L'évolution des technologies sans fil favorise de plus en plus la mobilité, mais il reste cependant des problèmes non résolus liés à la sécurité. Le changement de contexte d'un réseau à l'autre nécessite des procédures qui infligent du délai lié aux procédures ‘réseau' ainsi qu'au changement de lien. La sécurité étant requise dans les deux changements. La procédure d'authentification à un grand impact sur le délai de l'établissement du lien. Cela est encore plus tangible pour une authentification à travers plusieurs domaines. Il en sort que la conception de systèmes d'authentification rapides qui ne compromettent pas le niveau de sécurité est un grand challenge. Dans cette thèse, je propose de manière générale une solution permettant la minimisation de cette latence. L'architecture est décomposée en trois contributions. La première partie se focalise sur une architecture d'authentification décentralisée. Nous introduisons la notion de ‘proxy' qui permet de réduire les coûts en terme de délai entre points d'accès. Le résultat est un mécanisme permettant de trouver l'endroit de placement optimal dans une architecture arborescente pour minimiser le nombre de messages. Dans la seconde partie, nous proposons un protocole d'estimation de la mobilité (MAP) et de préparation au changement. Cette partie est essentiellement dédiée à des mobilités inter-domaine, coopérant avec les agents de député. La troisième partie traite d'un mécanisme dans l'accès qui permet à des routeurs de bordure de préparer le contexte avant le changement afin encore une fois de réduire les latences. On se base sur des modèles théoriques de prédiction basés sur des arbres de prédiction et des estimations statistiques des trajets.

La necesidad de adaptarse a los nuevos cambios tecnológicos, que van a la par con los cambios en la forma de concebir a las empresas, hacen que los planes de capacitación para los trabajadores, sean un factor determinante para la constante adaptación de los trabajadores a los continuos cambios en que éstas están inmersas. Por otra parte, los planes de capacitación se hacen necesarios, cuando se tiene como objetivo la mantención de la empleabilidad de los trabajadores, así como su promoción mediante la mejora, recalificación o puesta al día de sus competencias, lo cual deriva en la mejor competitividad de la empresa y en la creación de nuevas ventajas competitivas. El presente trabajo, pretende entregar un conjunto de herramientas que sirvan como guía para poder medir y evaluar las acciones que toman las empresas respecto a la capacitación de sus empleados. Estas herramientas ayudan a entregar una justificación concreta sobre el aporte, ventajas y beneficios que genera un plan de capacitación con buenos fundamentos y de calidad. En resumen, se propone un modelo para ser utilizado por cualquier organización para evaluar y controlar los planes de capacitación anuales, tanto las gestiones como los resultados obtenidos de ellos. La base del conocimiento de la presente propuesta es Donald Kirkpatrick, quien propone el fundamento de la evaluación de la capacitación. Para concretar el modelo de evaluación propuesto, éste también se basa, en los estudios realizados por Abraham Pain, quien entrega la estructuración de la evaluación. El alcance de este trabajo es la cobertura de este modelo dentro de una organización, ya que resulta útil a niveles operativos y tácticos, porque contiene herramientas para evaluar y controlar a las personas que están capacitándose, ligadas a la información obtenida a través de sus jefes directos; sin embargo es aplicable a todas las empresas y dependiendo del servicio o producto que ofrecen variarán las herramientas a utilizar. El trabajo se estructura en cuatro capítulos, primeramente, se define el marco teórico que sustenta el modelo, para luego entrar en el proceso de formación del mismo, donde se estudia y se describen los distintos elementos que componen un plan anual de capacitación, los cuales son: “la empresa”, “los empleados” y “la gestión y calidad de las acciones de capacitación”. Posteriormente, se definen las variables que más afectan a estos elementos, junto con el desarrollo de las herramientas más adecuada para evaluar cada una de ellas. Luego, se presenta una manera de evaluar los costos en que incurre la empresa al otorgar capacitación a sus empleados. Finalmente, se dan a conocer las conclusiones de esta investigación.

