Nos últimos anos, a irradiação por micro-ondas tem sido cada vez mais usada na síntese de varias moléculas orgânicas, devido a uma série de vantagens que essa nova tecnologia apresenta. Até o momento, existem poucos estudos sobre polimerizações assistidas por micro-ondas e menos ainda sobre a modificação de polímeros usando essa nova fonte de energia. Polímeros heterocíclicos contendo anéis azóicos, como o tetrazol possuem interesse acadêmico e comercial devido as suas várias aplicações. Nesta Dissertação foi estuda a modificação química da poliacrilonitrila pela incorporação em sua cadeia polimérica de 10% de grupos tetrazol empregando-se a irradiação de micro-ondas e o método convencional (térmico). Foram utilizados um forno de micro-ondas doméstico e um reator de micro-ondas monomodo nas reações assistidas por micro-ondas. As reações em reator foram realizadas em vaso aberto, em solução (DMF) ou em massa, sendo variado o tempo e a temperatura reacional, bem como a potência do equipamento. Os copolímeros produzidos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR) e os teores de grupos tetrazol incorporados na PAN foram determinados por titulometria de neutralização. A poliacrilonitrila foi modificada quimicamente com sucesso tanto no forno doméstico quanto no reator de micro-ondas, como foi verificado pela sua análise de FTIR. Pela determinação do grau de incorporação de grupos tetrazol nos polímeros concluiu-se que, para a reação em solução, nas temperaturas mais elevas, bem como em uma potência maior, o teor de heterocíclico incorporado no polímero está muito próximo do valor obtido pelo método convencional. Já as reações conduzidas em massa apresentaram graus de incorporação inferiores as das feitas em solução. / In recent years, microwave irradiation has been increasingly used in the synthesis of various organic molecules, due to a number of advantages that this technology presents. To date, few studies on polymerization assisted by microwave and even less about the modification of polymers using this new source of energy. Polymers containing heterocyclic ring azoles such as tetrazole have academic and commercial interest due to their various applications. This thesis has been studying the chemical modification of polyacrylonitrile by its incorporation into the polymer chain, 10% of tetrazole groups employing the irradiation of microwave and conventional method (thermal). We used a domestic microwave oven and a reactor monomode microwave to assisted reactions in the microwave. The reactions were performed in reactor open cup in solution (DMF) or in bulk, and varied the reaction time and temperature, and power equipment. The copolymers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and the concentrations of tetrazole groups incorporated into the PAN were determined by neutralization titration. The polyacrylonitrile was chemically modified with success both at home and in the oven microwave reactor, as verified by his analysis of FTIR. By determining the degree of incorporation of tetrazole groups in the polymers it was concluded that, for the reaction in solution at higher temperatures, as well as a higher power, the content of heterocyclic incorporated into the polymer is very close to the value obtained by the conventional method. The reactions were conducted in mass lower degree of incorporation of the solution made.

Since their discovery in the 1930s, polymeric foams have been widely used in the industry for a variety of applications such as acoustical and thermal insulation, filters, absorbents etc. The reason for this ascending trend can be attributed to factors such as cost, ease of processing and a high strength to weight ratio compared to non-foamed polymers. The purpose of this project was to develop an “indestructible” material made of polycarbonate (PC) for industrial applications. Due to the high price of polycarbonate, two foaming methods were investigated to reduce the amount of material used. Samples were foamed physically in supercritical CO2 or chemically with 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole. After thermal characterization of the foams in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), we saw that none of the foaming methods had an influence on the glass transition of polycarbonate. Micrographs taken in scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that foams obtained in physical and chemical foaming had different structures. Indeed, samples foamed in supercritical CO2 exhibited a microcellular opened-cell structure with a high cell density and a homogeneous cell distribution. On the other hand, samples foamed with 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole had a macrocellular closed-cell structure with a much smaller cell density and a random cell distribution. Compression testing showed that polycarbonate foamed physically had a compression modulus a lot greater. Then, XLPE mesh 35 or 50 and wollastonite were added to the polymeric matrices to enhance the foaming process and the mechanical properties. DSC experiments showed that the addition of fillers changed the thermal properties of polycarbonate for both foaming methods by inducing a shift in glass transition. SEM revealed that fillers lowered the average cell diameter and increased the cell density. This phenomenon increased the compression modulus for polycarbonate foamed in supercritical CO2. However, mechanical properties decreased for samples foamed with 5-phenyl-1H-tetrazole due to their relative brittleness and the propagation of microcracks.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Miami University, Dept. of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 2007. / Title from second page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 87-96).

