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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
181

Sinais experimentais de matéria escura supermassiva e fortemente interagente / Experimental signal of strongly interacting supermassive dark matter

Leandro José Beraldo e Silva 03 November 2010 (has links)
Há várias evidências experimentais da existência de matéria escura no universo. Apesar destas evidências, pouco se sabe sobre sua constituição, sabendo-se apenas que interage gravitacionalmente, mas não eletromagneticamente. Neste projeto, investigamos a possibilidade da matéria escura ser composta por partículas supermassivas e fortemente interagentes (Simpzillas). Para isto determinamos o sinal que deve ser deixado no telescópio IceCube por neutrinos resultantes de aniquilações de matéria escura no Sol. Após determinarmos o espectro de neutrinos no centro do Sol, simulamos sua propagação até a superfície, depois até a Terra e através da Terra até o detector. Comparamos então estes resultados com os fornecidos pelo IceCube. Esta comparação permite testar uma região do espaço de fase massa versus seção de choque previamente não-excluída por outros tipos de experiência que não telescópios de neutrinos. Como resultado, concluímos que partículas supermassivas e fortemente interagentes não podem constituir a matéria escura. / There are many experimental evidences for the existence of dark matter in the universe. Despite these evidences, there is no knowledge about its constitution other than the fact that it interacts gravitationally but not electromagnetically. In this project, we investigate the possibility that dark matter is composed of strongly interacting massive particles (Simpzillas). We determine the expected signal in the IceCube telescope from Simpzilla annihilation in the center of the Sun. We first determine the neutrino spectrum in the core of the Sun. We then simulate its propagation through both the Sun and Earth, and finally the rate of neutrinos at the detector. A comparison of these results to the ones published by the IceCube collaboration covers a large region of the yet not excluded regions of the mass versus cross-section phase space. As a result, the possibility of Simpzillas composing the dark matter is ruled out.
182

Radio-optical analysis of extended radio sources in the first look survey field

Hons, Claudio Moises Paulo January 2010 (has links)
>Magister Scientiae - MSc / I combine 610 MHz Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) data, 1.4 GHz Very Large Array (VLA) data and 1.4 GHz Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT) observations, encompassing a ∼ 4 square degree field (sq. deg. field) centred on the verification strip of the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) field (RA = 17h18m00s, Dec = 59◦30′30′′), to study radio sources down to fluxes of about 0.1 mJy. The results of an analysis of a sample of 107 multi-component radio sources obtained by cross-correlating the VLA and GMRT catalogues are shown. The spectral index analysis shows that the majority of multi-component sources are steep-spectrum sources. Nevertheless the spread in the spectral distribution is wide, with a significant number of ultrasteep,flat or inverted sources. By cross-correlating 107 multi-component radio sources with the optical catalogues of Marleau et al. (2007) and Papovich et al. (2006), 23 objects were identified and spectroscopically classified as galaxies. Some of them are classified as star-forming or star-burst galaxies, perhaps indicating that AGN and starformation activity are ongoing in the same galaxy. The measured redshifts span the range 0 < z < 1.8 and peak at z ∼ 0.2. According to their radio power (P), 6 of the identified objects are in the range of FR II sources (P1.4GHz > 1024.5W/Hz) while 17 are in the range of FR I sources (P1.4GHz < 1024.5W/Hz). Most of the sources having P1.4GHz < 1024.5W/Hz are compact and few are extended and peculiar, while all sources in the range of P1.4GHz > 1024.5W/Hz are extended. Further optical followup is recommended to allow a more complete census of the sub-mJy population and more information on AGN feedback from such sources.
183

Design and Development of an Acoustic Calibrator for Deep-Sea Neutrino Telescopes and First Search for Secluded Dark Matter with ANTARES

