Renewable energy and distributed generation are getting more and more popular, including photovoltaic modules (PV), wind turbines, and fuel cells. The renewable energy sources need the power electronics interface to the utility grid because of different characteristics between the sources and the grid. No matter what renewable energy source is utilized, inverters are essential in the microgrid system. Thanks to flexible modular design, transformerless connection, extended voltage and power output, less maintenance and higher fault tolerance, the cascade inverters are good candidates for utility interface of various renewable energy sources. This dissertation proposes a new type of cascade inverters based on dual-buck topology and phase-shift control scheme. Compared to traditional cascade inverters, they have enhanced system reliability thanks to no shoot-through problems and lower switching loss with the help of using power MOSFETs. With phase-shift control, it theoretically eliminates the inherent current zero-crossing distortion of the single-unit dual-buck type inverter. In addition, phase-shift control can greatly reduce the ripple current or cut down the size of passive components by increasing the equivalent switching frequency. An asymmetrical half-cycle unipolar (AHCU) PWM technique is proposed for dual-buck full-bridge inverter. The proposed approach is to cut down the switching loss of power MOSFETs by half. At the same time, this AHCU PWM leads to current ripple reduction, and thus reducing ripple-related loss in filter components. Therefore, the proposed PWM strategy results in significant efficiency improvement. Additionally, the AHCU PWM also compensates for the zero-crossing distortion problem of dual-buck full-bridge inverter. Several PWM techniques are analyzed and compared, including bipolar PWM, unipolar PWM and phase-shifted PWM, when applied to the proposed cascade dual-buck full-bridge inverter. It has been found out that a PWM combination technique with the use of two out of the three PWMs leads to better performance in terms of less output current ripple and harmonics, no zero-crossing distortion, and higher efficiency. A grid-tie control system is proposed for cascade dual-buck inverter with both active and reactive power flow capability in a wide range under two types of renewable energy and distributed generation sources. Fuel cell power conditioning system (PCS) is Type I system with active power command generated by balance of plant (BOP) of each unit; and photovoltaic or wind PCS is Type II system with active power harvested by each front-end unit through maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Reactive power command is generated by distributed generation (DG) control site for both systems. Selective harmonic proportional resonant (PR) controller and admittance compensation controller are first introduced to cascade inverter grid-tie control to achieve better steady-state and dynamic performances. / Ph. D.

殷樱. / Thesis submitted in: November 2009. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 133-143). / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Yin Ying. / Chapter 一、 --- 导论 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1 --- 新时期以降女性文学批评母性主题的研究概述 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- 母性概念梳理 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3 --- 铁凝背景与创作 --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4 --- 前人研究综述 --- p.21 / Chapter 1.5 --- 研究问题与方法 --- p.30 / Chapter 1.6 --- 章节安排 --- p.32 / Chapter 二、 --- 《麦秸垛》´ؤ´ؤ在理想与现实中摆荡 --- p.35 / Chapter 2.1 --- “自然母性´ح的内涵及其在铁凝小说中的表现 --- p.35 / Chapter 2.2 --- 故事简介与前人分析 --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- 对“自然母性´ح的认同与疏离 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- 母性内涵的扩延 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.5 --- 与同时期母性主题创作的比较 --- p.56 / Chapter 2.6 --- 小结 --- p.58 / Chapter 三、 --- 混色“玫瑰´ح一一 “恶母´ح话语再审视 --- p.60 / Chapter 3.1 --- 新时期文学批评的“恶母´ح话语 --- p.60 / Chapter 3.2 --- 故事简介与前人分析 --- p.64 / Chapter 3.3 --- 挣扎在“觉醒´ح与“陷落´ح之间 --- p.68 / Chapter 3.4 --- 子辈对母辈的疏离与认同 --- p.79 / Chapter 3.5 --- 身体与母性 --- p.86 / Chapter 3.6 --- 小结 --- p.92 / Chapter 四、 --- “徘徊´ح产生的文化语境与九十年代铁凝的母性书写 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.1 --- 新启蒙主义思潮对八十年代铁凝小说母性主题的影响 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.2 --- “择善固执´ح的价值观与现实主义创作手法 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.3 --- “善´ح的伦理价值观自身的模糊与犹疑之处 --- p.112 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小结 --- p.122 / Chapter 五、 --- 总结 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.1 --- 综合分析与回顾 --- p.124 / Chapter 5.2 --- 《麦秸垛》与《玫瑰门》中的母性内涵 --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3 --- 铁凝小说母性书写的意义与贡献 --- p.129 / Chapter 5.4 --- 研究意义与展望 --- p.131 / 附录一 --- p.133 / 附录二 --- p.136 / 参考文献 --- p.138

