER2 lié au DM1, un agent anti-tubuline dérivé de la maytansine. Malgré son efficacité, la résistance acquise au T-DM1 a été démontré lors des tests précliniques et chez certains patients. Nous avons développé des lignées résistantes à partir de la lignée de cancer du sein MDA-MB-361 et de la lignée de cancer de l'œsophage OE-19, que nous avons exposées au T-DM1 à doses croissantes pendant une longue durée en absence ou en présence de ciclosporine A (CsA). A partir de ces conditions nous avons obtenus les lignées “TR” qui ont été exposées uniquement au T-DM1 et “TCR” qui ont été exposées au T-DM1 et CsA. Nous avons observé une augmentation de la vitesse de migration et une diminution de la force d'adhésion chez OE-19 TCR associées à une sensibilité accrue à un inhibiteur de RHOA. Aussi, la voie des prostaglandines était dérégulée chez OE-19 TR et TCR, avec une forte augmentation de l'expression de COX-2 et de prostaglandine E2 dans la lignée OE-19 TR. La sensibilité à l'aspirine, un inhibiteur des cyclooxygenases 1-2, était accrue chez les deux lignées OE-19 résistantes par rapport à la lignée parentale. En conclusion nous avons démontré que différentes voies de signalisation peuvent être impliquées dans la résistance au T-DM1. Nos résultats restent à être validés chez les patients. Nous suggérons que cibler la voie de régulation de la composition du cytosquelette ou la voie des prostaglandines pourrait permettre d'obtenir un effet thérapeutique dans le cas de cancers résistants au T-DM1 / T-DM1 is an antibody-drug conjugate composed of the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab linked to DM1, a potent tubulin binding agent. Despite its efficacy in the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer patients, acquired resistance to T-DM1 was observed during clinical trials. In order to study resistance mechanisms to T-DM1, we developed resistance models using OE-19 (esophageal) and MDA-MB-361 (breast) cancer cell lines in the absence or presence of ciclosporin A (CsA), an inhibitor of MDR1 mediated efflux. Resistant cells selected with T-DM1 alone are named “TR” and cells selected in the presence of T-DM1 and CsA are called “TCR”. OE-19 TCR cells showed modifications in adhesion gene expression, migration and adhesion strength, combined with an increased sensitivity to a RHOA inhibitor. Also, OE-19 TR cells presented an overexpression of COX-2 associated with an increased amount of PGE2 in the supernatant. A deregulation of the genes involved in the prostaglandin pathways was found in OE-19 TR and TCR cells, associated with increased sensitivity to aspirin. In conclusion, we found two signaling pathways deregulated in cell lines resistant to T-DM1. These results need to be validated using samples from patients resistant to T-DM1. Targeting the adhesion or the prostaglandin pathway could be of benefit for patients with T-DM1 resistant cancers
3

The contribution of molecular imaging to early evaluation of response to anti-HER2 agents in Breast Cancer

Gebhart, Géraldine 08 June 2016 (has links)
L’imagerie en oncologie a fait des progrès considérables ces dernières années avec l’introduction du CT scan spiralé, de la résonance magnétique, de la mammographie digitalisée et du PET scan. Des combinaisons de différentes techniques ont vu le jour, telles que le PET/CT, et améliorent encore les possibilités de stadification de la maladie cancéreuse ainsi que le monitoring de son évolution dans le temps, et notamment sous traitement.Parallèlement, de grands progrès thérapeutiques ont étés réalisés en oncologie, en particulier le développement de médicaments « ciblés » dont l’efficacité dépend de l’expression par la cellule tumorale d’une molécule cible jouant un rôle important dans sa survie et/ou sa prolifération. L’expression de la molécule cible est une condition nécessaire mais pas suffisante pour observer une réponse au traitement ciblé :l’échec de ce dernier peut aussi s’expliquer par des altérations moléculaires en amont ou en aval de la « cible ».Le cancer du sein dit « HER2 positif » représente 20 à 25% des cancers du sein. Celui-ci est caractérisé par l’expression membranaire, en quantités importantes, d’une protéine, appelée HER2, qui lui confère une biologie agressive et un mauvais pronostic. L’expression de HER2 au niveau de la tumeur, déterminée en routine clinique par immunohistochimie et/ou par hybridation in situ en fluorescence, est le seul biomarqueur validé aujourd’hui dans le cancer du sein HER2 positif pour prédire l’efficacité des traitements ciblés anti-HER2. Cette prédiction est toutefois peu satisfaisante en termes de valeur prédictive positive (50% environ). Après une revue de la litérature sur les études d’imagerie fonctionnelle, peu nombreuses, réalisées dans le cancer du sein HER2 positif, nous avons décidé d’explorer le rôle de l’imagerie moléculaire avec la technologie PET/CT dans l’individualisation de la prise en charge du cancer du sein HER2 positif avec deux radio traceurs (FDG et zirconium89-trastuzumab), et ce, dans deux contextes cliniques distincts :dans la maladie précoce soumise à un traitement neoadjuvant et dans le contexte métastatique, en cas de traitement par le T-DM1. / Doctorat en Sciences médicales (Médecine) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
4

Behandling av HER2-positiv bröstcancer med antikroppen trastuzumab emtansin (T-DM1) : En undersökning av läkemedlets effektivitet och relationen till biomarkörer med avseende på överlevnaden hos HER2-positiva patienter / Treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer with the antibody trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) : A study of the efficacy of the drug and its relation to biomarkers regarding survival in HER2-positive patients