Adrián Martínez, Silvia 16 April 2015 (has links)
[EN] Neutrino astronomy is a booming field in astroparticle physics. Due to the particular characteristics of neutrinos, these particles offer great advantages as probes for the study of the far and high-energy Universe. It is extensively accepted by the scientific community that a multi-messenger approach with the combination of information provided by neutrinos, photons and charged particles (cosmic rays) is possible to obtain a more complete image of the fundamental astrophysics processes taking place in our Universe. Since neutrinos are neutral and very weak interacting particles they can reach the Earth from astrophysical sources without deflection by magnetic fields and almost without energy losses and absorption, contrarily to the rest of messengers. The other side of the coin of neutrino properties is that detection of neutrinos is very challenging and big highly instrumented detection volumes are needed. Natural media (deep sea, lakes or ice in the Antarctica) host this kind of experiments using the water (or ice) as target material where the neutrino interaction is produced. ANTARES is the first undersea neutrino telescope, located at 2475 m depth in the Mediterranean Sea. ANTARES is optimized for optical detection of the Cerenkov light induced by relativistic muons produced by high energy neutrino interactions near the detector. The charge, position and arrival time of the photons to the optical modules which compose the detector allows the muon track reconstruction, and thus, knowing the neutrino coming direction. Some information of the event energy is also derived. ANTARES is also hosting the AMADEUS experiment which is investigating the feasibility of the acoustic detection of Ultra-High Energy (UHE) neutrinos. The framework of this thesis is the ANTARES experiment. As commonly done in the thesis developed in this experiment (and in this field), the work has been divided in two different areas. On the one hand, a part more devoted to technological aspects related to the detector and, on the other hand, a part dedicated to ANTARES data analysis. The first part of the thesis is focused in the development of a calibrator able to reproduce the acoustic signal generated in the UHE neutrino interaction with a water nucleus which, roughly speaking, generates a highly directive bipolar acoustic pulse. Having a good calibrator is crucial to test and tune the telescope response for this kind of signals. The second part of the thesis, the data analysis part, is centred in the analysis of the ANTARES data in order to constrain possible Dark Matter models. This work is focused on the detection of products resulting of the Dark Matter annihilation trapped in the centre of the Sun. Specifically, the Secluded Dark Matter (SDM) model has been tested by the detection of di-muons (co-linear muon pair) and/or neutrinos coming from Sun direction. Broadly speaking, this model is based on the idea of the existence of a mediator resulting of the Dark Matter annihilation which, subsequently, would decay into standard model particles as muons or neutrinos. These models have been proposed in order to explain some experimental "anomalies" observed, such as the electron-positron ratio spectrum detected in satellites, measured recently with high accuracy by AMS-II. The study of this thesis constitutes the first search of experimental evidences of this kind of models in neutrino telescopes. / [ES] La astronomía de neutrinos es un campo en auge dentro de la Física de Astropartículas. Los neutrinos ofrecen grandes ventajas como sondas para estudiar el Universo lejano y de alta energía. Es extensamente aceptado que mediante la combinación de la información que proporcionan los neutrinos junto a la obtenida mediante fotones de alta energía (rayos gamma) y