Submitted by Luciana Sebin (lusebin@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T13:14:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAB.pdf: 527199 bytes, checksum: 9c17c3f72026e7aa20cc36238de2a00a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T19:53:19Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAB.pdf: 527199 bytes, checksum: 9c17c3f72026e7aa20cc36238de2a00a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-09-27T19:53:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAB.pdf: 527199 bytes, checksum: 9c17c3f72026e7aa20cc36238de2a00a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-27T19:53:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseMAB.pdf: 527199 bytes, checksum: 9c17c3f72026e7aa20cc36238de2a00a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Microalgae have been cultivated worldwide to obtain biomass for various applications. Nonetheless the production costs of microalgae is still high due to factors such as photobioreactors, water and nutrients to grow the organisms. In recent years the use of wastewaters of several origins for microalgal cultures have been studied. However wastewater generally are more complex than synthetic microalgae culture media. Their characteristics can vary over time and have associated microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi and yeasts. Vinasse is a wastewater generated in large volumes by the ethanol industry of Brazil and it is rich in nutrients and organic materials. The use of this effluent to support microalgae growth can reduce the microalgae production costs at the same time that it decreases the contaminant potential of the effluent through the incorporation of nutrients into biomass. The aim of this research was to evaluate the potential of the use of sugarcane vinasse as culture medium for the growth of the freshwater microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. C. vulgaris is a robust species commonly used in the treatment of effluents. Laboratory tests were initially conducted with two distinct vinasses, a conventional and an originating from a agroecological processing, at different concentrations. Based on these results the conventional vinasse was selected for more detailed studies that aimed at treating the vinasse in defined procedures known as Toxicity Identification Evaluation (TIE). Through such procedure, we attempted to answer why it is so difficult to grow microalgae in sugarcane vinasse and how could the microalgal production be increased in such a complex residue. The results showed that pH adjustment resulted in the highest Chlorella vulgaris biomass in vinasse, whereas the addition of EDTA, sodium thiosulfate and XAD-8 resin to remove specific compounds from the wastewater limited the microalgal final yield. The growth of C. vulgaris was higher at intermediate treated vinasse concentrations (30 - 70%). This demonstrated the possibility of using of this residue as a medium for microalgal cultivation. Once selected the ideal condition for C. vulgaris cultivation (30% vinasse and TIE pH=3.0), there was a screening of the microorganisms present in the vinasse and in non axenic cultures of microalgae after its inoculation with C. vulgaris. The microrganisms were isolated and characterized for indole acetic acid (IAA) production, nitrogen fixation and inorganic phosphate solubilization. The presence of heterotrophic microorganisms in the vinasse did not affect the microalgal production. We obtained promising results about future applications of these microorganisms as growth promoters in microalgal cultures. The biomass produced showed protein productivity of 15.57 mg L-1 day-1 and a decrease of nitrogen, sulfate, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents in comparison with the initial vinasse was obtained. The results suggest the possibility of using vinasse as a medium for the cultivation of C. vulgaris, with decrease of the potential contaminant of the effluent and increase of biomass production when compared to synthetic culture medium. / Microalgas têm sido cultivadas no mundo todo visando obter biomassa para as mais diversas aplicações. No entanto, seu custo de produção é elevado, pois além de demandarem elevada quantidade de água, exigem nutrientes minerais para que possam crescer satisfatoriamente. A utilização de águas residuárias para cultivos microalgais tem