Arbetet utreder förutsättningarna att exploatera ett område i Trångfors i Bodens kommun för bostadsändamål arbetet är på uppdrag av Bodens kommuns plankontor. Parallellt med utredningen tas ett förslag på detaljplan och tillhörande handlingar framför området som redovisas i rapporten. Detaljplanen ritas i programmet Focus detaljplan som plankontoret i Boden använder. Under den verksamhetsförlagda utbildningen på Bodens plankontor är ett underlag är framtaget, materialet ligger som grund till rapporten samt detaljplanens bestämmelser och utformning. Under arbetet har dialog förts med berörda förvaltningar samt Länsstyrelsen. Detaljplanering avser att reglera hur mark-och vattenområden inom kommunen ska användas, vilket ändamål ett område är mest lämpat för baseras på områdets läge behov och egenskaper. Lagar som främst reglerar planläggning av mark-och vattenområden är Plan-och bygglagen,Miljöbalken och kulturminneslagen (Adolfsson & Boberg, 2015). Planområdet Trångforsen är utpekat i Bodens kommuns översiktsplan 2025 som ett utvecklingsområde för bebyggelse. Bodens kommuns mål är att öka till 30000 invånare till 2025, för att nå det målet arbetar kommunen aktivt med att stärka planberedskapen och på så sett kunna erbjuda attraktiva tomter. Planområdet Trångforsen består till störst del av naturmark och ligger i anslutning till Luleälven i öst. Närområdet består av kvartersmark med villabebyggelse och närmaste vägnätet är Kanalvägen i väst och Trångforsvägen i norr, delar av planområdet har tidigare använts för fotbollsverksamhet och utgörs därför av fotbollsplaner i naturgräs. Parallellt med planområdet ligger intill Engelska kanalen som är av riksintresse för kulturmiljövården, riksintresset är ett skyddat område som tar anspråk på stora delar av det tänkta planområdet. Intervju och platsbesök har utförts tillsammans med Länsstyrelsen angående hur hänsyn ska tas till Engelska kanalen i en framtida exploatering. Länsstyrelsen anser att ett avstånd på ca 10 meter från Engelska kanalen till planområdet ska tas för att bevara kanalhistorian. Utredningen visar på att planområdet är lämpligt att utvecklas till ett bostadsområde, detaljplanen för planområdet Trångforsen omfattar 27 fastigheter på ca 1200kvm vardera med en maximal byggnadsarea på 250kvm. I samband med den nya detaljplanen kommer strandskyddet att upphöra, planförslaget medger en gång -och cykelväg parallellt med älven, på så sätt kommer området närmast älven vara mer tillgängligt än idag.

This thesis studies Sales and Operations Planning (S&OP) in process industries. S&OP is a planning process which has a role of balancing demand and supply at an aggregate level. S&OP has traditionally been considered as a generic process meaning that it is independent from the context of the industry in which it is implemented. Process industries do; however, have specific characteristics which affect their planning and control processes, including S&OP. Therefore, the aim in this thesis is to reconcile these two contradictory stances and furthermore investigate how the specific properties in process industries should be included into an S&OP framework. Such a differentiated framework aims to support process industries to design/implement their S&OP process based on their unique requirements in relation to their markets, products and processes while it also takes into account the specific characteristics regarding the continuous production. Consequently, the process industries would realize the expected benefits from S&OP process to a greater extent. The study starts with a literature review on S&OP in process industries in order to build the knowledge foundation for subsequent studies. The results show that the underlying difference between process industries and discrete industries is the object continuity which affects the selection of production processes including resources. Thus, process industries are often hybrids in the sense that their production processes include both continuous production, when the transformed object (material) is continuous, and discrete production when the object (material) turns into discrete products after the discretization point. In other words, process industries deploy both continuous production and discrete production while discrete industries use only discrete production. The specific characteristics of process industries are actually related to the continuous production part and influence the planning processes as well. As the result of this study, the continuous production characteristics that can affect the S&OP process are identified. In the continuation of the thesis and in order to provide a typology for planning and control purposes, the object type (continuous and discrete) is combined with two other dimensions i.e. mode type (onetime, intermittent and continuous) and driver type (customer order driven and forecast driven) into a planning and control typology. The mode type addresses the repetitivity of the flow and the driver type takes into account the trigger of the flow. Each dimension has a transition point – i.e. the discretization point for the object type, mode interface point for the mode type and customer order decoupling point for the driver type – and represents a hybrid situation since different production environments are required before and after each transition point. The typology aims to illustrate how each dimension affects the planning and control issues as well as how the dimensions are interrelated and how this combination influence the managerial decisions. The typology integrates the concepts from both process industries and discrete industries and thus, is applicable for both. Thereafter the typology is applied to the S&OP process and an integrated framework is suggested based on the three dimensions with specific focus on process industries. In this framework, the effects of hybridities within each dimension and cross-hybridities between the dimensions on the S&OP process are also considered. The importance of hybridities and cross-hybridities lies in the fact that the planning of the hybrid systems is a complex task due to the varying managerial decisions before and after the transition points. Finally, implementation steps for the suggested S&OP framework are outlined for the process industries in order to position themselves in the framework, identify the implementing procedures, and obtain potential benefits based on the differentiated S&OP process.