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La présente thèse tente une analyse comparée d’un problème récurrent de la procédure civile, soit son prétendu excès de formalisme et les moyens d’y obvier. Elle s’articule autour d’une présentation comparée du droit français et du droit suisse à la lumière de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme. Elle part du constat que deux approches sont possibles : l’une reposant sur l’interprétation du droit judiciaire privé (approche privatiste) ; l’autre visant à insérer directement le droit à un procès équitable au sein de la pratique judiciaire (approche publiciste). La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à une présentation historique des deux approches évoquées. Le droit français, analysé sur la période allant de 1806 à l’adoption du Nouveau Code de procédure civile, repose sur l’approche privatiste, alors que le droit suisse a très tôt développé, pour des raisons constitutionnelles, une approche publiciste, suivie également par la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme. La seconde partie de la thèse aborde le droit positif des deux pays, ainsi que les solutions consacrées par la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, par le biais de divers problèmes concrets (le sort des vices de procédure et l’interprétation raisonnable du droit de procédure). En guise de conclusion, il est constaté que les deux approches, privatiste et publiciste, sont amplement complémentaires et que les droits suisse et français gagneraient à s’enrichir mutuellement. / This thesis attempts to analyse a recurring problem of civil procedure in a comparative context : the so-called excess of formalism and the ways to overcome it. It is structured around a comparative analysis of French and Swiss law in the light of the European Convention on Human Rights. It starts from the assumption that two different approaches are possible : the one relying on the interpretation of civil procedure (private law based approach) ; the other aiming at directly implementing the right to a fair trial in the judicial case law (public law based approach). The first part of the thesis is dedicated to a historical presentation of the both above mentioned approaches. French law, as analysed on the period going from 1806 to the adoption of the New Code of Civil Procedure, has been build on the private law based approach, whereas Swiss law has very early developed, for constitutional reason, a public law based approach which is also followed by the European Court of Human Rights. The second part of the thesis deals with the present state of the legislation in both countries, and with the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The examination is conducted through concrete problems (procedural flaws and reasonable interpretation of Judicial law). In conclusion, it is noted that both approaches, either based on public or on private law, are mainly complementary and that French and Swiss law would therefore benefit from a mutual enrichment.

World leaders, policy makers, and scholars are engaged in efforts to improve human development (HD), which, for the United Nations (UN) Development Program, is about allowing people choices in their lives and providing tools with which to make those choices. Success in increasing human development will impact the daily lives of a nation's citizens as well as contribute to success in meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs): eight shared UN goals to improve living conditions of people around the world. The information currently available to those seeking to enhance human development measures focuses on a macro-level approach that advocates first advancing national economic development. Recent research on meeting the MDGs focuses on micro-level individual or community activities. Entrepreneurial and microfinance activity are two such micro-level activities that have been associated in research with advances in national economic development. Microfinance, particularly microcredit, activities have been associated in research with advances in some human development measures. Similar research concerning how entrepreneurial activity may relate directly to human development is lacking. This research project was designed to examine the relationships of these individual activities with human development independent of economic development. Two questions guided this study: (a) Does individual activity (either entrepreneurial or microfinance) have a direct effect on human development, separate from any effect through economic development and (b) If so, do certain types of individual activity (either entrepreneurial or microfinance) have a stronger relationship with some human development measures more than others? Due to data challenges, the scope of this research was restricted to a retrospective study examining measures of entrepreneurial activity with measures of human development. A similar exploration involving microfinance activity is planned for the future. A literature search and content analysis were conducted to determine definitions and measures. Data on nine measures were collected from 44 nations. Analyses indicated that one measure of entrepreneurial activity (own account workers-individuals owning or operating an enterprise, but hiring no employees) does have a statistically significant relationship with one measure of human development (literacy). Guidelines are also offered from lessons learned in navigating the disparate maze of conceptual and measurement issues when researching this territory. With several years remaining in the UN Millennium Development Challenge and the UN Decade of Literacy, this research may have implications for policy makers and world leaders as they seek ways to improve both economic and human development simultaneously. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study is a critical examination of this Committee with emphasis on its methods, procedure, and worth.

In the sixty-three years of the United Nations' existence the international stage has evolved significantly, and the world today is different from that when the original United Nations Charter was drafted. Therefore, it is only natural to expect the organization to evolve, in order to fully embrace the changes in the international community and to be able to address these changes efficiently. However, reform to the United Nations has been slow. This lack of change is due to various factors, particularly the lack of cohesiveness among member states and the inability of these to reach an agreement. Member states are unwilling to provide the organization with the power and respect it needs in order to carry out its mandates, therefore, the United Nations becomes an organization with a big to do list, and no way to carry it out. The United Nations may be outdated; however, it is far from being obsolete since it is an important player in the international community and serves endless imperative missions and mandates. It is up to the international community to decide what direction they want the United Nations to take and what the organization will become in the upcoming years. IN the meantime, this study will discuss the possibilities of reform regarding UN budget, the Secretariat and the Security Council. The United Nations is constantly underfunded which is a great limitation on what the organization can do and how well it can do it. Member states expect the organization to function while being starved of funds. Underfunding can be attributed to various issues, particularly the withholding of payments from members states, lack of alternative resources and the high operating costs of the organization. The United Nations works under the guidance of the United Nations Secretariat, which can be considered the organization's administration. Administrative reform is imperative to create a more efficient Secretariat, particularly the areas of staff qualification and the selection and role of the Secretary General; both areas play an essential role in promoting an efficient Secretariat. The Security Council was formed with special privileges to the five superpowers at the time of the Charter's drafting. However, as the international community evolved and power shifted, these privileges had been maintained. Security Council reform should redistribute power accordingly in order to represent the realities of the world today. This study will address the main areas of criticism within the organization: the Budget, the Secretariat and the Security Council, and match them with reform proposals introduced to the organization to address these specific criticisms. Once these criticisms have been matched to reform proposals this study will analyze the reasons why these reforms have failed to materialize over the years and how this has affected the organization. Furthermore, it will address the reasons for lack of action by member states and the possibilities of these reforms taking place in the near future. The goal of this study will be to further understand the reasons why the United Nations has come short of its expectations and how lack of reform is to blame.