merecido destaque uma vez que, simultaneamente à possibilidade de se reduzir os custos de produção algal, é possível reduzir o potencial eutrofizante e contaminante dos efluentes através da incorporação de nutrientes ali presentes à biomassa microalgal. No entanto, efluentes apresentam maior complexidade do que meios de cultura sintéticos, com características variáveis ao longo do tempo e maior presença de micro-organismos associados como bactérias, fungos e leveduras. O Brasil é o maior produtor mundial de etanol de cana-de-açúcar e a vinhaça é o principal subproduto dessa produção, sendo gerada na proporção de 10 - 12 L vinhaça/L etanol. A presença de nutrientes minerais na vinhaça indica seu uso como adubo vegetal, quer seja para microalgas, quer para vegetais vasculares. Entretanto, cultivar microalgas em vinhaça é ainda um desafio. Se, por um lado, em cultivos fotoautotróficos a coloração escura do efluente pode ser limitante, em cultivos heterotróficos a presença de contaminantes biológicos pode levar à competição por recursos e comprometer a qualidade da biomassa final. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de utilização de vinhaça de cana-de-açúcar como meio para o cultivo da microalga Chlorella vulgaris, uma espécie robusta usualmente empregada em tratamento de águas residuárias. Buscou-se desvendar qual constituinte da vinhaça a torna tão problemática aos cultivos microalgais e analisar as possibilidades de cultivo fotoautotrófico objetivando, sempre, maior rendimento de biomassa. Ensaios laboratoriais foram conduzidos inicialmente com duas vinhaças, uma convencional e uma oriunda de um processamento agroecológico, utilizando diferentes concentrações para o cultivo microalgal. Com base nesses resultados, selecionou-se a vinhaça convencional para intensificação dos estudos referentes à toxicidade deste efluente. Ensaios envolvendo avaliação e identificação da toxicidade (TIE) foram conduzidos através de uma série de manipulações físico-químicas da vinhaça, com objetivo de alterar a biodisponibilidade de determinados compostos e, consequentemente, aumentar a produção microalgal. Os resultados mostraram que, dentre os tratamentos, o ajuste de pH foi o principal responsável pelo maior crescimento de Clorella vulgaris quando cultivada em vinhaça, enquanto a adição de EDTA, tiossulfato de sódio e resina XAD-8 ao efluente limitou o crescimento microalgal. O crescimento de C. vulgaris foi maior em concentrações intermediárias de vinhaça (30 – 70%), demonstrando a possibilidade de utilização deste resíduo como meio para o cultivo microalgal. Selecionada a condição ideal de cultivo para C. vulgaris, realizou-se um rastreamento dos microorganismos presentes na vinhaça e nas culturas não axênicas da microalga, com isolamento e caracterização dos mesmos no tocante à produção de ácido indolacético (AIA), fixação de nitrogênio e solubilização de fosfato inorgânico. A presença de micro-organismos heterotróficos na vinhaça não comprometeu o crescimento microalgal e os resultados mostraram-se promissores quanto ao uso dos micro-organismos isolados como promotores de crescimento em cultivos microalgais. A biomassa produzida apresentou produtividade protéica de 15,57 mg L-1 dia-1, com diminuição dos teores de nitrogênio, sulfato, demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), demanda química de oxigênio (DQO), carbono orgânico total (COT) e nitrogênio total (NT) em relação à vinhaça inicial. Os resultados sugerem a possibilidade de uso de vinhaça como meio para o cultivo de C. vulgaris, com redução do potencial contaminante do efluente e aumento da biomassa produzida em relação ao meio de cultura sintético.

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Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar três narrativas do cineasta Leon Hirszman: A falecida (1965), S. Bernardo (1972) e Eles não usam black-tie (1981) a partir do conceito de tragédia moderna, de Raymond Williams. A comparação sistemática entre as obras fez surgir o que se chamou nesta tese de trágico desalienante, uma vez que ao observar a maneira adotada pelo diretor, sobretudo, ao conduzir as suas personagens, evidenciou-se sua preferência por expor o sofrimento e a desordem dentro das narrativas com o intuito de produzir o conhecimento da realidade. Com isso, pôde-se constatar que o tom trágico empregado foi a opção estética de Leon Hirszman para levar adiante o seu projeto cinematográfico, fincado na ideia de cinema como instrumento político. Porém, em contraposição à valorização do trágico, muito em consonância com o contexto histórico repressivo imposto