In South Africa, where the unemployment rate is immense, Small Micro and Medium Enterprises (SMMEs) provide most of the employment opportunities. But statistics show that a lot of these enterprises fail during their first years of operation. Furntech is an organisation that works within business incubation and skills development for SMMEs in the furniture manufacturing sector in South Africa. Furntech is working on getting an accredited testing laboratory that conforms to South African standards as another service for the SMMEs. The aim of this project is to develop a machine design to test innerspring mattresses that meets the local standards within the bedding industry in South Africa. A field study is conducted to gather information by observations, interviews, and by visiting local manufacturing companies. This is done to fully understand the layout of the actual laboratory and what is required of the machine from a user point of view and mechanical point of view. The design of the machine is developed according to product development methodology and evaluated against demands that are compiled in a requirement specification.  A design is produced by developing the existing table test machine in Furntech’s laboratory and is presented in a CAD-model. Existing and required additional parts to support the functionality for the test bedding machine has been evaluated by calculations and simulations by using for example ABAQUS and JACK. Instruction manuals combined with an interface design have been produced, where both of them are connected to a flowchart to understand what is required from the machine, the user, and the programmer.

The course Functional Materials at Karlstad University aims for undergraduates to study some of the functional materials of the 21st century. One of the hottest topics in photovoltaic research is hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite solar cells due to their easy methods of fabrication, cheap costs and potential for high power conversion efficiencies. A laboratory manual is compiled for the course, in which students are encouraged to build perovskite solar cells with a device architecture of FTO/TiO2/MAPbI3/CuSCN/Carbon/FTO using spin coating and annealing for testing in a solar simulator. The power conversion efficiency achieved with this method reaches 0.056 %, with suggestions for improvement when done by students. Absorption properties are examined using UV-vis spectroscopy and the band gap energy of MAPbI3 is established as 1.59 eV. By using these techniques, students will earn a greater understanding for one of the most relevant topics of photovoltaic research and different equipment used in its fabrication and characterization. / Kursen Funktionella material på Karlstads universitet har som mål att studenter ska få studera några av 2000-talets funktionella material. Ett av de största ämnena inom solcellsforskning är hybrida organiska/icke-organiska perovskitsolceller eftersom de är lätta att tillverka, billiga och har potential för höga verkningsgrader. En laborationshandledning sammanställs för kursen, där studenter ska få tillverka perovskitsolceller med en uppbyggnad av FTO/TiO2/MAPbI3/CuSCN/Carbon/FTO genom användning av spin coating och anlöpning för tester i solsimulator. Verkningsgraden för dessa solceller når 0.056 %, men förslag till förbättringar när studenter ska göra solcellerna diskuteras. Absorptionsegenskaper undersöks med UV-vis-spektroskopi och bandgapsenergin hos MAPbI3 fastställs till att vara 1.59 eV. Med dessa tillverknings- och karaktäriseringstekniker får studenter möjligheten att lära sig mer om ett av de mest relevanta ämnena inom solcellsforskning, samt om hur man använder sig av utrustningen som är närvarande i hela processen.

