Noch immer ist die Behandlung von Neuropathien mit den gängigen therapeutischen Mitteln für viele Patienten sehr unbefriedigend. Als erfolgsversprechender therapeutischer Ansatz werden zur Zeit Wege erforscht, welche direkt in die molekularen Entstehungsmechanismen pathologischer Veränderungen und regenerationsfördernder Mechanismen eingreifen, um dadurch eine Heilung von Nervenschäden zu ermöglichen. Bisher sind die Erkenntnisse über diese Mechanismen nicht vollständig genug, um daraus eine sichere Behandlungsmöglichkeit abzuleiten. Wegweisende Erkenntnisse deuten sich allerdings durch Studien von unterschiedlichen Vertretern des Zytokinnetzwerkes an - darunter auch TNF-alpha - welche als molekulare Ursache neuropathischer Veränderungen diskutiert werden. In dieser Studie wurde an Knockoutmäusen der Einfluss des jeweiligen TNF-alpha-Rezeptors auf morphologische Veränderungen nach CCI (Chronic constriction injury) und Crush-Verletzung des N. ischiadicus untersucht. Nach 3,7,15 und 36 Tagen (CCI) bzw. 3,7 und 28 Tagen (Crush) wurden in Methylenblau gefärbten Semidünnschnitten intakte und degenerierte Nervenfasern, Makrophagen, Angioproliferation, Ödembildung udn Veränderung des Anteils nicht neuronaler Zellen lichtmikroskopisch beurteilt. Zusätzlich wurden Mac-1+ Makrophagen immunzytochemisch erfasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigten in beiden Modellen und bei beiden Knockouttypen eine starke axonale Schädigung, die von einer großen endoneuroalen Makrophagenansammlung begleitet war. Bei TNF-R1-/- Mäusen war eine stärkere und verlängerte Degeneration mit entsprechend höheren Makrophagenzahlen sichtbar. In den Immunzytochemischen Färbungen wiesen die TNF-R1-/- Mäuse hingegen den geringsten Makropahgenanteil auf.Trotz der starken Schädigung war die anschließende Regeneration im Gegensatz zu WT und TNF-R2-/- Mäusen besser. Die Ödembildung war bei den TNF-R2-/- nach CCI besonders stark ausgeprägt und von einer schlechten Regeneration gefolgt. Während die gefundenen Daten auf eine Beteiligung beider Rezeptoren während degenerativer Prozesse hindeuten, scheint insbesondere TNF-R2 regenerationsfördernde Effekte zu vermitteln. / Current Treatment of neuropathic disorders is still dissatisfactory for many patients. A promising approach is the investigation of agents that directly interfere with molecular development of pathologic changes and regeneration. Up to now, consolidated findings of the underlying mechanisms are not yet sufficent to allow therapeutic intervention. Pathbreaking findings come from studies investigating different agents of the cytokine network - as e.g. TNF-alpha - that are discussed as molecular cause of neuropathic changes. This study investigated the influence of both TNF-alpha-receptors on morphologic changes after CCI (chronic constriction injury) and crush-injury of the sciatic nerve of TNF-R-knockoutmice. After 3,7,15 and 36 days (CCI), and 3,7 and 28 respectively (Crush),intact and degenerating nerve fibers, macrophages, angioproliferation, development of edema and changes in the amount of non-neuronal cells were acquired by light microscopy of toluidin-stained semithin sections. Additionally Mac-1+ macrophages were acquired via immuncytochemically stained sections. The results showed strong axonal damage in both knockout-types accompanied by large amounts of endoneurial macrophages. TNF-R1-/-mice showed a longer degeneration phase including respectively higher amounts of macrophages. In contrast the TNF-R1-/-mice revealed the fewest amount of macrophages in immunocytochemical sections. Despite the strong damage better nerve regeneration was observed compared to WT and TNF-R2-/-mice. Formation of edema was pronounced in TNF-R2-/- after CCI and followed by poorly regeneration. Whereas these findings point to a participation of both receptors in degeneration, TNF-R2 seems to support regeneration.