pela ditadura civil-militar no Brasil, vale apontar, com a reorganização do cenário nacional, uma retomada da perspectiva romântica, no sentido defendido por Michel Löwy e Robert Sayre, em Eles não usam black-tie, que se não recuperava o romantismo revolucionário proposto por Marcelo Ridenti ao analisar as obras produzidas no Brasil no começo dos anos 1960, resgatou a representação da esperança arrefecida com os anos de governo militar. Nessa direção, no cotejo das obras, atenta-se para o contexto histórico em que os filmes foram produzidos considerando-o como elemento estruturante de sua forma. Assim, se em A falecida, de 1965, começo do período ditatorial, há ainda espaço para um sutil humor que, de alguma forma, atenua o seu tom trágico; S. Bernardo, elaborado em 1972, no auge da repressão militar, impera o aniquilamento dos homens e a tragédia se instala sem respiro; por fim, como foi dito, em Eles não usam black-tie, realizado em 1981, período de abertura política e maciça insurreição dos movimentos populares, a perspectiva trágica cede espaço para a imagem da força da coletividade e, portanto, restaura certa visão romântica do mundo. / This dissertation aims to analyze three films directed by Brazilian filmmaker Leon Hirszman A Falecida (1965), S. Bernardo (1972), and Eles Não Usam Black-Tie (1981) through Raymond Williams concept of modern tragedy. The systematic comparison of the films gave rise to what is referred to in this analysis as the dealienating tragic. Hirszmans aesthetic procedures, especially those concerning the characterization process, reveal a preference for depicting suffering and disorder in order to portray knowledge of the world. Through this process, one can conclude that the tragic tone was Hirzmans aesthetic choice to carry out his cinematographic project based on the idea of filmmaking as a political instrument. However, it is worth mentioning that, in contrast to this use of tragedy shaped by the repressive historical context imposed by the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship, in Eles Não Usam Black-Tie it is possible to notice a recovery of a romantic perspective, as defined by Michel Löwy and Robert Sayre. Although this procedure does not achieve what Marcelo Ridenti, in his analysis of works produced in Brazil in the early 60s, defines as the revolutionary romanticism, it reclaims the portrayal of hope, lost during the years of the military government. Therefore, the historical context will be considered as a defining feature of the films formal structure. Thus, while there is still room for subtle comedy that somehow mitigates the tragic tone found in A Falecida, a film produced in 1965 right after the beginning of the dictatorship, in 1972, at the peak of political repression, one finds in S. Bernardo the annihilation of men while tragedy takes hold of everything. Accordingly, as it was mentioned before, during the process of political opening and the massive insurgency of popular movements, in 1981s Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, the tragic perspective gives way to an image of the power of collectivity, recovering, therefore, a romantic view of the world.

The demand for electricity is increasing daily due to technological advancement, and ?luxurious lifestyles. Increasing utilization of electricity means the depletion of fossil fuel ?reserves. Thus, governments around the world are seeking alternative and sustainable ?sources of energy such as the solar powered system. The main purpose of this research is ?to develop a knowledge base on residential electric generation from the grid and solar ?energy. This paper examined the economic feasibility of using grid-tied residential ?photovoltaic (GRPV) system in Saudi Arabia with the HOMER software. Models ?forecasting the price of oil barrels through artificial neural networks (ANN) were also ?employed in the analysis. The study shows that an oil-rich country like Saudi Arabia has ?potential to utilize the GRPV system as an alternative source of energy. / This paper examined the economic feasibility of using grid-tied residential photovoltaic ??(GRPV) system in Saudi Arabia with the HOMER software. Models forecasting the ?price of oil barrels through artificial neural networks (ANN) were also employed in the ?analysis. The study shows that an oil-rich country like Saudi Arabia has potential to ?utilize the GRPV system as an alternative source of energy. This study provides a ?discussion of the potential for applying solar-powered and an assessment of the ?performance of existing systems based on collecting output data.?