Arnold Schoenberg's development of twelve-tone serial ism in the early 20th Century had profound and far-reaching impact on the musical world. As Schoenberg himself grew and matured as a composer, so did the compositional technique of, and indeed his proficiency with, serialism. The opera Moses und Aron was composed in Schoenberg's third compositional period that lasted from 1923 through Schoenberg's death in 1951 and was characterized almost exclusively by this new technique of twelvetone serialism. Moses und Aron's first two Acts (as well as the libretto for the third) were written from 1930 to 1932 and based entirely on a single tone row. Though the opera itself was composed in the early 1930s, it had its beginnings as a religious play, similar to Schoenberg's earlier work, Oer Biblische Weg. Schoenberg left the opera as it was in 1932 and failed to return to score the libretto in Act III. Despite remaining unfinished, Moses und Aron is still widely regarded as one of Schoenberg's finest works and displays a composer working at the height of his skill. This project brings to light the brilliance of the tone row Schoenberg chose as his foundation for Moses und Aron through examining the various tone row transformations used throughout the opera as well as their specific setting and orchestration within the context of each scene. More than simply a musical background for the dramatic events of the Exodus narrative, the tone row becomes a character in-and-of itself, transforming and shifting to mirror dramatic events and becoming a driving force throughout the opera. In addition to informing dramatic content and context, the way in which Schoenberg scores the tone row also helps to illuminate the large scale musical form of each scene and is even essential to the dramatic tension and characterization within the narrative. In addition, this project endeavors to show that Moses und Aron displays Schoenberg's mastery of the compositional technique of twelve-tone serialism by examining in detail the significance of the functional orchestration as well as the divisions, or partitions, of Schoenberg's twelve-tone row. Inseparably connected with a discussion of the functional orchestration and partitioning of Schoenberg's tone row is a discussion of the different kinds of counterpoint that often occur as a result of such partitioning within the choral and instrumental orchestration of Moses und Aron. These concepts of functional orchestration, partitioning, and multiple forms of counterpoint are defined and unpacked in the upcoming chapters. As counterpoint functions as such an important aspect of the partitioning of the tone row, a brief discussion of counterpoint in serialism, specifically in Moses und Aron, accompanies the discussion of functional orchestration and the row partitioning. This understanding of the function of counterpoint in twelve-tone serial atonality is essential to this study. Much has been written, specifically by Michael Cherlin, about the formal and dramatic organization of Moses und Aron and how Schoenberg's permutations of his tone row both influence and are influenced by the formal and dramatic context. Cherlin has also given significant attention to defining links between tone row partitions and dramatic events or characters within Moses und Aron. An important part of my research, therefore, includes examining the analytical findings of Cherlin as well as those from other scholarly sources. This project also challenges or supports these findings based on my own analysis and discusses what I believe to be a new facet of the organization of Moses und Aron not previously revealed in other studies. In Chapter 5 of this project, I bring to light two specific partitions of the row that occur within the choral counterpoint of the opera and have not been mentioned in any study of Moses und Aron that I have discovered in my research.

Migration due to climate change has been going on for millennia, and societies´ resilience will be put to pressure even more with an accelerating global warming.22, 5 million people have left their homes due to climate change since 2008, according to the United Nation High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR, 2017). All of these people are not recognized as refugees, but some of them will most likely seek refuge abroad. The aim of this Master´s thesis is to explore how the UN, the EU, and Sweden understand and analyse the phenomenon of climate induced migration from a geopolitical aspect. It is furthermore to explore the institution´s preparedness through analysing the suggested measurements they utilise today and recognize a need for the future. Applying a human security perspective, this thesis aims at exploring the following two questions; what views and perspectives of climate induced migration exist in the UN, the EU and among Swedish authorities, and what legal, technical, economic or other measures do they respond with to meet climate induced migration? The results confirm that there is a consensus among the institutions that climate change will lead to cross-border migration to some extent but the preparedness for it is inadequate in terms of available measurements.