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the 4th leading cause of mortality in Taiwan. Chronic persistent inflammation as demonstrated by higher proinflammatory mediators in blood has been correlated to cardiovascular complications of type 2 DM. The cellular and molecular mechanism of chronic inflammation in type 2 DM remains to be determined. This study was conducted to explore altered innate immunity in toll-like receptor (TLR) expression and signaling of monocytes from type 2 DM patients. Blood leukocytes from type 2 DM patients were counted and studied for TLR2 and TLR4 expression and signaling. Each experiment was run with 1 to 2 type 2 DM patients, simultaneously with 1 to 2 age-matched normal adults as controls. 31 type 2 DM patients and 37 normal age-matched controls completed the study. Results showed that blood monocytes from type 2 DM patients had a significantly higher TLR4 but not TLR2 expression. Using a TLR4 ligand, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), to trigger TNF£\ production, a significantly higher TNF£\ production by blood leukocytes from type 2 DM patients than age-matched controls was found. The higher TNF£\ production by blood leukocytes from type 2 DM patients was associated with down-regulation of suppressor of cytokine signaling 1and 3 (SOCS-1 and SOCS-3) expression. We have further postulated that increase of oxidative stress or decrease of IFN-£\ production in type 2 DM patients was related to the alteration of TLR-4 response. Correction of SOCS-1 expression by addition of antioxidant, superoxide dismutase (SOD), but not IFN-£\, significantly decreased TNF£\ production in blood leukocytes from type 2 DM patients. This study is the first in the literature to identify an alteration of TLR4 expression associated with depressed SOCS-1 expression in leukocytes of type 2 DM patients. Results from this study highlight a potential pathway to improve chronic inflammation of type 2 DM patients via modulation of TLR4 expression and SOCS-1 mRNA expression of leukocytes.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease mediated, in part, by pro-inflammatory cytokines such a sI L- I P, TNFa andI L-6. Many factors may contribute to cytokine imbalances in this disease, for example, biochemical modulation of PBMCsa ndt heir membranes A. key membrane proteini s the Na/KATPase( sodium pump) responsible for ionic homeostasis Sodiump ump activity on rheumatoid PBMCsw as found to be markedly depressed when compared with healthy control cells possibly through an oxidative mechanism. Inhibition of the sodium pump by a cardiac glycoside inhibitor, ouabain, transiently upregulated[N a'ji levels and rapidly induced IL-10 and TNFa mRNA and protein in human PBMCs. In contrast, IL-6 production was significantly depressed. The sodium ionophore, monensin, caused a similar Na-dependent cytokine response to that of ouabain. This cytokine profile however, was reversed when studying rheumatoids ynovial fibroblasts where ouabain induced I L-6; IL- I and TNFa, on the other hand, were not expressed. An elevation in intracellulars odiumc an causea secondary rise in intracellular calcium levels through the action of a Na/Ca2+ exchanger. In studies using the calcium ionophore, A23187, it was observed that an elevation in [Ca 2+]i brought aboutt he induction of IL- IP and TNF(xi n PBMCs with a corresponding repression of IL-6 production. The data obtained in this study suggest that impaired N a/K-ATPase activity in rheumatoid cells, through elevations in intracellular cation levels, might help promote over-production of IL- IP and TNF(x by monocytes and IL-6 by synovial fibroblasts. This pattern of cytokine production conforms to that observed in rheumatoid synovial tissue in situ, thus supporting a role for this biochemical defect in contributing to the perpetuation of the chronic inflammatory state.