Esta tese tem como objetivo analisar três narrativas do cineasta Leon Hirszman: A falecida (1965), S. Bernardo (1972) e Eles não usam black-tie (1981) a partir do conceito de tragédia moderna, de Raymond Williams. A comparação sistemática entre as obras fez surgir o que se chamou nesta tese de trágico desalienante, uma vez que ao observar a maneira adotada pelo diretor, sobretudo, ao conduzir as suas personagens, evidenciou-se sua preferência por expor o sofrimento e a desordem dentro das narrativas com o intuito de produzir o conhecimento da realidade. Com isso, pôde-se constatar que o tom trágico empregado foi a opção estética de Leon Hirszman para levar adiante o seu projeto cinematográfico, fincado na ideia de cinema como instrumento político. Porém, em contraposição à valorização do trágico, muito em consonância com o contexto histórico repressivo imposto pela ditadura civil-militar no Brasil, vale apontar, com a reorganização do cenário nacional, uma retomada da perspectiva romântica, no sentido defendido por Michel Löwy e Robert Sayre, em Eles não usam black-tie, que se não recuperava o romantismo revolucionário proposto por Marcelo Ridenti ao analisar as obras produzidas no Brasil no começo dos anos 1960, resgatou a representação da esperança arrefecida com os anos de governo militar. Nessa direção, no cotejo das obras, atenta-se para o contexto histórico em que os filmes foram produzidos considerando-o como elemento estruturante de sua forma. Assim, se em A falecida, de 1965, começo do período ditatorial, há ainda espaço para um sutil humor que, de alguma forma, atenua o seu tom trágico; S. Bernardo, elaborado em 1972, no auge da repressão militar, impera o aniquilamento dos homens e a tragédia se instala sem respiro; por fim, como foi dito, em Eles não usam black-tie, realizado em 1981, período de abertura política e maciça insurreição dos movimentos populares, a perspectiva trágica cede espaço para a imagem da força da coletividade e, portanto, restaura certa visão romântica do mundo. / This dissertation aims to analyze three films directed by Brazilian filmmaker Leon Hirszman A Falecida (1965), S. Bernardo (1972), and Eles Não Usam Black-Tie (1981) through Raymond Williams concept of modern tragedy. The systematic comparison of the films gave rise to what is referred to in this analysis as the dealienating tragic. Hirszmans aesthetic procedures, especially those concerning the characterization process, reveal a preference for depicting suffering and disorder in order to portray knowledge of the world. Through this process, one can conclude that the tragic tone was Hirzmans aesthetic choice to carry out his cinematographic project based on the idea of filmmaking as a political instrument. However, it is worth mentioning that, in contrast to this use of tragedy shaped by the repressive historical context imposed by the Brazilian civil-military dictatorship, in Eles Não Usam Black-Tie it is possible to notice a recovery of a romantic perspective, as defined by Michel Löwy and Robert Sayre. Although this procedure does not achieve what Marcelo Ridenti, in his analysis of works produced in Brazil in the early 60s, defines as the revolutionary romanticism, it reclaims the portrayal of hope, lost during the years of the military government. Therefore, the historical context will be considered as a defining feature of the films formal structure. Thus, while there is still room for subtle comedy that somehow mitigates the tragic tone found in A Falecida, a film produced in 1965 right after the beginning of the dictatorship, in 1972, at the peak of political repression, one finds in S. Bernardo the annihilation of men while tragedy takes hold of everything. Accordingly, as it was mentioned before, during the process of political opening and the massive insurgency of popular movements, in 1981s Eles Não Usam Black-Tie, the tragic perspective gives way to an image of the power of collectivity, recovering, therefore, a romantic view of the world.

The doctoral thesis deals with the analysis of the dapped-end beam detail, in terms of theoretical modelling and practical design using the strut-and-tie method as well as experimental verification of the bearing capacity and the behaviour of the detail under load by means of load tests and subsequent numerical nonlinear analysis. A summary of known structural and static designs explored in the literature has been presented. In addition, the strut-and-tie method has been introduced as an appropriate tool for a consistent design of the detail, element or the whole structure. The theoretical basis for the method has been described, including the general methodology for design and analysis. Practical problems have been discussed, specifically those resulting from the known design of the analysed detail based on the German approach; its modification has been processed theoretically taking into account the practical mode of reinforcement. An experiment has been suggested with a view to verify the presented calculation procedure and the influence of the used ratio of vertical to inclined hanger reinforcement on the bearing capacity and behaviour of the detail under load. The experiment also included accompanying material tests of the concrete which were used along with the inspection certificates issued for the used reinforcement as a basis for the nonlinear finite element analysis. Based on the results, the presented design procedure can be considered safe. These results also imply that the chosen ratio of vertical and inclined hanger reinforcements has no influence on the ultimate bearing capacity within practical reinforcement, as it only influences the formation, development and final width of cracks. With the growing ratio of the inclined hanger reinforcement, the width and density of cracks decreases at all stages of loading. Owing to their limitations, primarily during the service state, it is recommended that the minimal inclined reinforcement should be used.

