The subject of this thesis is particularly the issue of domestic reverse charge procedure as a tool in the fight against tax evasion on value added tax (VAT) and its planned expansion. The reverse charge is not the only tool in the fight against evasion of VAT in the Czech Republic. The thesis therefore analyzed and used other tools. These instruments are inspection report, institute an unreliable payer, liability for unpaid VAT and EET. In conclusion, there is the comparison of individual instruments.

This thesis deals with tools against tax evasion of value added tax. The main aim of this work is to analyse tools that either have been implemented in the Czech Republic and the European Union already, or, it is being planned to be introduced in the near future, and then, to evaluate their impact and effectiveness. Theoretical points and analysis of the tools take the first part of this thesis. It is a description of the principle of the functioning of value added tax, definition of tax evasion, legislative regulation of value added tax, and current forms of tax evasion. In the second part, every tool is being analysed, described the basic principles of the functioning, legislative regulation, and analysis of its advantages and disadvantages. It deals with VAT control report, electronic records of sales, reverse charge, concept of liability, comprehensive reporting and VIES.

Taxes are major source of public funds to finance government expenditures. Tax authorities impose different kind of taxes and employ many agents to collect taxes effectively. Some dutiful taxpayers will undoubtedly pay their tax liabilities while many others will not. The Internal Revenue Service in the United States reports that the estimate of income tax liability not collected is about 17, which translates into 345 billion for 2001. It is important to make a distinction between tax evasion and tax avoidance. The distinguishing characteristic of evasion is illegality. Whether the reason for not paying tax liability is avoidance or evasion, economic models of taxation need to be changed in the light of these realities. In this study, I analyze some of the economic problems of tax evasion/avoidance. In the first chapter, I discuss the relationship between number of tax audits, tax administration reform and tax compliance in Turkey. In recent years, many developing countries have carried out reforms in their tax administration to increase their efficiency in collecting taxes. In 2005, the tax authority in Turkey established Tax Office Directorates (T.O.D.s) in 29 provinces for the purpose of controlling the underground economy, improving taxpayer assistance, and increasing auditing efficiency. By using the panel data on province level tax returns, my analysis answers two questions. First, I examine the effect of audits on reported income and reported tax liability. By controlling for the detectibility of evasion and other socioeconomic variables, I find that audits have the same effectiveness in increasing reported income and reported tax liability. Second, I investigate the effect of establishing T.O.D.s in 29 provinces on compliance in those provinces. I find that T.O.D.s are effective at the extensive margin rather than the intensive margin. Thus, establishing T.O.D.s had no significant effect on the compliance level of existing taxpayers while it increased the number of tax returns significantly. In the second chapter, I analyze the excess burden on income tax when tax avoidance matters. I present a simple static labor supply model with endogenous asset choice. Then, I examine how tax avoidance through asset trading a ects the labor supply response and the excess burden of income tax. Furthermore, I discuss the implications of the tax policy analysis and show that a failure to account for avoidance responses may lead to errors when estimating how tax reform affects labor supply, tax revenue, and the welfare cost of taxation. Because of tax avoidance through tax arbitrage, the progressivity of a given tax system will be less than what the formal tax system implies. In the third chapter,we study the Marginal Cost of Funds in the existence of tax evasion. We develop a general equilibrium model of tax evasion, including the expected utility of taxpayers and three different revenue-raising government policies. In this rich model environment, we analytically derive the marginal cost of funds (MCF) for the alternative policy instruments. We consider two main fiscal reforms: the revision in the nonlinear tax scheme and the changes in enforcement mechanism (the audit and penalty rates). First, we derive the MCF for the tax reform and find its key determinants. The derived MCF is greater than the previous ones since it includes a "risk-bearing cost" as well as tax distortion. The reform in enforcement mechanism generates MCFs in different forms. Two more MCFs with respect to audit and penalty rates are presented. Finally, we compare these three different MCFs in numerical example and provide some policy implications. / text

Tax havens are of signicant importance in the current global economy. The wealth hidden in these havens is estimated to add up to $6000 billion and this issue is linked with wealth inequality and money laundering. Identication of tax havens differs between sources, and blacklists are often politicised. Activists, experts and academics have claimed recently that the US serves as a tax haven for foreign tax-evading households. The tax environment in the US does favor foreigners; they are for example exempt from paying taxes on interest income generated by bank deposits and it is easy to set up entities hiding the identity of the ultimate owner. The effects of two international initiatives implemented to battle tax evasion in offshore centres are studied in this paper. These are the European Savings Directive and the Common Reporting Standard, under which the US does not cooperate. Using bilateral cross-border bank deposit data, it is estimated whether tax evaders moved their wealth to the US as a result of these measures. The results of the difference-in-difference approach neither confirm nor reject the claims that the US is being used as a tax haven by foreign households. Estimates on the effects in cooperating tax havens can not rule out the possibility that the Common Reporting Standard did not have its intended effect on tax evaders.