Ferm, Emmeli January 2020 (has links)
Bröstcancer räknas idag till den vanligaste cancerformen bland kvinnor. År 2018 avled drygt 1400 personer till följd av sjukdomen, nästan alla som avled var diagnostiserade med metastaserad bröstcancer. Överlevnaden för bröstcancer är starkt kopplad till tumörstadiet vid diagnos, en tidig upptäckt är därför förenad med en bättre prognos. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) är en tyrosinkinas receptor som kan hetero- eller homodimerisera med andra receptorer i samma familj, vilket är starten för en intracellulär signaleringskaskad genom olika signaleringsvägar som sedan leder till olika cellsvar såsom anti-apoptos, differentiering, proliferation och överlevnad. Denna receptor är överuttryckt i 20-30% av all bröstcancer, såkallad HER2-positiv bröstcancer. HER2-positiv bröstcancer är en aggressiv och snabbväxande bröstcancerform, förknippad med utveckling av metastaser. Vid metastaserad HER2-positiv bröstcancer ges så kallade målinriktade läkemedel, såsom antikroppar riktade mot HER2. En av dessa antikroppar är den monoklonala IgG antikroppen trastuzumab emtansin (T-DM1), vilken är konjugerad till en cytotoxisk molekyldel (DM1). Syftet med detta examensarbete var att undersöka om läkemedlet T-DM1 är effektiv som behandling i avseende på överlevnaden hos patienter med metastaserad eller avancerad HER2-positiv bröstcancer, samt att undersöka vilken relation HER2-associerade tumörbiomarkörer har för effektiviteten av läkemedlet. För att besvara frågeställningens syfte valdes fyra kliniska studier ut från den medicinska referensdatabasen PubMed. Dessa studier undersökte effektivitetsparametrarna; progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) eller objective response rate (ORR) som antingen primär eller sekundär endpoint. Studiernas resultat tyder på att T-DM1 är effektiv som behandling mot HER2-positiv metastaserad bröstcancer där patienter tidigare har fått behandling i den metastaserade bröstcancerfasen då den PFS var längre för patienterna vars behandling bestod av T-DM1 jämfört mot de patienter som fick kontrollbehandling. Det är svårt att dra någon generell slutsats om hurvida T-DM1 effektivitet är kopplad till olika biomarkörer i HER2-signaleringsvägen eftersom endast tre studier har undersökts i detta syfte, dock tyder det på att ett uttryck av HER2 mRNA över median är förenat med längre PFS med T-DM1 behandling. Vidare sågs inget samband för varken PTEN-status eller PIK3CA-status i avseende på överlevnaden eftersom T-DM1 verkade vara effektiv oavsett uttryck. Dock behöver mer forskning utföras för att undersöka relationen mellan överlevnaden och PIK3CA-status, då muterad PIK3CA verkar vara förenat med en sämre prognos. Överlevnaden för patienter med HER2-positiv metastaserad cancer är låg, och sjukdomen anses inte som botbar i dagsläget. Ytterligare forskning i området behövs, samt utveckling av nya och effektivare behandlingsalternativ för att förlänga både PFS och den totala överlevnaden. / Breast cancer is considered as the most common form of cancer among women. In 2018, more than 1400 people died as a result of the disease and almost all who died were diagnosed with metastatic breast cancer. Survival is strongly linked to the stage of the tumor at the diagnosis, an earlier finding is therefore associated with better prognosis. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is a tyrosine kinase receptor, which can hetero- and homodimerize with other receptors in the same family, leading to an intracellular signalling cascade through various signalling pathways. The cascade lead to cellular responses such as anti-apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation and survival. HER2 is overexpressed in 20-30 % of all breast cancers, so-called HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2-positive breast cancer is an aggressive and fast-growing form, associated with the development of metastases. In metastatic HER2-positive breast cancer, target drugs, such as antibodies directed against HER2, are given. One of these is the monoclonal antibody trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1), which is conjugated to a cytotoxic molecule (DM1). The purpose of this literature study was to investigate whether the drug T-DM1 is effective as a treatment to prolong the survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer, the purpose was also to investigate the relationship of HER2-related tumor biomarkers on the efficacy of the drug. To answer the purpose of the literature study, four clinical trials were selected from the medical reference database PubMed. All of the selected trials investigated one or more of the efficiency parameters; progression free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS) or objective response rate (ORR), as either primary or secondary endpoints. According to the investigated trials, the result indicate that T-DM1 is effective as a treatment for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer, where patients previously been treated in the metastatic or advanced setting. T-DM1 showed prolonged PFS compared to control treatment. It is difficult to draw any general conclusion whether T-DM1 efficiency is linked to various biomarkers in the HER2 signaling pathway, as only three studies have been investigated for this purpose. However, it indicates that an HER2-mRNA > median is associated with a longer PFS with T-DM1 treatment. Furthermore, no relationship was seen for either PTEN- or PIK3CA-status with respect to survival, since T-DM1 appeared to be effective regardless of expression. However, more research needs to be done to investigate the relationship between survival and PIK3CA-status, as mutated PIK3CA appears to be associated with poorer prognosis. The survival rate for patients with metastatic or advanced HER2-positive breast cancer is low, and the disease is not considered as curable at present. Further research is needed, as well as the development of new and more effective treatment to extend both PFS and OS for these patients.

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