partículas cargadas (rayos cósmicos) se podría obtener una imagen más completa de los procesos astrofísicos fundamentales que tienen lugar a lo largo de nuestro Universo.La razón fundamental por la que los neutrinos son tan altamente valorados como mensajeros es la baja interacción con el medio que los rodea. Al ser partículas sin carga interactúan muy débilmente con la materia, por ello pueden escaparse de la fuente donde se han producido y, al contrario de lo que ocurre con el resto de mensajeros, pueden llegar a la Tierra sin ser desviados por los campo magnéticos y sin prácticamente pérdida de energía. Esta misma razón que los hace tan valorados es a su vez la que los hace tan difíciles de detectar. Se impone la necesidad de construir detectores de grandes volúmenes, del orden del km3, altamente instrumentados. Se utilizan medios naturales (en el fondo del mar, en lagos o en enterrados en el hielo de la Antártida) aprovechando el agua (o hielo) como material diana donde se espera que interaccione el neutrino. ANTARES es el primer telescopio submarino de neutrinos construido en el fondo del mar Mediterráneo. Está optimizado para la detección óptica de la luz Cherenkov inducida por los muones relativistas producidos en la interacción de neutrinos de alta energía en los alrededores del detector. La información de la carga, posición y tiempo de llegada de los fotones a los fotomultiplicadores que componen el detector permite tanto la reconstrucción de la trayectoria del neutrino como el conocimiento de su energía. Además, ANTARES acoge el experimento AMADEUS mediante el cual se está investigando y testeando la detección acústica de neutrinos de muy alta energía que, al interaccionar en el agua, producen un pulso termo-acústico que se pretende registrar con una red de hidrófonos. El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis se engloba bajo el marco del experimento ANTARES. Como es común en las tesis desarrolladas en este experimento, el trabajo se ha dividido en dos áreas diferenciadas: por un lado, una parte de enfoque más tecnológico y, por otro lado, una parte analítica de datos tomados por el telescopio. La primera parte de la tesis está centrada en el desarrollo de un calibrador capaz de reproducir la señal acústica que se emite en la interacción de un neutrino de alta energía con un núcleo de agua que, generalizando, es un pulso bipolar altamente directivo. El disponer de un buen calibrador es clave a la hora de testear la detección acústica en el telescopio y poder sintonizar y "entrenar" los los receptores para este tipo de señales. La segunda parte de la tesis se ha centrado en el análisis de datos registrados por ANTARES con el fin de contrastar posibles modelos astrofísicos para la búsqueda de materia oscura. Este trabajo ha focalizado en la detección de los productos de la aniquilación de materia oscura atrapada en el centro del Sol. Se ha testeado el modelo de Secluded Dark Matter (SDM) a través de la detección de di-muones (pareja de muones co-lineales) y neutrinos en la dirección del Sol. A grandes rasgos, este modelo se basa en la idea de la existencia de un mediador resultado de la aniquilación de materia oscura que posteriormente decaería en partículas del modelo estándar como muones o neutrinos. Estos modelos han sido propuestos con el fin de explicar ciertas 'anomalías' experimentales observadas, tales como el espectro del flujo de positrones detectado en satélites, medido recientemente con gran precisión por AMS-II. realizado en esta tesis constituye la primera búsqueda de evidencias / [CAT] L'astronomia de neutrins és un camp en auge dins la Física d'Astropartícules. Els neutrins ofereixen grans avantatges com a sondes per estudiar l'Univers llunyà i d'alta energia. Es extensament acceptat que mitjançant la combinació de la informació proporcionada pels neutrins