Submitted by Fabricia Fialho Reginato (fabriciar) on 2015-07-17T22:54:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JonasBorghetti.pdf: 898124 bytes, checksum: f0383febc6c23edc4d27b88be929aad2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-17T22:54:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonasBorghetti.pdf: 898124 bytes, checksum: f0383febc6c23edc4d27b88be929aad2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Nenhuma / Os elevados níveis de evasão fiscal existentes nos países em desenvolvimento resultam em graves prejuízos sociais tais como a falta de justiça fiscal, crescimento da economia informal e perda de legitimidade do poder público. Assim, esta dissertação procurou determinar e analisar os fatores que afetam o nível de evasão fiscal nos países da América Latina. Para isso, utilizaram-se dados de pesquisa elaborada no âmbito do Centro Interamericano de Administrações Tributárias (CIAT) abrangendo o período de 2000-2010, além de indicadores sociais, econômicos e institucionais dos países medidos por uma série de organizações. A análise foi realizada por meio de um modelo de regressão múltipla utilizando dados em painel. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que quanto maior a média de idade da população do país, a qualidade da educação oferecida, o investimento público em pesquisa e desenvolvimento e a renda proveniente do trabalho assalariado urbano, menores os níveis de evasão fiscal. Por outro lado, o aumento na criminalidade e na desigualdade de renda gera crescimento no comportamento evasivo. No que diz respeito à maior complexidade da legislação, o efeito varia conforme a preponderância em uma relação existente entre o custo para o contribuinte, quando há crescimento no nível de evasão, e a utilidade da informação obtida como controle eficaz para o Fisco, que reduz a sonegação. / The high levels of tax evasion that exist in developing countries result in serious losses such as the absence of fair taxation, growth of the informal economy and loss of legitimacy of the government. Thus, this dissertation sought to determine and analyze the factors that affect the level of tax evasion in Latin America. For this, data from research carried out under the InterAmerican Centre of Tax Administrations (CIAT) covering the period 2000-2010 were used, as well as social, economic and institutional indicators of the countries measured by organizations. The analysis was conducted through a multiple regression model using panel data. The results indicated that the higher the medium age of the population, the quality of education provided, the public investment in research and development and income from urban employment, lower is the levels of tax evasion. On the other hand, the increases in crime and income inequality generate growth in evasive behavior. About the higher complexity of the legislation, the effect varies with the preponderance on the relationship between the cost to the taxpayer, when the level of tax evasion grow, and the usefulness of the information obtained as to effectively control the taxman, what reduces evasion.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-03-22T12:52:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 João Carlos de Lima Junior.pdf: 1871241 bytes, checksum: 854d96a4199ff2705b80cf68aca943ea (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-03-22T12:52:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 João Carlos de Lima Junior.pdf: 1871241 bytes, checksum: 854d96a4199ff2705b80cf68aca943ea (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-06 / The object of this dissertation is the study of the federal tax penalties provided in article 44 of the law nº 9.430/96, which are hereby presented: ex-officio fine (voluntary penalty), qualified ex-officio penalty, aggravated ex-officio penalty and isolated penalty. Considering the resonant and booming jurisprudential divergence on the subject, this dissertation seeks to discuss the sanctions’ enforcement, with the purpose of demonstrating applicable criteria to interpret the facts and the norms, fulfill subsumption and to make effective its implication. The legal norm, related respectively to its sanction, was confronted