Throughout the history of society, women have fought hard to have equal rights in relation to men in all aspects of life. This demand for equality goes on until today and even thoughfeminists around the world have made progress in relations to right to vote, to hold politicaloffices and equal salary there are still advances to be made. The world of sports is nodifferent. In fact, one of the recent achievements of the feminist movement has been to point out that sport is a strong cultural sphere where male dominance still stands solid. This study is based on a corpus linguistics analysis of British newspaper articles from the Wimbledon tennis Grand Slam tournament. Texts from both men’s and women’s tournaments from 2007 to 2017 were selected randomly from UK tabloids and broadsheets. This investigation tries to identify whether male and female players are still represented differently in sports media and furthermore attempts to categorise and classify which linguistic features writers employ. In addition, the relation between power, gender and language is analysed to perform a qualitative analysis of the texts and the reasons why these linguistic techniques were used.

Title: Testing and evaluation of game performance in tennis. Objectives: The aim of this thesis is to compare a standardized international ITN test and a practice match. Methods: In this thesis, qualitative and quantitative methods are used for data collection. The interviewing was done by semi-structured interview. The results are systematically arranged and tabulated for better understanding of the thesis. The process of testing the game performance is examined by observation. The comparative method was used to compare the measured results when testing the standardized international ITN test and the modified practice match (singles). Results: The values measured during testing were processed and compared. The results obtained show two testing stages that took place on four different days. Three categories were tested, where each category consisted of two probands (players) representing different tennis levels. Based on the data obtained, we can compare the relationships between the probands' estimates and the actual results. Keywords: tennis, game performance, ITN test

Return temporal anticipation on the basis of the ball trajectory estimation Abstract Ball-hitting in tennis involves spatio-temporal information about the ball's flight trajectory. We have focused on the temporal part of the information during returning a tennis serve that was simulated by a ball machine. The tested people had occlusion glasses placed on their head, which occluded their vision at the exact time, when the ball was being sent from the ball machine. The tested person did not know which part of the ball flight trajectory would be occluded, nor the ball speed. We examined the effect of part ball flight trajectory occlusion on the correct return timing of the ball. The analysis revealed that the greatest problems occurred while the second third of the ball flight trajectory had been occluded and reached most temporal errors at that time. Keywords: tennis, anticipation, ball flight trajectory, return stroke, occlusion glasses

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects of multimedia CAI on undergraduate PETE majors' teaching of the serve in tennis. The data were obtained from 18 undergraduate students enrolled in a PETE evaluation and assessment course at Virginia Tech. Subjects were stratified by gender and randomly assigned to three groups as Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) group (n=6), Teacher Instruction (TI) group (n=6), and Control (CG) group (n=6). The results of this study were gathered from three tests: Tennis Serve Content Knowledge Test, Tennis Serve Skill Analysis Test, Tennis Task Sequence Test. In addition, two six minutes micro teaching sessions were conducted and data was collected via Tennis Serve Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) Assessment Sheet, and finally, an open ended survey was completed to understand students' attitudes toward CAI. There are two independent variables in this study. These are Computer-Assisted Instruction (CAI) and Teacher Instruction (TI). A pre-test and post-test experimental design was applied. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine the differences among the three groups, and pairwise ranking with the Mann Whitney U test was conducted between all comparisons as a post hoc analysis. Moreover, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to determine pre-to post-test changes within the groups. Alpha set at p< 0.5. Overall, teacher instruction (TI) intervention was very dominant in the results. Teacher instruction (TI) group performed significantly in the tennis serve content knowledge test, tennis serve task analysis test, PCK-Appropriate cues, and PCK-Appropriate demonstration. However, CAI group was also successful in the tennis serve content knowledge test and PCK-Appropriate demonstration. Interestingly, none of the groups were successful in the tennis serve skill analysis test and PCK-Appropriate feedback. Finally, students' perception toward CAI was positive in general and students indicated that they would like to use CAI in other PETE method courses. However, some of the students reported that CAI was very repetitive, and also technical problems were reported. The results of this study indicated that CAI can be an effective way of instruction in certain conditions: CAI had significant effect on content knowledge and PCK-Appropriate demonstration. In conclusion, the 21st century will be an information age and computers will be an essential part of the education system in all grades and ages. Physical education teacher education programs and physical education lessons in K-12 education are no exceptions. Computers and instructional technology should be an integral part of PETE and K-12 physical education without sacrificing the physical activity. / Ph. D.