junt a la obtinguda mitjançant fotons d'alta energia (rajos gamma) i partícules carregades (rajos còsmics) es podria obtindre una imatge més completa dels processos astrofísics fonamentals que es donen al llarg del nostre Univers. La raó fonamental per la qual els neutrins són altament valorats com a missatgers és la baixa interacció amb el medi que els envolta. Al ser partícules sense càrrega interactuen molt dèbilment amb la matèria, per això poden escapar-se de la font on s'han produït i, al contrari del que ocorre amb la resta de missatgers, poden arribar a La Terra sense desviar-se pels camps electromagnètics i sense pràcticament pèrdua d'energia. Aquesta mateixa raó que els fan tan valorats és al mateix temps la que els fa tan difícil de detectar. S'imposa la necessitat de construir detectors amb grans volums de detecció, de l'ordre del km3, altament instrumentats. S'utilitzen medis naturals (al fons de la mar, en llacs, al gel de l'Antàrtida) aprofitant l'aigua (o el gel) com a material diana on interaccionen el neutrins. ANTARES és el primer telescopi submarí de neutrins construït al fons de la mar Mediterrània. Està optimitzat per a la detecció òptica de la llum de Cherenkov induïda pels muons relativistes produïts en la interacció de neutrins d'alta energia als voltants del detector. La informació de la carrega, posició i temps d'arribada dels fotons als fotomultiplicadors que composen el detector permet tant la reconstrucció de la trajectòria del neutrí, amb gran resolució angular, com el coneixement de la seua energia. A més, ANTARES acull l'experiment AMADEUS mitjançant el qual s'està investigant i testejant la detecció acústica de neutrins de molt alta energia, que, al interaccionar a l'aigua produeixen un pols termo-acústic que es pretén registrar amb una xarxa d'hidròfons. El treball dut a terme en esta tesi s'engloba baix el marc de l'experiment ANTARES. Com es comú en les tesis desenvolupades en aquest experiment, el treball s'ha dividit en dues àrees diferenciades: per una banda una part d'enfocament mes tecnològic i, d'altra banda, una part analítica de les dades preses pel telescopi. La primera part de la tesi està centrada en el desenvolupament d'un calibrador capaç de reproduir la senyal acústica que es genera en la interacció d'un neutrí d'alta energia amb un nucli de l'aigua que, generalitzant, és un pols bipolar altament directiu. Disposar d'un bon calibrador es clau a l'hora de testejar la detecció acústica al telescopi i poder sintonitzar i "entrenar" els receptors a aquest tipus de senyals. La segona part de la tesi, amb caràcter d'anàlisi de dades, s'ha centrat en l'anàlisi de les dades registrades per ANTARES amb el fi de contrastar possibles models astrofísics per a la recerca de matèria fosca. Aquest treball es centra en la detecció dels productes d'aniquilació de matèria fosca atrapada al centre del Sol. En concret, s'ha testejat el model de Secluded Dark Matter (SDM) a través de la detecció de di-muons (parell de muons co-lineals) i neutrins en la direcció del Sol. A grans trets, aquest model es basa en la idea de l'existència d'un mediador resultat de l'aniquilació de matèria fosca que posteriorment decauria en partícules del model estàndard com muons o neutrins. Aquests models han sigut proposats amb la fi d'explicar certes "anomalies" experimentals observades, tals com l'espectre del flux de positrons detectat en satèl¿lits, mesurat recentment amb gran precisió per AMS-II. L'estudi realitzat en esta tesi constitueix la primera recerca d'evidències experimentals d'aquest tipus de models en telescopis de neutrins. / Adrián Martínez, S. (2015). Design and Development of an Acoustic Calibrator for Deep-Sea Neutrino Telescopes and First Search for Secluded Dark Matter with ANTARES [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48877 / TESIS
184