with the jurisprudence of our courts, mostly administrative, which allowed us to examine the ideas herein discussed and empirically criticize the application of the penalties. To fulfill its purpose, this dissertation demonstrates the legal norm structure, focusing nevertheless on the primary sanctioning norm and its application, by means of an analysis of the interpretation of the facts (moment in which occurs the verification of the evidences, the burden and the preclusion, and the norm interpretation analysis, indicating the construction course of the purport of the legal texts. To accomplish the interpretation herein presented, it is indubitably necessary to contextualize the legal text, the role of culture and ideology, the inherent qualities of a good interpreter and the subjective effects in any interpretation. Finally, this dissertation acknowledges the importance of the “in dubio pro” taxpayer and discusses the casting vote related to the administrative process, taking in consideration the provided in article 122 of the Law nº 5.172/66, National Tax Code (CTN). In what concerns the legal norms development related to the penalties provided in the article 44, Law nº 9.430/96, it is possible to identify in this dissertation the default rules criteria of legal incidence connected to the ex-officio penalty, qualified ex-officio penalty, aggravated ex-officio penalty and isolated penalty, fulfilling and understanding, for each one of these penalties, the material, temporal, spatial, subjective (personal) and quantitative criteria. The delimitation and range of punitive norms demand the analysis of theories and principles regarding: fraud, concepts of fraud and tax evasion, third parties succession liability and liability for violation, joint liability, interest on late payment, penalty for breach of ancillary obligation, voluntary disclosure, culpability, postponement of payment, nature and function of penalties and behavior reiteration / O objeto da dissertação é o estudo das multas tributárias federais previstas no artigo 44 da Lei n. 9.430/96, que são nominadas como Multa de Ofício, Multa de Ofício Qualificada, Multa de Ofício Agravada e Multa Isolada. Considerando a forte divergência jurisprudencial sobre o tema, o trabalho busca debater a aplicação das sanções, com o intuito de demonstrar critérios aplicáveis na tarefa de interpretar os fatos e as normas, realizar a subsunção e efetivar a implicação. A norma construída para cada sanção foi confrontada com a jurisprudência dos nossos tribunais, majoritariamente a administrativa, o que proporcionou testar as ideias debatidas e criticar a aplicação das multas empiricamente. Para cumprir o objetivo, a dissertação demonstra a estrutura da norma jurídica, com enfoque à norma primária sancionadora, e cuida da sua aplicação, por meio da análise da interpretação dos fatos, momento em que se verificam as provas na aplicação, o ônus e a preclusão, e da análise da interpretação da norma, demonstrando o percurso da construção do sentido dos textos legais. Para o trabalho de interpretar, verifica-se a necessidade de contextualizar o texto, o papel da cultura e da ideologia, as qualidades inerentes ao bom intérprete e a influência da intuição na interpretação. Finalmente, demonstra a importância do princípio in dubio pro contribuinte e debate o voto de qualidade no processo administrativo ante o conteúdo do artigo 112 do Código Tributário Nacional. Para a construção das normas relativas às multas previstas no artigo 44 da Lei n. 9.430/96, na dissertação, são estudados os critérios da regra padrão de incidência relativos às multas de ofício, ofício qualificada, ofício agravada e isolada, preenchendo, para cada uma, o critério material, o temporal, o espacial, o pessoal e o quantitativo. O trabalho de delimitação e alcance das normas punitivas exigiu a análise, entre outras, das teorias e elementos do dolo, dos conceitos de fraude e sonegação, da responsabilidade de terceiros, por sucessão e por infrações, da solidariedade, da multa de mora, da multa por descumprimento de obrigação acessória, da denúncia espontânea, da culpabilidade, da postergação de pagamento, da natureza e função das sanções e de conduta reiterada