The distribution of mobile applications is evolving, and the developers are seeking to gain economic advantages, as well as reaping the benefits of the current market opportunities. But studies show that a majority of the mobile users are not willing to pay for a mobile application. This dilemma complicates the economic gain for the developers and for the brands behind the mobile application. But is there a solution for this dilemma, for the developers to obtain? This paper investigates what aspects affects people’s willingness to pay for application and what factors increases people’s willingness to pay for applications. By combining a scientific literature review followed by semi-structured interviews with 19 participants, 8 guidelines were formed in order to answer what affects people’s willingness to pay for a mobile application and what aspects increases people’s willingness to pay for mobile applications.

The world´s future energy generation needs to be sustainable without negative impact on people´s health or on our nature. Within present trends to develop energy scenarios with diminishing use of fossil fuels, nuclear power etc. it seems difficult to meet an increasing need for energy. Incorporation of renewable energy sources within the energy sector could mitigate future energy crises in a sustainable way. Bangladesh is a south Asian developing country with great prospects of renewable energy resources. Severe energy crisis such as shortage on electricity generation over the decades is one of the major problems in the country. This problem could be reduced by introducing renewable energy resources at a large-scale within the power sector. Renewable energy sources are increasingly used due to its availability and it has little negative impact on the environment. Solar energy and biomass are great and valuable resources in the green energy field. In this thesis, a feasibility study of a hybrid renewable energy system, HRES, including biogas fueled internal combustion engines, driving an electrical generator and solar PV in vicinity to urban areas in Bangladesh was analyzed using HOMER software. The HRES system was designed for electricity generation in a community near Dhaka city in the Gazipur district where great resources of solar and biomass are available. In the proposed hybrid system, a 40-kW biogas electric generator is integrated with 80 kW of PV panels and the analysis shows an energy price of €0.1435/kWh.

No description available.

Thesis (S.M.M.O.T.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, Management of Technology Program, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-156). / With the recent proliferation of new wireless communication technologies in the U.S. and abroad, several competing air interfaces have emerged. This situation may soon be further complicated by compeuuon to influence upcoming international standards for 3rd-generation wireless communication systems capable of enabling global access to wireless multimedia services. For the wireless communications market, this heterogeneity poses problems for highly mobile users attempting to roam between different types of networks with phones that work over only one air interface. Brute force solutions have been introduced which combine two or more air interfaces in a single wireless communications appliance using traditional manufacturing approaches. An attractive alternative solution involves an emerging technology known as software-definable radio (SOR). This technology could enable the development of a new class of wireless information appliances, referred to here as "software phones", capable of working over any air interface. By migrating much of the radio functionality from hardware to software, such devices could switch between air interfaces and wireless applications/services much as a computer switches between applications programs. This thesis will assess the likelihood of emergence of a single dominant design standard for future generations of wireless communication systems, and the importance of software phone technologies as components of any such dominant design. The thesis is being sponsored by the Modular Multifunction Information Transfer System (MMITS) Forum, a wireless industry forum that is actively promoting software phone concepts. The analysis uses a variety of information sources and analytic techniques, and will also present a series of strategic recommendations to enhance the likelihood that software phone technologies will be included as critical components in any dominant wireless design standard. / by John D. Ralston and Peter G. Bier. / S.M.M.O.T.

When humanitarian aid is distributed to developing countries, crisis-areas and humanitarian aid organizations it is often difficult to get a good overview of how much aid is needed compared to what is given. Organizations have a tendency to focus on either a targeted area or specific topic. This issue is further hindered by the large amount of active aid organizations which adds to the complexity of getting good overview and the fact that crisis-areas are in a constant state of change. We intended to ease the decision making and the overall overview by supplying a website with an interactive map displaying the difference between needed- and donated financial aid of countries within the African continent. The scope can be expanded by including other parts of the world. In order to give the user an overview we collected humanitarian aid data gained from different aid organizations, where the user then could easily choose what is to be displayed, e.g food, care and educational aid. Each country then gets color coded depending on the current gap in funding. This data visualization method is called heatmap. This can then be used as a base for decision making or to show aid-contributors the amount and what type of aid is needed in a designated area. / När ekonomiskt bistånd distribueras till behövande länder och hjälporganisationer är det ofta svårt att få en bra överblick över hur mycket som behövs gentemot vad som ges. Hjälporganisationer har även en tendens att enbart fokusera på ett särskilt område eller specifikt ämne. Att få en bra överblick försvåras ytterligare i och med att det existerar ett stort antal olika hjälporganisationer som leder till ytterligare komplexitet och att humanitära kris-zoner är i ständig förändring. För att ge en lösning på detta är vår intention att underlätta beslutsfattande och ge en bättre överblick genom att konstruera en websida med en interaktiv karta som visar skillnaden mellan behov och givet ekonomsikt stöd i olika länder, med fokus på Afrika men med plats för ytterligare expandering. För detta har vi samlat finansiell data från olika hjälporganisationer, där användaren själv kan välja vad som ska visas, till exempel mat, vård och medicin. Varje land får sedan en färgnyans i proportion till den största skillnaden av bistånd. Denna metod att visualisera kallas heatmap. Heatmapen kan sedan användas som grund för beslutsfattande eller för att visa andra donatorer hur mycket och vilken typ av behov som behövs i ett specifikt område.