Study of the Galactic Center and dark matter search with H.E.S.S. / Etude du Centre Galactique et recherche de matière noire avec H.E.S.S.

Rinchiuso, Lucia 03 July 2019 (has links)
L’expérience H.E.S.S. (High Energy Spectroscopic System) composée de cinq télescopes Tcherenkov observe le ciel en rayons gamma au-delà d'une centaine de GeV jusqu'à plusieurs dizaines de TeV. Les rayons gamma sont produits par des phénomènes non-thermiques parmi les plus violents dans l'univers au voisinage d'objets astrophysique comme les pulsars, supernovae ou trous noirs, mais pourraient être également produits par l'annihilation de particules de matière noire.De nombreuses sondes cosmologiques et astrophysiques suggèrent que 85% de la matière dans l'Univers est d'origine inconnue. Cette matière appelée matière noire, de nature non baryonique, serait constituée de particules non encore découvertes dont les candidats privilégiés seraient des particules massives interagissant faiblement (WIMPs) avec la matière ordinaire, particules prédites au-delà du Modèle Standard de la physique des particules.Des particules de matière noire peuvent s'annihiler en particules du Modèle Standard dans les régions denses de l'Univers. Parmi les produits d'annihilations se trouvent les photons dont la détection à hautes énergies par des télescopes au sol à effet Tcherenkov pourrait apporter des informations uniques sur la nature de la matière noire.H.E.S.S. observe des régions du ciel dense en matière noire comme le Centre Galactique et des galaxies naines satellites de la Voie Lactée.Une interprétation d'un excès de rayons gamma détecté au Centre Galactique par H.E.S.S. en termes d’accélération de protons par une population de pulsars millisecondes est présenté.10 ans d'observations du Centre Galactique avec le réseau H.E.S.S. I de quatre télescopes, cinq ans de prise de données vers la région du Centre Galactique avec le réseau complet H.E.S.S. II, et un jeu de deux ans de données vers des galaxies naines découvertes récemment sont analysés. Les recherches de signaux d'annihilation de matière noire vers ces cibles ont produit les limites plus fortes à présent sur la section efficace d'annihilation de matière noire dans la plage en masse du TeV. Le potentiel de détection de matière noire avec le futur réseau de télescopes CTA (Cherenkov Telescope Array) vers la région central du halo Galactique est étudiés. / The H.E.S.S. (High Energy Spectroscopic System) experiment is an array of five Cherenkov telescopes that observe the sky in gamma-rays from about 100 GeV up to several ten TeV.Gamma rays are produced in violent non-thermal phenomena in the Universe in the neighborhood of pulsars, supernovae, black holes, ..., and could also be produced by the annihilation of dark matter particles.Numerous cosmological and astrophysical probes suggest that 85% of the total matter budget in the Universe is of unknown origin. This component of matter known as dark matter is non baryonic and could consist of yet undiscovered particles which privileged candidates are arguably massive particles with electroweak couplings with ordinary matter (WIMPs).Dark matter particles may annihilate into Standard Model particles in dense regions of the Universe. Among the annihilation products are photons which detection at high energy with ground-based Cherenkov telescopes could bring unique information on the nature of the dark matter.H.E.S.S. observes dark-matter-dense regions of the sky such as the Galactic Center and dwarf galaxy satellites of the Milky Way. A study on the interpretation of an excess of gamma-rays detected by H.E.S.S. at the Galactic Center in terms of acceleration of protons by a population of unresolved millisecond pulsars is performed.10 years of observations of the Galactic Center with the four-telescope H.E.S.S.-I array, five years of data taking towards the Galactic Center region with the full H.E.S.S.-II array and a two-years dataset towards newly discovered dwarf spheroidal galaxies are analyzed. The search for dark matter annihilation signals towards these targets provided the strongest limits so far on dark matter annihilation cross section in gamma rays of TeV energies. The potential of dark matter detection with the upcoming Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) towards the inner Galactic halo are studied. They may annihilate into Standard Model particles in dense regions of the Universe. Among the annihilation products are high energy photons. The detection of these photons with ground-based Cherenkov telescopes may reveal the nature of the dark matter. H.E.S.S. have observed some dark-matter-dense regions of the sky likethe Galactic Center and dwarf galaxies satellites of the Milky Way. In this work 10 years of observations of the Galactic Center with the four-telescopes H.E.S.S.-I array, five years of data taking towards the Galactic Center region with the full H.E.S.S.-II array and a two-years dataset towards newly discovered dwarf spheroidal galaxies are analyzed. The searches for dark matter annihilation signals towards these targets produced the strongest limits so far on dark matter annihilation cross section in gamma rays of TeV energies.Perspectives of dark matter detection with the future array CTA (Cherenkov Telescope Array) towards the inner Galactic halo are also discussed. A study on the interpretation of an excess of gamma-rays detected by H.E.S.S. at the Galactic Center in terms of acceleration of protons by a population of unresolved millisecond pulsars complements the dark matter searches.
185