Fibrose hepática é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de matriz extracelular fibrótica, cuja presença danifica as funções do fígado. Células estreladas hepáticas (HSCs) participam ativamente deste processo, modificando seu fenótipo quiescente, rico em lipídios no citoplasma, para o fenótipo ativado, em resposta ao insulto fibrogênico. A regressão do processo fibrótico pode, inclusive, estar relacionada com a apoptose das HSCs e também com sua reversão fenotípica, do estado ativado ao estado quiescente. Adenosina tem papel hepatoprotetor bem conhecido e medeia várias ações antiinflamatórias em diferentes tipos celulares e condições patológicas. TNF-α é uma citocina pró-inflamatória com importantes funções no início e perpetuação do processo fibrogênico. Tendo em vista o papel antiinflamatório da adenosina, este trabalho investigou, em linhagem de HSC em cultura - GRX -, as ações desse nucleosídeo em presença ou ausência dos sinais inflamatórios que acompanham o tratamento com TNF- α. Assim, foram analisados os efeitos da adenosina extracelular na síntese lipídica, avaliando a reversão fenotípica da GRX, e a apoptose em resposta à adenosina e/ou TNF-α. Além disso, a regulação dos níveis de adenosina extracelular, bem como a presença dos receptores de adenosina foram investigadas. O efeito de adenosina e/ou TNF-α sobre a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e atividade e expressão de gelatinases (MMP-9 e -2), ambos importantes mediadores na fibrose hepática, também foram alvo deste estudo. Nossos resultados mostram a presença do receptor de adenosina A2B (A2BR), e a regulação dos níveis extracelulares de adenosina por TNF-α, através do aumento da atividade ecto-adenosina deaminase. Além disso, demontramos que adenosina extracelular não modifica a síntese de lipídios nas células GRX. Os dados ainda indicam que adenosina, em presença ou ausência de TNF-α, não resulta em apoptose, e que esta citocina também não induz à formação de corpos apoptóticos nas células tratadas. O estudo mostra que a produção de NO foi aumentada com TNF-α, com potencialização deste efeito na presença de adenosina, provavelmente mediado pelo A2BR e não por inosina, produto da hidrólise de adenosina. Com relação às gelatinases, o tratamento com adenosina diminui a atividade de MMP-9 tanto em ausência, quanto em presença de TNF-α, revertendo a ação da citocina, a níveis de controle, com o envolvimento do receptor A2BR mediando os efeitos do nucleosídeo. No entanto, a expressão da MMP-9 não foi afetada pelo tratamento com adenosina, porém, o nucleosídeo diminui os efeitos de TNF-α sobre a expressão da gelatinase. Com relação à MMP-2, ambos tratamentos com adenosina e com TNF-α, bem como o tratamento com adenosina, em presença da citocina, diminuem a atividade da gelatinase, sem efeitos aditivos. A expressão do mRNA de MMP-2 aumentou em resposta aos tratamentos com adenosina e TNF-α, isolados ou em associação, indicando a presença de mecanismo pós-transcricional de regulação para MMP-2. Este trabalho mostra, claramente, que adenosina extracelular e TNF-α estão envolvidos na regulação da produção de NO e nas ações das gelatinases. Além disso, este estudo demonstrou que adenosina não atua através de conversão fenotípica via aumento da síntese de lipídios, bem como não estimula apoptose, junto com TNF-α. Estes resultados e a existência da regulação dos níveis de adenosina extracelular por TNF-α sugerem uma participação da adenosina em alguns aspectos importantes da fisiologia da.HSC, talvez via A2B. / Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by fibrotic matrix accumulation, which damage the liver functions. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) participate activelly of this process, modifying their quiescent phenotype, with the cytoplasm rich in lipid dropplets, to activated phenotype, in response to the fibrogenic insult. HSC can be responsible for the regression of fibrosis through mechanisms that involve their apoptosis, or even the phenotype reversion to quiscence. Adenosine has a well-know hepatoprotective role and mediates several anti-inflammatory actions in different cellular types and pathological conditions. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with important functions in the beginning and perpetuation of that fibrogenic process. In view the antiinflammatory role of adenosine, this work investigated, in cultured hepatic stellate cell line - GRX -, the actions of this nucleoside in the presence or absence of inflammatory signs that come with treatment with TNF-α. So, the effects of extracellular adenosine and/or TNF-α on the lipid synthesis, evaluating the phenotypic reversion of GRX, and the apoptosis in response to adenosine and/or TNF-α were analysed. Moreover, the regulation of extracellular levels of adenosine, as well as the presence of adenosine receptors were studied in cultured GRX. The effects of adenosine and/or TNF-α production of nitric oxide (NO) and activity and expression of gelatinases - MMP-9 and -2 -, both important mediators presents in liver fibrosis, were also target of this study. Our results show the presence of A2B receptor (A2BR) in GRX, and the regulation of extracellular hidrolysis of adenosine by TNF-α, through ecto-ADA activity improvement. Moreover, we demonstrate that extracellular adenosine does not modify the lipid synthesis in the GRX cells. The data still indicate that adenosine, at presence or absence of TNF-α, does not imply apoptosis, and that this cytokine does not induce the apoptotic bodies formation. The study shows that the production of NO was increased with TNF-α, with potentiation of this effect at the presence of adenosine, probably due to to A2BR, and not mediated by inosine, the product of adenosine hydrolysis. About the gelatinases, the treatment with adenosine decreases the MMP-9 activity in the absence, as well as in the presence of TNF-α, reversing the action of cytokine, at control group levels, with involvement of A2BR. However, the expression of MMP-9 was not affected by the treatment with adenosine, but the nucleoside reduces the effects of TNF-α on the expression of this gelatinase. About MMP-2, both treatment with adenosine and TNF-α, as well as the treatment with adenosine, in the presence of the cytokine, diminish the activity of gelatinase, without additive effects. The expression of MMP-2 mRNA increased in reponse to the treatments with adenosine and TNF-α, alone or in association, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms for the regulation of this enzyme. Our results clearly indicate that extracellular adenosine and TNF-α are involved in the regulation of NO production and actions of gelatinases. Moreover, this study demonstrated that adenosine do not act in phenotype conversion, through lipid synthesis, as well as do not stimulate apoptosis, toghether with TNF-α. This results and the existence of regulation of extracellular of adenosine in response to TNF-α further support that adenosine modulate some important aspects of HSC phisiology, maybe through A2B pathway.