No description available.

The dietary status of 40 professional women tennis players was evaluated. The nutrition section of the Health Habits and History Questionnaire was used to collect the data. The analysis of the questionnaires found a mean daily caloric intake of 2020 kcal or 33 kcal/kg. The mean percentage of kcal from carbohydrates of 50% was lower than the recommended range of 60% to 70% for athletes; the percentage of kcal from fat was 31% i and the mean intake of protein was in the recommended range of 1.0 to 1.5 g/kg. The mean intake of vitamins and minerals was over 100% of the RDA; however, some of the individual intakes were below 67% of the RDA for vitamin E, riboflavin, calcium, folacin, and iron. The use of supplements resulted in 200% or higher of the RDA in the daily intakes of vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin E, thiamin, iron, and calcium. The analysis of the subjects weekly food intake revealed a mean intake of 4.6 servings of chicken and fish compared to 1.0 to 0.3 for beef and pork. The mean intake for fruit was 16.8 servings and vegetables was 23.3 servings. The mean intake for pasta was 5.9 servings and dairy products was 2.6 servings. The nutrient intake of the professional women tennis players was comparable to that of other women athletes of various sports found in the literature. / Master of Science

A partir d’une sociologie de l’action organisée attentive à la mise en œuvre de la politique de la Fédération Française de Tennis (FFT) dans et par ses unités territoriales, notre travail analyse les effets induits par le double processus de « déconcentralisation » et de professionnalisation plus particulièrement sur la gouvernance de ces organisations. Nous montrons ici que le siège FFT, face aux menaces qui pèsent sur le tournoi « Roland-Garros » et afin de préserver son modèle, a engagé une transformation de la territorialisation de son action. Ayant défini à ce titre un nouveau mode de régulation entre les différentes organisations qui la composent, un changement est désormais à l’œuvre au sein des ligues régionales et des comités départementaux. Dans la première partie, nous montrons comment le siège FFT se sert du contexte économique pour faire évoluer sa gouvernance et pour mettre en œuvre un nouveau mode de pilotage de ses unités territoriales. La deuxième partie analyse, ensuite, le développement de cette action fédérale qui se veut plus processuelle que contractuelle, action marquée, en outre, par le caractère inter-organisationnel donnée à la résolution des problèmes de gouvernance territoriale afin de gagner en flexibilité et cohérence. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, nous relativisons les effets des nouvelles règles fédérales en démontrant que la FFT a finalement pleinement profité de l’antériorité de la dynamique de changement déjà à l’œuvre au sein des ligues même si celle-ci se déployait avec de fortes différenciations temporelles et fonctionnelles selon les territoires. / Our study is based on the sociological side of the numerous organized actions dealing with the implementation of the politics of the French Tennis Federation (FFT) among and throughout its territorial units. The goal of this research was to analyze the effects engendered by the double process of devolution –the passing of power- and professionalization, especially on the governance of these organized actions.We wanted here to show that the French Tennis Federation’s head office, confronted with the well-known threats concerning the French Grand Slam Roland Garros and in the objective of preserving its model of functioning, has engaged into a transformation of the territorialisation of its actions. To this end, it defined a new model of regulation between the different organizations it is composed of. This change is now being implemented within the regional tennis leagues and departmental committees.First, we will show how the French Tennis Federation’s head office is using the economic context in order to make its governance better and to implement a new model of management of its territorial units. Then, the second part is an analysis of the development of this federal action that is more of a process than a contract. Furthermore, this action is marked by the inter-organizational nature given to the manner of solving problems of territorial governance so that the French Tennis Federation can become more flexible and consistent. In the last part of the dissertation, we try to put the effects of these new federal rules into perspective. This is done by showing that the French Tennis Federation has in fact largely taken advantage of the changing dynamics that was already being put into action among the regional tennis leagues, even if this dynamics was highly different in matters of time and functioning depending on the territories concerned.