The thiopyran route to polypropionates is an attractive strategy that involves a stepwise iterative aldol homologation of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one (I) with thiopyran aldehyde (II) followed by desulfurization to rapidly assemble stereochemically complex polypropionate synthons. <p>In chapter 1, the thesis is summarized in the context of relevant background research including; a) the basic principle of the thiopyran route; b) dynamic kinetic resolution of -substituted aldehydes; c) previous syntheses of serricornin; iv) previous syntheses of membrenones.<p>In chapter 2, proline-catalyzed enantioselective direct intermolecular aldol reactions of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one with various achiral aldehydes were studied. The results provided insights on the behaviour and stereoselectivity profile of thiopyranone (a crucial starting block in the thiopyran design) in the proline-catalyzed aldol reaction.<p>In chapter 3, inspired by the results of the aldol reaction of ketone (I) with achiral aldehydes, we next investigated the proline-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reactions of (I) with racemic thiopyran aldehyde (II) as a strategy to rapidly prepare enantiomerically pure tetrapropionate synthons without any requirement of enantioenriched aldehyde. The reaction occurred with high enantiotopic group selectivity and dynamic kinetic resolution.<p>In chapter 4, a detailed study to ascertain the scope and limitations of the design strategy described in chapter 3 was extended towards other catalysts, aldehydes and ketones. <p>Finally, applications of the above mentioned strategy towards the synthesis of serricornin and membrenones A and B are elaborated in chapters 5 and 6 respectively.

The thiopyran route to polypropionates is an attractive strategy that involves a stepwise iterative aldol homologation of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one (I) with thiopyran aldehyde (II) followed by desulfurization to rapidly assemble stereochemically complex polypropionate synthons. <p>In chapter 1, the thesis is summarized in the context of relevant background research including; a) the basic principle of the thiopyran route; b) dynamic kinetic resolution of -substituted aldehydes; c) previous syntheses of serricornin; iv) previous syntheses of membrenones.<p>In chapter 2, proline-catalyzed enantioselective direct intermolecular aldol reactions of tetrahydro-4H-thiopyran-4-one with various achiral aldehydes were studied. The results provided insights on the behaviour and stereoselectivity profile of thiopyranone (a crucial starting block in the thiopyran design) in the proline-catalyzed aldol reaction.<p>In chapter 3, inspired by the results of the aldol reaction of ketone (I) with achiral aldehydes, we next investigated the proline-catalyzed asymmetric aldol reactions of (I) with racemic thiopyran aldehyde (II) as a strategy to rapidly prepare enantiomerically pure tetrapropionate synthons without any requirement of enantioenriched aldehyde. The reaction occurred with high enantiotopic group selectivity and dynamic kinetic resolution.<p>In chapter 4, a detailed study to ascertain the scope and limitations of the design strategy described in chapter 3 was extended towards other catalysts, aldehydes and ketones. <p>Finally, applications of the above mentioned strategy towards the synthesis of serricornin and membrenones A and B are elaborated in chapters 5 and 6 respectively.