This diploma thesis analyzes several aspects of taxation when entering a foreign market. The first chapter explains the difference between nominal and effective tax rates and tax burden regulation by enterprises during the current debt crisis. The second chapter deals with double taxation agreements and methods that eliminate double taxation. The third chapter describes the rules of transfer pricing and advance pricing agreements. The last chapter focuses on tax incentives and risks of taxation, especially tax avoidance, tax evasion and the negative attitude of developed countries against tax havens.

nÃo hà / Este trabalho analisa o comportamento do contribuinte do ICMS no tocante à sua decisÃo de evadir tributo, considerando uma maior probabilidade de ser detectado e a sanÃÃo adotada pelo Fisco, tendo por base a hipÃtese lanÃada por Allingham e Sandmo (1972). Utilizando modelos para identificaÃÃo de quebras estruturais em sÃries temporais, proposta por Bai e Perron (2003), à feita uma anÃlise dos impactos causados na arrecadaÃÃo do ICMS, com a ediÃÃo do Decreto n◦ 26.425, de 26 de outubro de 2001, e da Lei n◦ 13.975, de 14 de setembro 2007, os quais permitiram à Secretaria da Fazenda do Estado do Cearà conhecer o montante das vendas quitadas com cartÃo de crÃdito e de dÃbito, aumentando a eficiÃncia do Fisco no tocante à detecÃÃo de potenciais sonegadores. Foram obtidas evidÃncias de que a primeira norma teve um efeito positivo na arrecadaÃÃo dos segmentos envolvidos, enquanto, em relaÃÃo à segunda determinaÃÃo normativa nÃo se identificou mudanÃa estrutural no nÃvel da arrecadaÃÃo do setor. / This paper analyzes the behavior of the ICMS taxpayer regarding his decision to evade taxes, whereas a higher probability of detection and punishment adopted by the the Treasury Department of the State of CearÃ, based on the hypothesis considered by Allingham and Sandmo (1972). Using models to identify structural breaks in time series, by Bai e Perron (2003), is an analysis of the impacts in the collection of ICMS with the publication of two norms. The first was edited in October 2001 and the last in September 2007, which allowed the Treasury Department of the State of Cearà know the amount of sales paid off credit and debit card and increasing the efficiency of tax authorities regarding the detection of potential tax evaders. We obtained evidence that the first norm was issued a positive effect on the collection of segments involved, while the second normative constraint is not identified structural changes that raise the level of the collection industry.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2018-02-15T18:00:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTIAGO MEIRELES ROCHA.pdf: 972185 bytes, checksum: afac5e4d20639e20e3c5eed384124a70 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-15T18:00:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTIAGO MEIRELES ROCHA.pdf: 972185 bytes, checksum: afac5e4d20639e20e3c5eed384124a70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-18 / With the exponential increase in the volume of data stored and the high potential for hidden knowledge in these data that can aid in the strategies and decision making of organizations, much has been invested in information technology and telecommunication. The purpose of this dissertation was to apply the Knowledge Discovery in Database (DCBD) process in order to classify the taxpayers of SEFAZ-GO ICMS in High Eviction and Low Eviction, through the task of data mining Supervised Classification, Implemented by the algorithm J48, on the WEKA computing platform. Three experiments were carried out with a sample of ICMS taxpayers data from the wholesale sector of the city of Goiânia-GO, with attributes selected from the Tax Code of the State of Goiás. During the experiments, the AttributeSelection and Discretize algorithms were applied. Reduction of attributes and transformation of the continuous variables into discrete ones, respectively. The statistical indices Confusion Matrix and Kappa Coefficient were used as validation metrics of the proposed model. After each experiment, classification rules were extracted, thus forming the proposed predictive model of classification. In the best scenario, a correct classification rate of 84% accuracy was obtained. Data mining is a reality within many organizations and can be a strong ally in fulfilling the, trivial, task of knowledge discovery in corporate databases. / Com o aumento exponencial do volume de dados armazenados e o alto potencial de conhecimento oculto nesses dados que pode auxiliar nas estratégias e nas tomadas de decisão das organizações, muito vem se investido em tecnologia da informação e telecomunicação. A presente dissertação teve como objetivo aplicar o processo de Descoberta do Conhecimento em Base de Dados (DCBD) a fim de classificar os contribuintes de ICMS da SEFAZ-GO em Alto Sonegador e Baixo Sonegador, por meio da tarefa de mineração de dados Classificação Supervisionada, implementada pelo algoritmo J48, na plataforma computacional WEKA. Foram realizados 3 experimentos com uma amostra de dados de contribuintes de ICMS do setor atacadista do município de Goiânia-GO, com atributos selecionados a partir do Código do Tributário do Estado de Goiás. Durante os experimentos foram aplicados os algoritmos AttributeSelection e Discretize, para a redução de atributos e transformação das variáveis contínuas em discretas, respectivamente. Os índices estatísticos Matriz de Confusão e Coeficiente de Kappa foram utilizados como métricas de validação do modelo proposto. Após cada experimento, regras de classificação foram extraídas formando assim o modelo preditivo proposto de classificação. Obteve-se, no melhor cenário, uma taxa de classificação correta de 84% de acerto. A mineração de dados é uma realidade dentro de muitas organizações e pode ser uma forte aliada no cumprimento da, nada trivial, tarefa de descoberta de conhecimento nas bases de dados corporativas.

Quoting James Andreoni, `the problem of tax compliance is as old as taxes themselves'. The sources of missing tax revenues have traditionally concerned tax administrations and particularly now in times when public finances are striving. In the quest for analysing the revenue that is foregone, tax administrations have started to produce a report of their tax gap, understood as the difference between the theoretical tax liability and the actual collection, to obtain a measure of the extent of non-compliance. Due to the complexity of the non-compliance behaviour and the lack of visibility of certain types of income, different methods are usually put in place in order to offer a plausible range for the estimates. This dissertation dedicates its two first chapters to providing an alternative method for estimating the income-gap (de fined to be one minus the proportion of reported to actual income) for two populations: the self-employed and the employees. The underlying data used for both cases is publicly available survey data on expenditures and income that is generated on a timely manner. This carries substantial advantages. First, relying on a general purpose survey dataset means that the estimation can be updated more frequently than if it was to rely solely on either the timing of administrative data or on survey data that is speci fically targeted to measure non-compliance. Second, it provides an alternative estimation using an independent source of data which allows for the triangulation of the estimate obtained using administrative sources. Third, it allows tax administrations which do not have readily available administrative data to perform estimations using a type of survey widespread available in most countries. The third chapter of this thesis explores the role of the extrinsic and intrinsic incentives in explaining engagement in the hidden economy defined as undeclared work practices. This chapter contributes firstly to the literature on shadow economy and to the debate of whether crowding effects are found between extrinsic and intrinsic motivations in a tax environment.