Fibrose hepática é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de matriz extracelular fibrótica, cuja presença danifica as funções do fígado. Células estreladas hepáticas (HSCs) participam ativamente deste processo, modificando seu fenótipo quiescente, rico em lipídios no citoplasma, para o fenótipo ativado, em resposta ao insulto fibrogênico. A regressão do processo fibrótico pode, inclusive, estar relacionada com a apoptose das HSCs e também com sua reversão fenotípica, do estado ativado ao estado quiescente. Adenosina tem papel hepatoprotetor bem conhecido e medeia várias ações antiinflamatórias em diferentes tipos celulares e condições patológicas. TNF-α é uma citocina pró-inflamatória com importantes funções no início e perpetuação do processo fibrogênico. Tendo em vista o papel antiinflamatório da adenosina, este trabalho investigou, em linhagem de HSC em cultura - GRX -, as ações desse nucleosídeo em presença ou ausência dos sinais inflamatórios que acompanham o tratamento com TNF- α. Assim, foram analisados os efeitos da adenosina extracelular na síntese lipídica, avaliando a reversão fenotípica da GRX, e a apoptose em resposta à adenosina e/ou TNF-α. Além disso, a regulação dos níveis de adenosina extracelular, bem como a presença dos receptores de adenosina foram investigadas. O efeito de adenosina e/ou TNF-α sobre a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e atividade e expressão de gelatinases (MMP-9 e -2), ambos importantes mediadores na fibrose hepática, também foram alvo deste estudo. Nossos resultados mostram a presença do receptor de adenosina A2B (A2BR), e a regulação dos níveis extracelulares de adenosina por TNF-α, através do aumento da atividade ecto-adenosina deaminase. Além disso, demontramos que adenosina extracelular não modifica a síntese de lipídios nas células GRX. Os dados ainda indicam que adenosina, em presença ou ausência de TNF-α, não resulta em apoptose, e que esta citocina também não induz à formação de corpos apoptóticos nas células tratadas. O estudo mostra que a produção de NO foi aumentada com TNF-α, com potencialização deste efeito na presença de adenosina, provavelmente mediado pelo A2BR e não por inosina, produto da hidrólise de adenosina. Com relação às gelatinases, o tratamento com adenosina diminui a atividade de MMP-9 tanto em ausência, quanto em presença de TNF-α, revertendo a ação da citocina, a níveis de controle, com o envolvimento do receptor A2BR mediando os efeitos do nucleosídeo. No entanto, a expressão da MMP-9 não foi afetada pelo tratamento com adenosina, porém, o nucleosídeo diminui os efeitos de TNF-α sobre a expressão da gelatinase. Com relação à MMP-2, ambos tratamentos com adenosina e com TNF-α, bem como o tratamento com adenosina, em presença da citocina, diminuem a atividade da gelatinase, sem efeitos aditivos. A expressão do mRNA de MMP-2 aumentou em resposta aos tratamentos com adenosina e TNF-α, isolados ou em associação, indicando a presença de mecanismo pós-transcricional de regulação para MMP-2. Este trabalho mostra, claramente, que adenosina extracelular e TNF-α estão envolvidos na regulação da produção de NO e nas ações das gelatinases. Além disso, este estudo demonstrou que adenosina não atua através de conversão fenotípica via aumento da síntese de lipídios, bem como não estimula apoptose, junto com TNF-α. Estes resultados e a existência da regulação dos níveis de adenosina extracelular por TNF-α sugerem uma participação da adenosina em alguns aspectos importantes da fisiologia da.HSC, talvez via A2B. / Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by fibrotic matrix accumulation, which damage the liver functions. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) participate activelly of this process, modifying their quiescent phenotype, with the cytoplasm rich in lipid dropplets, to activated phenotype, in response to the fibrogenic insult. HSC can be responsible for the regression of fibrosis through mechanisms that involve their apoptosis, or even the phenotype reversion to quiscence. Adenosine has a well-know hepatoprotective role and mediates several anti-inflammatory actions in different cellular types and pathological conditions. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with important functions in the beginning and perpetuation of that fibrogenic process. In view the antiinflammatory role of adenosine, this work investigated, in cultured hepatic stellate cell line - GRX -, the actions of this nucleoside in the presence or absence of inflammatory signs that come with treatment with TNF-α. So, the effects of extracellular adenosine and/or TNF-α on the lipid synthesis, evaluating the phenotypic reversion of GRX, and the apoptosis in response to adenosine and/or TNF-α were analysed. Moreover, the regulation of extracellular levels of adenosine, as well as the presence of adenosine receptors were studied in cultured GRX. The effects of adenosine and/or TNF-α production of nitric oxide (NO) and activity and expression of gelatinases - MMP-9 and -2 -, both important mediators presents in liver fibrosis, were also target of this study. Our results show the presence of A2B receptor (A2BR) in GRX, and the regulation of extracellular hidrolysis of adenosine by TNF-α, through ecto-ADA activity improvement. Moreover, we demonstrate that extracellular adenosine does not modify the lipid synthesis in the GRX cells. The data still indicate that adenosine, at presence or absence of TNF-α, does not imply apoptosis, and that this cytokine does not induce the apoptotic bodies formation. The study shows that the production of NO was increased with TNF-α, with potentiation of this effect at the presence of adenosine, probably due to to A2BR, and not mediated by inosine, the product of adenosine hydrolysis. About the gelatinases, the treatment with adenosine decreases the MMP-9 activity in the absence, as well as in the presence of TNF-α, reversing the action of cytokine, at control group levels, with involvement of A2BR. However, the expression of MMP-9 was not affected by the treatment with adenosine, but the nucleoside reduces the effects of TNF-α on the expression of this gelatinase. About MMP-2, both treatment with adenosine and TNF-α, as well as the treatment with adenosine, in the presence of the cytokine, diminish the activity of gelatinase, without additive effects. The expression of MMP-2 mRNA increased in reponse to the treatments with adenosine and TNF-α, alone or in association, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms for the regulation of this enzyme. Our results clearly indicate that extracellular adenosine and TNF-α are involved in the regulation of NO production and actions of gelatinases. Moreover, this study demonstrated that adenosine do not act in phenotype conversion, through lipid synthesis, as well as do not stimulate apoptosis, toghether with TNF-α. This results and the existence of regulation of extracellular of adenosine in response to TNF-α further support that adenosine modulate some important aspects of HSC phisiology, maybe through A2B pathway.