Hydrazine and monomethylhydrazine are widely used as propellants in aerospace and defense industries. However these chemicals are volatile, carcinogenic, and sensitive to impact, which impose serious threats during their usage. In this thesis, we have demonstrated two novel ways to immobilize hydrazine chemicals. In one approach hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine have been gelled using carbon dioxide. Chemical and structural properties of these gels are studied by NMR (1H, 15N, 13C), diffusion-ordered NMR spectroscopy, and Cryo-HRSEM. Thermal reversibility of these gels is also demonstrated. In another approach, hydrazine, monomethylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine are reacted with 5-methyltetrazole to form ionic liquids. Synthesis of novel tetrazole monomers and polymers, .and new method for encapsulating sodium azide have also reported in this thesis

<p><i>Chemistry of Complex High-Nitrogen Materials</i> begins with a brief background on a few high explosive materials and their applications, followed by synthesis routes and characterization methods of energetic materials. Several new complex high-nitrogen materials where synthesized and presented in the following chapters. These novel energetics include several nitrilimines, triazoles, tetrazoles, methyl sydnone imines, azasydnones, and an annulated heterocycle. Their energetic properties are discussed and compared with other well-known explosive materials.</p>

No description available.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia sintética para a obtenção de adutos de Knoevenagel empregando a radiação de micro-ondas. Os adutos foram usados como precursores sintéticos para a obtenção de compostos tetrazólicos, reações de acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura, adutos cromenos e em bio-hidrogenação. A primeira etapa realizada foi a reação e a otimização da condensação de Knoevenagel usando derivados de aldeído aromático, malononitrila e água em um reator de micro-ondas por 30 min, 20 W fornecendo rendimentos de 80-99 %. Também foi observado que para o trans-metil-cinamaldeído ocorreu a formação do produto de condensação de Knoevenagel e posteriormente a formação de um produto dimérico com rendimento de 96 % por uma reação de ciclo adição [2+2] via fotoquímica. Adicionalmente foi realizada a síntese de adutos de Knoevenagel com aldeídos aromáticos e cianoacetamida fornecendo produtos diaestereoisoméricos com configuração E e rendimentos entre 90-99 %. Na segunda etapa foi realizada a obtenção de compostos tetrazólicos via one-pot entre aldeídos aromáticos, malononitrila e azida de sódio empregando água como solvente em um reator de micro-ondas por 4 h, 60 W fornecendo rendimentos de 85-99 %. Foi realizado o uso de aditivos de caráter ácido-básico na síntese do tetrazóis, observando que para o sistema N(Et)3-CuSO4 forneceu um rendimento de 90 % em um tempo de 2 h para (E)-3-fenil-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)acrilonitrila. Na terceira parte foram desenvolvidas reações de acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura a partir dos adutos de Knoevenagel com grupos halogênios (F, Cl e Br) em um reator de micro-ondas por 30 min, 60W fornecendo rendimentos de 80-97 %. Também foi realizada a reação de Knoevenagel-Suzuki-Miyaura one-pot empregando a radiação de micro-ondas fornecendo rendimentos de 82-98 %. Na quarta parte do trabalho foram sintetizados cromenos a partir de adutos de Knoevenagel com 5,5-dimetil-1,3-ciclo-hexanodiona em um reator de micro-ondas por 25 min, 60 W fornecendo rendimentos de 94-99 %. Também foram obtidos cromenos com os compostos tetrazólicos derivados de adutos de Knoevenagel por radiação micro-ondas fornecendo rendimentos de 85-98 %. Por último os adutos de Knoevenagel foram bio-hidrogenados pelo fungo marinho Penicillum citrinum CBMAI 1186 obtendo rendimentos de reação entre 12-99 %. Observou-se para a 2-(4-nitrobenzilideno)malononitrila uma reação de retro-Knoevenagel causada por efeitos eletrônicos eletroatratores. Também observou-se a presença de várias enzimas no meio de cultura de fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 como: enoato redutase, nitro redutase, ceto redutase e nitrila hidratase. Também realizaram-se estudos dos tempos de reação da síntese de Knoevenagel por micro-ondas, para o qual foram empregados aditivos como: SiO4, CuSO4, imidazol, fibroína, fibra da paina e fibroína-CuSO4. Este último aditivo forneceu um rendimento de 74 % em 10 min para a 2-benzilidenomalononitrila. Em geral o estudo desenvolvido na otimização da reação de condensação de Knoevenagel e o desenvolvimento da metodologia para a obtenção de compostos tetrazólicos, adutos de acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura, cromenos foram bastante satisfatórios, assim como, as reações de bio-hidrogenação de sistemas &alpha;,&beta;-insaturados. / The present work describes a synthetic methodology to obtain Knoevenagel adducts by microwave radiation. The adducts were used as synthetic precursors to obtain tetrazole compounds, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions, chromene adducts and biohydrogenation. The first step was the reaction and optimization of Knoevenagel condensation using aromatic derivatives aldehyde, malononitrile and water in a microwave reactor for 30 min to obtain 80-99 % yield. Was observed that for trans-methyl cinnamaldehyde the Knoevenagel condensation product and subsequently the dimeric product with 96 % yield by [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction photochemistry. Additionally, the synthesis of Knoevenagel adducts with aromatic aldehydes and cyanoacetamide was performed providing diastereoisomeric products with E-configuration in 90-99% yield. In the second step, tetrazole compounds were obtained via one-pot reactions between aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and sodium azide using water as the solvent in a microwave reactor for 4 h, 60 W to obtain 85-99% yields. The use acid-base additives in the synthesis of (E)-3-phenyl-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)acrylonitrile was develoment with N(Et)3-CuSO4 system, to give 90 % yields in 2 h, 60 W. In the third part, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions were developed from the Knoevenagel adducts with halogen groups (F, Cl and Br) in a microwave reactor for 30 min, 60W providing yields of 80-97 %. The Knoevenagel-Suzuki-Miyaura one-pot reaction was also employed by employing microwave radiation with yields of 82-98 %. In the fourth part of this work, chromene products were synthesized from Knoevenagel adducts with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione in a microwave reactor for 25 min, 60 W with yields 94-99 %. Chromenes adducts were also obtained with the tetrazole compounds by microwave radiation with yields of 85-98%. Finally, the Knoevenagel adducts were biohydrogenated by the marine fungi Penicillum citrinum CBMAI 1186 and was obtained 12-99 % yields. The reaction of retro-Knoevenagel was observed to 2-(4-nitrobenzylidene)malononitrile cause by highly electro-electronic electronic effects. The presence of several enzymes in the fungi culture medium P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 was also observed as enoate reductase, nitro reductase, keto reductase and nitrile hydratase. Other studies were carried out to improve the Knoevenagel synthesis by microwave using additives such as SiO4, CuSO4, imidazole, fibroin and fibroin-CuSO4. For fibroin-CuSO4 the yield was 74% in 10 min to 2-benzylidenemalononitrile. In general, the optimization of the Knoevenagel condensation reaction and the development of the synthetic methodology to obtain tetrazole compounds, Suzuku-Miyaura coupling adducts, chromene adducts was very satisfactory as well as the biohydrogenation reactions of &alpha;,&beta; systems unsaturated.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido uma metodologia sintética para a obtenção de adutos de Knoevenagel empregando a radiação de micro-ondas. Os adutos foram usados como precursores sintéticos para a obtenção de compostos tetrazólicos, reações de acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura, adutos cromenos e em bio-hidrogenação. A primeira etapa realizada foi a reação e a otimização da condensação de Knoevenagel usando derivados de aldeído aromático, malononitrila e água em um reator de micro-ondas por 30 min, 20 W fornecendo rendimentos de 80-99 %. Também foi observado que para o trans-metil-cinamaldeído ocorreu a formação do produto de condensação de Knoevenagel e posteriormente a formação de um produto dimérico com rendimento de 96 % por uma reação de ciclo adição [2+2] via fotoquímica. Adicionalmente foi realizada a síntese de adutos de Knoevenagel com aldeídos aromáticos e cianoacetamida fornecendo produtos diaestereoisoméricos com configuração E e rendimentos entre 90-99 %. Na segunda etapa foi realizada a obtenção de compostos tetrazólicos via one-pot entre aldeídos aromáticos, malononitrila e azida de sódio empregando água como solvente em um reator de micro-ondas por 4 h, 60 W fornecendo rendimentos de 85-99 %. Foi realizado o uso de aditivos de caráter ácido-básico na síntese do tetrazóis, observando que para o sistema N(Et)3-CuSO4 forneceu um rendimento de 90 % em um tempo de 2 h para (E)-3-fenil-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-il)acrilonitrila. Na terceira parte foram desenvolvidas reações de acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura a partir dos adutos de Knoevenagel com grupos halogênios (F, Cl e Br) em um reator de micro-ondas por 30 min, 60W fornecendo rendimentos de 80-97 %. Também foi realizada a reação de Knoevenagel-Suzuki-Miyaura one-pot empregando a radiação de micro-ondas fornecendo rendimentos de 82-98 %. Na quarta parte do trabalho foram sintetizados cromenos a partir de adutos de Knoevenagel com 5,5-dimetil-1,3-ciclo-hexanodiona em um reator de micro-ondas por 25 min, 60 W fornecendo rendimentos de 94-99 %. Também foram obtidos cromenos com os compostos tetrazólicos derivados de adutos de Knoevenagel por radiação micro-ondas fornecendo rendimentos de 85-98 %. Por último os adutos de Knoevenagel foram bio-hidrogenados pelo fungo marinho Penicillum citrinum CBMAI 1186 obtendo rendimentos de reação entre 12-99 %. Observou-se para a 2-(4-nitrobenzilideno)malononitrila uma reação de retro-Knoevenagel causada por efeitos eletrônicos eletroatratores. Também observou-se a presença de várias enzimas no meio de cultura de fungo P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 como: enoato redutase, nitro redutase, ceto redutase e nitrila hidratase. Também realizaram-se estudos dos tempos de reação da síntese de Knoevenagel por micro-ondas, para o qual foram empregados aditivos como: SiO4, CuSO4, imidazol, fibroína, fibra da paina e fibroína-CuSO4. Este último aditivo forneceu um rendimento de 74 % em 10 min para a 2-benzilidenomalononitrila. Em geral o estudo desenvolvido na otimização da reação de condensação de Knoevenagel e o desenvolvimento da metodologia para a obtenção de compostos tetrazólicos, adutos de acoplamento de Suzuki-Miyaura, cromenos foram bastante satisfatórios, assim como, as reações de bio-hidrogenação de sistemas &alpha;,&beta;-insaturados. / The present work describes a synthetic methodology to obtain Knoevenagel adducts by microwave radiation. The adducts were used as synthetic precursors to obtain tetrazole compounds, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions, chromene adducts and biohydrogenation. The first step was the reaction and optimization of Knoevenagel condensation using aromatic derivatives aldehyde, malononitrile and water in a microwave reactor for 30 min to obtain 80-99 % yield. Was observed that for trans-methyl cinnamaldehyde the Knoevenagel condensation product and subsequently the dimeric product with 96 % yield by [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction photochemistry. Additionally, the synthesis of Knoevenagel adducts with aromatic aldehydes and cyanoacetamide was performed providing diastereoisomeric products with E-configuration in 90-99% yield. In the second step, tetrazole compounds were obtained via one-pot reactions between aromatic aldehydes, malononitrile and sodium azide using water as the solvent in a microwave reactor for 4 h, 60 W to obtain 85-99% yields. The use acid-base additives in the synthesis of (E)-3-phenyl-2-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)acrylonitrile was develoment with N(Et)3-CuSO4 system, to give 90 % yields in 2 h, 60 W. In the third part, Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions were developed from the Knoevenagel adducts with halogen groups (F, Cl and Br) in a microwave reactor for 30 min, 60W providing yields of 80-97 %. The Knoevenagel-Suzuki-Miyaura one-pot reaction was also employed by employing microwave radiation with yields of 82-98 %. In the fourth part of this work, chromene products were synthesized from Knoevenagel adducts with 5,5-dimethyl-1,3-cyclohexanedione in a microwave reactor for 25 min, 60 W with yields 94-99 %. Chromenes adducts were also obtained with the tetrazole compounds by microwave radiation with yields of 85-98%. Finally, the Knoevenagel adducts were biohydrogenated by the marine fungi Penicillum citrinum CBMAI 1186 and was obtained 12-99 % yields. The reaction of retro-Knoevenagel was observed to 2-(4-nitrobenzylidene)malononitrile cause by highly electro-electronic electronic effects. The presence of several enzymes in the fungi culture medium P. citrinum CBMAI 1186 was also observed as enoate reductase, nitro reductase, keto reductase and nitrile hydratase. Other studies were carried out to improve the Knoevenagel synthesis by microwave using additives such as SiO4, CuSO4, imidazole, fibroin and fibroin-CuSO4. For fibroin-CuSO4 the yield was 74% in 10 min to 2-benzylidenemalononitrile. In general, the optimization of the Knoevenagel condensation reaction and the development of the synthetic methodology to obtain tetrazole compounds, Suzuku-Miyaura coupling adducts, chromene adducts was very satisfactory as well as the biohydrogenation reactions of &alpha;,&beta; systems unsaturated.