In order to sustain and compete in the globalized market, firms are in the continuous development of their new product development (NPD) process. Multiple researchers have studied how to achieve a well-functioning process, by developing theories and capturing its characteristics with models. As a result of the technological revolution, firms and researchers have acknowledged the potential benefits of technologies, and adopted them into NPD processes. Virtual reality, as one of the emerging technologies, has been highlighted by its benefits based on its immersive characteristics. Present studies argue for virtual reality of being an aiding tool in terms of cost and time reduction during the development process. By acknowledging its already defined benefits in previous literature, this thesis adopts a knowledge perspective and pursues benefits of VR as a tool for communicating knowledge. Thus, exploring how it could be used within the NPD process, with the purpose of aiding the communication. During the thesis an exploratory case study was performed by making observations and conducting 11 interviews with actors involved in the NPD process of the focal company. The findings highlighted that with the preexisting tools (CAD-systems & physical prototypes), the communication during concept/product development and alignment meetings was often ambiguous. Moreover, we identified knowledge asymmetry between actors in the NPD process as the main communication barrier, contributing to increased ambiguity. Lastly, the results motivated the use of virtual reality, as an aiding tool for improving knowledge transfer and reducing knowledge asymmetry by easing communication of in-depth factual and procedural knowledge between departments, domains, through visualizations of concepts and products throughout the NPD process. Thus, reducing ambiguity. The thesis, therefore, concludes that virtual reality can be used as a visualizing communication tool within the front-end phase and throughout the formal NPD. / För att kunna upprätthålla och konkurrera på den globaliserade marknaden är företagen i en kontinuerlig utveckling av sina produktutvecklingsprocesser. Flera forskare har studerat hur man uppnår en väl fungerande process genom att utveckla teorier och fånga dess egenskaper i modeller. Som ett resultat av den tekniska revolutionen har företag och forskare erkänt de potentiella fördelarna med teknik och antagit dem i nya produktutvecklingsprocesser. Virtuella teknologier, som en av de framväxande teknologierna, har blivit uppmärksammad på grund av dess fördelar baserad på dess uppslukande egenskaper. Nuvarande studier argumenterar för den virtuella teknologin som ett hjälpmedel när det gäller kostnads- och tidsreduktion under utvecklingsprocessen. Genom att erkänna dess fördelar, antar denna avhandling ett annat tillvägagångssätt, genom att studera det som ett kommunikationsverktyg. Således genom att utforska hur det kan användas inom produktutvecklingsprocessen, med syfte att hjälpa kommunikationen. Författarna till uppsatsen genomförde en undersökande fallstudie genom att göra observationer och genomföra 11 intervjuer. Resultaten lyfte fram att med de tidigare befintliga verktygen (CAD-system och fysiska prototyper) uppträdde tvetydighet under tekniska möten och vid konceptutvärdering. Dessutom var kunskapsasymmetri identifierad som huvudbarriär för kommunikation och bidrog till tvetydighet. Slutligen motiverade resultaten användningen av virtuell teknologi genom produktutvecklingsprocessen, som ett hjälpmedel för att överbrygga kunskapsasymmetri genom att underlätta kommunikation av djup, saklig- och procedurkunskap för problemlösning, mellan kunskapsdomäner, genom visualisering av koncept och produkter. Detta identifierades som en möjlighet för att reducera tvetydighet. Uppsatsen fastställer att den virtuella teknologin kan användas som ett visualiserande kommunikationsverktyg inom front-end-fasen och genom hela formella produktutvecklingen.