The main topic of this thesis concerns the behavior of concrete pile cap supported by four piles with two varying positions of longitudinal reinforcements. The positions include top of piles and bottom of the pile cap. For this purpose, non-linear finite element models of a pile cap are created using software ATENA 3D. The goal was to observe which position of reinforcement yields the higher bearing capacity and to observe the failure modes in the models. To achieve the above goals, a short review of theoretical background concerning shear phenomena is performed. This, in order to enhance the knowledge regarding shear stresses, shear transfer mechanism, factors affecting shear capacity, modes of shear failure and relate them to the behavior of pile cap. Furthermore, the calculation of shear resistance capacity based on Eurocode 2 using strut and tie method and sectional approach is presented. The numerical analysis started by creating four pile cap models in ATENA 3D. The difference between the models being the position and ratio of longitudinal reinforcement. The purpose behind two reinforcement ratios were to observe the behavior of pile cap model in two cases: a) when failure occurs prior to yielding of reinforcement; b) when failure occurs while reinforcement is yielding. The models are then analyzed using software ATENA Studio. The results revealed that placing the reinforcement on top of piles in case (a) increased the capacity of the model by 23.5 % and in case (b) increased the capacity by 18.5 %. This because the tensile stresses were found to be concentrated on top of piles rather than the bottom of the pile cap. The final failure mode in the model with top reinforcement position was crushing of the inclined compressive strut at the node beneath the column and in the model with bottom reinforcement position, the splitting of the compressive strut due to tensile stresses developed perpendicular to the inclined strut. The potential advantage of placing the reinforcement at the bottom were a better crack control in serviceability limit state and a slightly less fragile failure mode compared to the top position of reinforcement. A parametric study was performed in the model as well to observe the effects of various parameters on the results obtained. It was found that fracture energy had the most significant effect on the results obtained. Finally, a comparison between the results of numerical analysis and analytical design approaches based on strut and tie method and sectional approach was performed. The comparison reveals that the design values obtained based on strut and tie method for the model were very conservative. In particular, the equation for the strength of inclined compressive strut based on Eurocode 2 was very general. / Det huvudsakliga ämnet för den här avhandlingen handlar om beteendet hos pålfundament som stöds av fyra pålar med två olika positioner av längsgående armering. Positionerna inkluderar toppen av pålarna och botten av slagdynan. För detta ändamål skapas icke-linjära finita elementmodeller av en slagdyna med mjukvaran ATENA 3D. Målet var att observera vilket armeringsläge som ger den högre bärkapaciteten och att identifiera brottmekanismen i modellerna. För att uppnå ovanstående mål utförs en kort genomgång av teoretisk bakgrund rörande skjuvningsfenomen. Detta för att förbättra kunskapen om skjuvspänningar, skjuvöverföringsmekanism, faktorer som påverkar skjuvkapacitet, skjuvbrott och relaterar dem till beteendet hos slagdynan. Beräkningen av skjuvmotståndet baserad på Eurocode2 med hjälp av Srut and tie-metod och sektionsmetod. Den numeriska analysen började med att skapa fyra pålfundament i ATENA 3D. Skillnaden mellan modellerna är positionen och förhållandet mellan längsgående armering. Syftet bakom två armeringsförhållanden var att observera beteendet hos slagdynan i två fall: a) när brott inträffar innan armering plasticeras; b) när brott inträffar medan armeringen plasticeras. Modellerna analyseras sedan med hjälp av programvaran ATENA Studio. Resultaten visade att placering av armeringen ovanpå pålarna i fall a) ökade modellens kapacitet med 23,5% och i fall (b) ökade kapaciteten med 18,5%. Detta på grund av att dragspänningarna visade sig vara koncentrerade på toppen av pålarna snarare än på botten av slagdynan. Det slutliga brottet i modellen med topparmeringsposition var krossning av det lutande tryckstaget vid noden under pelaren. I modellen med bottenarmeringsposition delades kompressionsstaget på grund av dragspänningar vinkelrätt mot det lutande staget. The potential advantage of placing the reinforcement at the bottom were a better crack control and slightly less fragile failure mode compared to the top position of reinforcement. En parametrisk studie genomfördes också i modellen för att observera effekterna av olika parametrar på de erhållna resultaten. Det visade sig att brottenergi hade den mest signifikanta effekten på de erhållna resultaten. Slutligen genomfördes en jämförelse mellan resultaten från numerisk analys och analytiska designmetoder baserade på strut and tie-metoden och sektionsmetoden. Jämförelsen avslöjar att de designvärden som erhölls baserat på strut and tie-metoden för modellen var mycket konservativa. I synnerhet var ekvationen för kapaciteten hos det lutande tryckstag baserad på Eurocode 2 mycket generell.