Fibrose hepática é caracterizada pelo acúmulo de matriz extracelular fibrótica, cuja presença danifica as funções do fígado. Células estreladas hepáticas (HSCs) participam ativamente deste processo, modificando seu fenótipo quiescente, rico em lipídios no citoplasma, para o fenótipo ativado, em resposta ao insulto fibrogênico. A regressão do processo fibrótico pode, inclusive, estar relacionada com a apoptose das HSCs e também com sua reversão fenotípica, do estado ativado ao estado quiescente. Adenosina tem papel hepatoprotetor bem conhecido e medeia várias ações antiinflamatórias em diferentes tipos celulares e condições patológicas. TNF-α é uma citocina pró-inflamatória com importantes funções no início e perpetuação do processo fibrogênico. Tendo em vista o papel antiinflamatório da adenosina, este trabalho investigou, em linhagem de HSC em cultura - GRX -, as ações desse nucleosídeo em presença ou ausência dos sinais inflamatórios que acompanham o tratamento com TNF- α. Assim, foram analisados os efeitos da adenosina extracelular na síntese lipídica, avaliando a reversão fenotípica da GRX, e a apoptose em resposta à adenosina e/ou TNF-α. Além disso, a regulação dos níveis de adenosina extracelular, bem como a presença dos receptores de adenosina foram investigadas. O efeito de adenosina e/ou TNF-α sobre a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e atividade e expressão de gelatinases (MMP-9 e -2), ambos importantes mediadores na fibrose hepática, também foram alvo deste estudo. Nossos resultados mostram a presença do receptor de adenosina A2B (A2BR), e a regulação dos níveis extracelulares de adenosina por TNF-α, através do aumento da atividade ecto-adenosina deaminase. Além disso, demontramos que adenosina extracelular não modifica a síntese de lipídios nas células GRX. Os dados ainda indicam que adenosina, em presença ou ausência de TNF-α, não resulta em apoptose, e que esta citocina também não induz à formação de corpos apoptóticos nas células tratadas. O estudo mostra que a produção de NO foi aumentada com TNF-α, com potencialização deste efeito na presença de adenosina, provavelmente mediado pelo A2BR e não por inosina, produto da hidrólise de adenosina. Com relação às gelatinases, o tratamento com adenosina diminui a atividade de MMP-9 tanto em ausência, quanto em presença de TNF-α, revertendo a ação da citocina, a níveis de controle, com o envolvimento do receptor A2BR mediando os efeitos do nucleosídeo. No entanto, a expressão da MMP-9 não foi afetada pelo tratamento com adenosina, porém, o nucleosídeo diminui os efeitos de TNF-α sobre a expressão da gelatinase. Com relação à MMP-2, ambos tratamentos com adenosina e com TNF-α, bem como o tratamento com adenosina, em presença da citocina, diminuem a atividade da gelatinase, sem efeitos aditivos. A expressão do mRNA de MMP-2 aumentou em resposta aos tratamentos com adenosina e TNF-α, isolados ou em associação, indicando a presença de mecanismo pós-transcricional de regulação para MMP-2. Este trabalho mostra, claramente, que adenosina extracelular e TNF-α estão envolvidos na regulação da produção de NO e nas ações das gelatinases. Além disso, este estudo demonstrou que adenosina não atua através de conversão fenotípica via aumento da síntese de lipídios, bem como não estimula apoptose, junto com TNF-α. Estes resultados e a existência da regulação dos níveis de adenosina extracelular por TNF-α sugerem uma participação da adenosina em alguns aspectos importantes da fisiologia da.HSC, talvez via A2B. / Hepatic fibrosis is characterized by fibrotic matrix accumulation, which damage the liver functions. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) participate activelly of this process, modifying their quiescent phenotype, with the cytoplasm rich in lipid dropplets, to activated phenotype, in response to the fibrogenic insult. HSC can be responsible for the regression of fibrosis through mechanisms that involve their apoptosis, or even the phenotype reversion to quiscence. Adenosine has a well-know hepatoprotective role and mediates several anti-inflammatory actions in different cellular types and pathological conditions. TNF-α is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with important functions in the beginning and perpetuation of that fibrogenic process. In view the antiinflammatory role of adenosine, this work investigated, in cultured hepatic stellate cell line - GRX -, the actions of this nucleoside in the presence or absence of inflammatory signs that come with treatment with TNF-α. So, the effects of extracellular adenosine and/or TNF-α on the lipid synthesis, evaluating the phenotypic reversion of GRX, and the apoptosis in response to adenosine and/or TNF-α were analysed. Moreover, the regulation of extracellular levels of adenosine, as well as the presence of adenosine receptors were studied in cultured GRX. The effects of adenosine and/or TNF-α production of nitric oxide (NO) and activity and expression of gelatinases - MMP-9 and -2 -, both important mediators presents in liver fibrosis, were also target of this study. Our results show the presence of A2B receptor (A2BR) in GRX, and the regulation of extracellular hidrolysis of adenosine by TNF-α, through ecto-ADA activity improvement. Moreover, we demonstrate that extracellular adenosine does not modify the lipid synthesis in the GRX cells. The data still indicate that adenosine, at presence or absence of TNF-α, does not imply apoptosis, and that this cytokine does not induce the apoptotic bodies formation. The study shows that the production of NO was increased with TNF-α, with potentiation of this effect at the presence of adenosine, probably due to to A2BR, and not mediated by inosine, the product of adenosine hydrolysis. About the gelatinases, the treatment with adenosine decreases the MMP-9 activity in the absence, as well as in the presence of TNF-α, reversing the action of cytokine, at control group levels, with involvement of A2BR. However, the expression of MMP-9 was not affected by the treatment with adenosine, but the nucleoside reduces the effects of TNF-α on the expression of this gelatinase. About MMP-2, both treatment with adenosine and TNF-α, as well as the treatment with adenosine, in the presence of the cytokine, diminish the activity of gelatinase, without additive effects. The expression of MMP-2 mRNA increased in reponse to the treatments with adenosine and TNF-α, alone or in association, suggesting post-transcriptional mechanisms for the regulation of this enzyme. Our results clearly indicate that extracellular adenosine and TNF-α are involved in the regulation of NO production and actions of gelatinases. Moreover, this study demonstrated that adenosine do not act in phenotype conversion, through lipid synthesis, as well as do not stimulate apoptosis, toghether with TNF-α. This results and the existence of regulation of extracellular of adenosine in response to TNF-α further support that adenosine modulate some important aspects of HSC phisiology, maybe through A2B pathway.