Development of a prototype detector for MeV gamma-ray detection on a CubeSat

Lucchetta, Giulio 18 May 2022 (has links)
Trotz der beeindruckenden Fortschritte, die die Röntgen- und Gammastrahlenobservatorien in den letzten Jahrzehnten erzielt haben, ist der Energiebereich zwischen 200 keV und 50 MeV nach wie vor kaum erforscht. Diese Lücke, die in der Literatur oft als ``MeV-Lücke'' bezeichnet wird, ist nicht auf einen Mangel an überzeugender Wissenschaft zurückzuführen, sondern auf technische Herausforderungen und Nachweisschwierigkeiten, die mit MeV-Beobachtungen einhergehen. COMPTEL an Bord von CGRO (1991-2000) war das letzte Teleskop, das eine vollständige Durchmusterung des MeV-Himmels mit einer relativ bescheidenen Empfindlichkeit durchführte. Für die Zukunft sind zahlreiche Missionen vorgeschlagen worden, insbesondere AMEGO, die die Leistung von COMPTEL um mindestens eine Größenordnung verbessern sollen. Der Zeitrahmen für die Entwicklung, den Aufbau und den Start solch großer Missionen beträgt jedoch etwa 10 Jahre und ist mit erheblichen Kosten verbunden. In diesem Szenario könnte ein viel kleinerer Satellit, der sich der neuen Welle von schnellen, relativ kostengünstigen Weltraumforschungsmissionen anschließt, die durch CubeSats ermöglicht werden, in kürzerer Zeit rentabel sein. In dieser Arbeit werden die Verfügbarkeit und die Leistung eines Compton-Teleskops auf der Grundlage des CubeSat-Standards, genannt MeVCube, untersucht. Die Auswirkungen der Materialwahl und verschiedener CubeSat-Nutzlasten wurden durch Simulationen bewertet. Trotz der begrenzten Größe kann selbst ein kleines Teleskop, das auf einem CubeSat fliegt, den Energiebereich von Hunderten von keV bis zu einigen MeV mit einer Empfindlichkeit abdecken, die mit der der letzten Generation von Großmissionen wie COMPTEL und INTEGRAL vergleichbar ist. Es wurden auch experimentelle Messungen an Cadmium-Zink-Tellurid-Halbleiterdetektoren und einer für den Weltraumbetrieb geeigneten Ausleseelektronik mit geringem Stromverbrauch durchgeführt. / Despite the impressive progresses achieved both by X-ray and gamma-ray observatories in the last decades, the energy range between 200 keV and 50 MeV remains poorly explored. This gap in coverage, often referred in literature as the ``MeV gap'', is not due to lack of compelling science, but instead to technical challenges and detection difficulties that comes with MeV observations. COMPTEL, on-board CGRO (1991-2000), was the last telescope to accomplish a complete survey of the MeV-sky with a relatively modest sensitivity. Many missions have been proposed for the future, most notably AMEGO, aiming to improve COMPTEL's performance by at least one order of magnitude. However, the timescale for development, assembly and launch of such large missions is around 10 years, with substantial costs. Looking at this scenario, a much smaller satellite, joining the new wave of rapid, relatively inexpensive space science missions enabled by CubeSats, may be profitable on a shorter time-scale. This thesis evaluates the availability and performance of a Compton telescope based on the CubeSat standard, named MeVCube. The impact of material choice and different CubeSat payloads has been evaluated through simulations. Despite the limited size, even a small telescope flying on a CubeSat can cover the energy range from hundreds of keV up to few MeVs with a sensitivity comparable to that of the last generation of large-scale missions like COMPTEL and INTEGRAL. Experimental measurements on Cadmium-Zinc-Telluride semiconductor detectors and low-power read-out electronics suitable for space operation have been performed as well.
186