D’après Georges Simmel, le conflit est inhérent à la société. Désignant des situations antagonistes entre deux ou plusieurs personnes, il contribuerait, selon l’auteur, à l’unité de la société. Différents conflits interpersonnels existent, dont celui du duel et de la discussion. Lorsque les opposants entrent en duel, ils recherchent en premier lieu la réussite personnelle. Pour y parvenir, la communication entre les sujets est souvent synonyme d’expression, « chacun cherchant d’abord, non pas l’interlocution mais la possibilité de parler ». En fin de compte, c’est moins l’individu auquel on est confronté que l’on a envie d’entendre que la possibilité de pouvoir s’exprimer ou d’agir soi-même. Dans une discussion, telle qu’entendue par Jürgen Habermas, il s’agit d’abord de tendre vers une victoire commune. Dans leurs interactions, les interlocuteurs partagent leurs idées, leurs arguments en vue d’aboutir à ce qu’ils estiment être le meilleur pour eux grâce à la recherche de vérité, de justesse et de sincérité. Aujourd’hui, nous sommes davantage tournés vers une société d’expression plutôt qu’une société de discussion , laquelle reste, aux yeux de nombreux scientifiques, un modèle trop idéal pour trouver une application concrète dans la vie de tous les jours. S’inscrivant pleinement dans la culture de notre société, le sport est considéré comme une pratique sociale ordinaire. Or, en portant notre attention sur les rapports que les adversaires entretiennent entre eux à l’occasion de leur affrontement sportif, il nous a été possible de faire un double constat : il est d’abord des conflits entre opposants qui sont le reflet de la société actuelle (c’est le cas du football). Le monde sportif offre par ailleurs l’occasion de développer une autre forme de communication entre adversaires, celle d’une « société de discussion » : c’est le cas de l’affrontement tennistique. / According to Georges Simmel, conflict is inherent in society. In establishing conflict situations between two or more people, it helps to achieve, according to Simmel, unity in society. There are different types of interpersonal conflict, including the duel and the discussion. When two opponents take part in a duel, they are seeking, first and foremost, personal success. To achieve this, the communication between the two individuals is often synonymous with expression, “each seeking primarily, not to communicate but to be able to speak.” Ultimately, it is not so much that they want to hear the other person speak as having the opportunity of speaking or acting themselves. In a discussion, as understood by Jürgen Habermas, the primary aim is to work towards a common victory. Through their interaction, the speakers share their ideas and arguments in order to achieve what they believe is best for them through a quest for truth, fairness and sincerity. Today we are more oriented towards an expression society rather than a discussion society, the latter model being, in the view of many scientists, too much of an ideal to have any practical application in everyday life. Sport is part and parcel of the culture of our society, and is deemed to be an ordinary social practice. However, if we focus on the relationships between opponents during their sporting clash, we can make two observations: not just that interpersonal conflicts are a reflection of today’s society, as in the case of football; but also that the world of sport provides an opportunity to develop another form of communication between adversaries: that of a “discussion society”, which finds its fullest expression in competitive tennis.