Disturbance Rejection Control for The Green Bank Telescope

Ranka, Trupti 01 June 2016 (has links)
No description available.
187

Very high energy gamma rays from the binary pulsar PSR B1259-63

Schlenker, Stefan 05 August 2005 (has links)
Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entdeckung von hochenergetischer Gammastrahlung aus Richtung des Binaersystems PSR B1259-63 / SS 2883. Die Beobachtungen dieses Systems von einem Radio-Pulsar, der sich auf einer stark exzentrischen Umlaufbahn um einen schweren und hellen Stern befindet, wurden mit dem High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), einem System von abbildenden atmosphaerischen Cherenkov-Teleskopen, in der ersten Haelfte des Jahres 2004 durchgefuehrt. Kosmische Gammastrahlen im Energiebereich zwischen 0.1 und 100 TeV erzeugen in der oberen Atmosphaere Luftschauer von relativistischen Sekundaerteilchen, deren Cherenkov-Emission von den Teleskopen des Systems nachgewiesen werden kann. Vor der Entdeckung von TeV-Gammastrahlung aus Richtung von PSR B1259-63 galt dieses System als ein aussichtsreicher Kandidat fuer die Beschleunigung von geladenen Teilchen auf Energien oberhalb von 1 TeV. Es wurde angenommen, dass die Wechselwirkung des relativistischen Pulsarwindes mit dem Sternenwind des Begleitsterns massive Plasmaschocks erzeugt, in denen die Beschleunigung erfolgt. Durch die H.E.S.S. Beobachtungen wurde ein Signal von Photonen im TeV-Bereich mit einer statistischen Signifikanz von ueber 13 sigma gemessen und somit wurde die Beschleunigung von Teilchen auf TeV-Energien innerhalb des Binaersystems erstmalig zweifelsfrei nachgewiesen. Das gemessene Energiespektrum kann im zeitlichen Mittel mit einem Potenzgesetz mit dem Photonenindex 2.7 +- 0.3 beschrieben werden. Diese Form des Spektrums weist auf eine Erzeugung der Gammastrahlung durch inverse Compton-Streuung von schock-beschleunigten Elektronen und Positronen mit den Photonen der thermischen Strahlung von SS 2883 hin. Die gemessene Variation des Flusses der Gammastrahlung auf einer Zeitskala von Tagen ist bisher einmalig fuer eine galaktische Quelle von TeV Photonen und ermoeglicht erstmalig Einblicke in die Dynamik der Wechselwirkung eines Pulsarwindes mit einer sich aendernden Umgebung. / This work reports on the discovery of very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emission of the binary system PSR B1259-63 / SS 2883, consisting of a radio pulsar orbiting a massive, luminous star in a highly eccentric orbit. The observations of the binary system in the first half of 2004 were performed with the High Energy Stereoscopic System (H.E.S.S.), a system of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes, recently installed in Namibia and in full operation since December 2003. The instrument collects the Cherenkov light emitted by air showers which are induced by the interaction of cosmic gamma-rays with the upper atmosphere. This technique allows to detect gamma-rays with energies ranging from 10^11 to 10^14 electron Volts, and to reconstruct their direction and energy with an angular resolution of less than 0.1° and energy resolution of better than 20%, respectively. Prior to the detection of VHE gamma-rays from PSR B1259-63, the system served as a candidate for the acceleration of particles to TeV energies. The acceleration is believed to take place in plasma shocks produced by the interaction of the relativistic pulsar wind with the massive stellar winds of the companion star. The VHE gamma-ray signal from the binary system was detected with a total significance above 13 sigma. This detection provides the first unambiguous evidence for particle acceleration to multi-TeV energies in this binary system. The measured time-averaged energy spectrum can be described by a power law with a photon index 2.7 +- 0.3 suggesting that the emission is produced by inverse Compton scattering of shock-accelerated electrons and positrons on the thermal photons emitted by SS 2883. The gamma-ray flux was found to vary significantly on timescales of days which makes PSR B1259-63 the first variable galactic source of VHE gamma-rays observed so far and gives valuable insights into the dynamics of pulsar winds interacting with a changing environment.
188

Observations and modeling of the active galactic nucleus B2 1215+30 together with performance studies of the ground-based gamma-ray observatories VERITAS and CTA

Prokoph, Heike 07 November 2013 (has links)
Das Gebiet der bodengebundenen Gamma-Astronomie bietet Zugang zu Photonen im TeV-Energiebereich und hat sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten vor allem durch den Erfolg der abbildenden atmosphärischen Cherenkov-Technik profiliert. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei dieser Cherenkov-Teleskop-Systeme, VERITAS und das zukünftige CTA, mit Hilfe von Monte-Carlo-Simulationen in Hinblick auf deren Sensitivität auf hochenergetische Gammastrahlung (E > 50 GeV) untersucht. Besonderes Augenmerk wird hierbei auf die Beobachtungsmöglichkeit mit CTA unter Mondlicht gelegt. Es wird gezeigt, dass dadurch eine Beobachtungszeitverlängerung um etwa 30% ohne signifikante Sensitivitätsverluste erreicht werden kann, was besonders wichtig für zeitlich variable Quellen ist. Eine dieser variablen Quellklassen sind aktive Galaxienkerne, welche zur Zeit etwa ein Drittel der bekannten hochenergetischen Gammastrahlungsquellen repräsentieren. Die meisten davon sind Blazare, deren Emission durch nicht-thermische Strahlung aus gebündelten Strömen von Materie und Energie (sogenannten Jets) dominiert wird. Diese Jets breiten sich mit annähernd Lichtgeschwindigkeit aus und sind in Sichtlinie des Betrachters ausgerichtet. Der Blazar B2 1215+30 wurde zwischen 2008 und 2012 mit VERITAS fast 100 Stunden beobachtet. Die Datenanalyse, welche in dieser Arbeit präsentiert wird, weist die Quelle mit einer Signifikanz von neun sigma nach und offenbart Langzeitvariabilität mit einem hellen Flusszustand im Jahr 2011. Multi-Wellenlängen-Daten werden verwendet um die spektrale Energieverteilung von B2 1215+30 zu konstruieren, welche gut mit einem leptonischen Ein-Zonen-Modell beschrieben werden kann. Das verwendete Modell wird im Detail vorgestellt und mögliche Einschränkungen an den Modellparameterraum untersucht. Die Ergebnisse der Modellierung von B2 1215+30 werden diskutiert und in Zusammenhang mit anderen bekannten hochenergetischen Gammastrahlen-Blazaren gesetzt. / Ground-based gamma-ray astronomy, which provides access to photons in the TeV energy range, has been a rapidly developing discipline over the past decades. In this thesis, the performance of the current- and next-generation imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes VERITAS and CTA is evaluated using Monte Carlo simulations. Special emphasis is given to the possible extension of the duty cycle of CTA. It is shown that an increase of about 30% in observation time can be achieved through operation under partial moonlight without significant losses in performance. The increased observation time is especially important when studying astronomical objects which are variable at very high energies (VHE; E>50 GeV), such as active galactic nuclei (AGN), as this allows the extension of monitoring or multi-wavelength campaigns on these occasionally flaring sources. AGN represent to date about one third of the population of known VHE gamma-ray sources. Most of them are blazars, whose emission is dominated by non-thermal radiation of relativistic jets closely aligned to the line of sight of the observer. The blazar B2 1215+30 has been observed by VERITAS for nearly 100 hours between 2008 and 2012. The data analysis presented in this thesis yields a detection significance of 9.0 sigma and shows long-term variability with a relatively bright flux state in 2011. Multi-wavelength data are used to construct the spectral energy distribution of B2 1215+30 which is well described by a one-zone leptonic model. The model is presented in detail and possible constraints are investigated. The results of the modeling are discussed and put in context with other VHE-detected blazars.
189

Étude et modélisation des noyaux actifs de galaxie les plus énergétiques avec le satellite Fermi

Sanchez, David 24 June 2010 (has links) (PDF)
Lancé le 11 juin 2008 par la NASA, le satellite \textit{Fermi}, avec à son bord le LAT (Large Area Telescope), ouvre une nouvelle fenêtre sur le ciel gamma. Grâce à aux capacités de détection du LAT des photons dans la gamme en énergie 200 MeV-300 GeV, il devient possible d'étudier les Noyaux Actifs de Galaxie (NAG en anglais). En particulier, on s'intéressera à la classe des blazars et les plus énergétiques d'entres-eux les High frequency peaked BL Lac (HBL). Les blazars sont des NAG possédant un jet qui pointe dans la direction de la Terre. Cette thèse présente une étude systématique des blazars détectés par les observatoires Tcherenkov au dessus de 200 GeV, faite avec 5.5 mois de données prisent par le LAT. La comparaison entre les deux gammes en énergie permet d'étudier la distribution des particules émettrices ainsi que des effets de propagation des photons de la source jusqu'à l'observateur. Un modèle d'émission électromagnétique des jets de plasma dit synchrotron self-Compton (SSC) est décrit et utilisé pour rendre compte de l'émission sur tout le spectre des HBL PKS 2155-305 et PG 1553+113. Les résultats indiquent que les effets Klein-Nishina de réduction de la section efficace de diffusion Compton inverse jouent un rôle majeur dans ces objets. Une étude sur le long terme (environ 1 an) de PKS 2155-305 en rayons X et en rayons gamma est aussi décrite. Menée avec le satellite RXTE (rayons X) et le LAT, c'est la campagne d'observation conjointe la plus longue à ce jour. Les propriétés spectrales et temporelles sont décrites avec un modèle SSC dépendant du temps.
190

Lepton production in ice by scattering of astrophysical neutrinos at high energies / Leptonenerzeugung im Eis durch Streuung astrophysikalischer Neutrinos bei hohen Energien

Hettlage, Christian 23 September 2005 (has links)
No description available.

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