本研究欲比較網球技術與心理素質與網球比賽勝率之關聯性，以及不同天分之男網選手的差異，並檢驗重大勝利能否影響選手之生涯。實證結果顯示，大多數的網球技術都和比賽勝率顯著地正相關，而有天分的選手於大多數網球技術之表現優於天分較差的選手。另外也發現選手得到ATP之賽事冠軍後，可以提升網球技術與心理素質；但在得到大滿貫(Grand Slam)賽事冠軍之後卻會退步。本研究結果亦顯示雖然攻擊、防守與心理素質對選手的比賽結果都有很大影響，但在贏得ATP級冠軍之前攻擊技術是影響比賽勝率最大的因素；而贏得大滿貫賽事冠軍之後防守技術則成為最重要的勝率影響因素。研究結果顯示獲得重大勝利之後確實會增加職業男網選手之信心。 / This study tries to examine the tennis skills and mental toughness associated with winning percentages, compare the performance difference between talent players and less talent players, and find out how a major win can affect players career. The empirical results suggest that most of the tennis skills and mental toughness are positively and significantly associated with winning percentage. Talent players have better performance than those less talent players in most of tennis skills. The study also finds that players can improve offensive and defensive skills and mental toughness through winning an ATP title, but get worse after winning a Grand Slam title. The research findings suggest that before winning an ATP title offensive skill is as important as defensive skill for a player to gain more winning percentage, however, after winning a Grand Slam title defensive skill is the most important skill to win more winning percentage, although defensive skill and mental toughness are still play an important role for winning more percentage. The research concludes that a major win does enhance a player’s confidence.

Le développement et la médiatisation du sport de haut niveau, notamment en fauteuil roulant, ont changé l 'image du handicap et favorisé le développement d'infrastructures permettant la pratique handisport, reconnue comme bénéfique pour la santé physique et psychique des personnes handicapées...Dans ce contexte, en partenariat avec un joueur de tennis fauteuil de haut niveau, l'objet de ces travaux a été d'étudier l'influence des réglages du fauteuil roulant sur son comportement en match, afin de l'optimiser pour le sport concerné. Ces travaux se concentrent d'abord sur les résistances au mouvement, en particulier dans les paliers des roues, lors du roulement en ligne droite et en rotation. La méthode consiste à créer d'abord un modèle mécanique représentatif du mouvement pour ensuite le valider avec une série d'expérimentations et l'exploiter. L'étude du sportif en mouvement sur son fauteuil a nécessité l'adaptation d'un modèle volumique à une personne assise, avec estimation des paramètres inertiels par mesures rapides. Ce modèle a été appliqué à l'étude de la propulsion à vitesse maximale, pour vérifier l'influence de la position du siège sur ce mouvement. Enfin une étude expérimentale des paramètres influant sur la rotation du fauteuil a mis en avant la forte influence de la position du centre de gravité du sujet sur la rotation, corroborée par un modèle mécanique.Les résultats issus de ces travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre les influences des réglages sur le comportement du fauteuil, de modifier certains réglages pour le sportif et d'orienter la conception d'un nouveau fauteuil. Ces études ont par ailleurs eu des retombées sur les fauteuils conventionnels et entre temps, notre sportif est devenu N°1 mondial... / The development of Paralympics has done a lot for a more positive image of handicap and has opened up new opportunities for the practice of disability sport, known to be highly beneficial for the physical and psychological health of disabled people. Conducted in close partnership with a high level tennis player, this study focuses on the influence of the wheelchair settings on its behavior in order to adapt this behavior to wheelchair tennis playing. The study first highlighted the forces of resistance to straight line or rotating wheelchair movements, thanks to mechanical models validated by experiments. Then, the inertial parameters of the seated player's body segments were assessed by adapting a volumic model to the sitting position, and his propulsion at maximal velocity was studied, in order to understand the effect of the seat fore-and-aft position on this movement. Then, an experimental study proved the major influence of the center of gravity position on free rotation, which was modelized too.In a nutshell, this research work has led to a better understanding of the effects of the wheelchair settings on its behavior, its results have allowed to modify various settings on our partner's wheelchair and can be used as a basis for future wheelchair conception/design. They have also proved useful for conventional wheelchairs and in the meantime, our tennis player partner has become wheelchair tennis world champion…