No description available.

No description available.

La polyarthrite rhumatoïde (PR) est une maladie auto-immunitaire touchant environ 1% de la population mondiale. Elle représente l'une des formes d'arthrite les plus sévères parmi plus de cent formes diagnostiquées à ce jour. Malheureusement, l'étiologie de cette maladie n'est pas encore connue et il n'existe aucun traitement curatif. Cette pathologie dégénérative est caractérisée par l'inflammation et l'hypertrophie de la membrane synoviale causant des dommages irréversibles à plusieurs articulations tels que la destruction du cartilage et l'érosion des os. Plusieurs molécules participent au développement de cette affection, notamment des facteurs de croissance, des métalloprotéinases ainsi que des cytokines. De celles-ci, le TNF[alpha] est l'une des plus importantes. En effet, il a été démontré que cette cytokine pro-inflammatoire puissante est essentielle dans la pathogenèse de la PR. Pour ce faire, le TNF[alpha] transmembranaire doit être clivé par la TACE pour générer sa forme soluble et active. Donc, la TACE, via son action protéolytique sur le TNF[alpha], est impliquée dans la progression de la PR. De plus, il a été démontré que cette protéase transmembranaire est induite au niveau des articulations arthritiques et que l'inhibition de cette enzyme diminue les symptômes chez les rats atteints d'arthrite. Ceci en fait donc une cible thérapeutique intéressante, d'où l'importance de comprendre sa régulation et son mode d'action. Afin d'étudier la régulation de la TACE en conditions inflammatoires, nous avons choisi deux agents importants dans le développement de la PR. On sait depuis longtemps que l'hypoxie, soit le manque d'oxygène, est une condition souvent présente au niveau des articulations arthritiques et que ces dernières sont caractérisées par des concentrations élevées de TNF[alpha]. Nous avons donc testé l'influence de ces deux stimuli sur la modulation de l'ARN messager de la TACE chez les deux principaux types cellulaires composant la membrane synoviale, soit les macrophages (synoviocytes de type A) et les synoviocytes de type B. Nous avons démontré, par RT-PCR, que l'hypoxie et le TNF[alpha] induisent l'accumulation de l'ARN messager de la TACE et que ces inductions sont dépendantes de la synthèse de l'ARN. De plus, nous avons établi que ces inductions au niveau de l'ARN messager corrèlent avec l'accumulation de la protéine TACE et l'augmentation de son activité protéolytique chez les synoviocytes de type B stimulés par le TNF[alpha] et en condition hypoxique. Nous avons ensuite cloné le promoteur de la TACE dans le vecteur d'expression pGL2 dans le but d'effectuer des essais luciférase afin d'étudier les mécanismes transcriptionnels régissant la régulation de la TACE. Nous avons démontré, grâce à cette technique, que l'hypoxie augmente l'activité du promoteur de la TACE via l'induction de la liaison du facteur de transcription HIF-1 à deux sites HRE contenus dans ce promoteur. D'un autre côté, même si l'induction régie par le TNF[alpha] requiert en partie la présence du HIF-1, elle est principalement dépendante du facteur de transcription NF-[kappa]B. Finalement, nous avons vérifié l'effet de l'anti-inflammatoire dexaméthasone, souvent utilisé pour traiter la PR, au niveau de la régulation de la TACE et nous avons découvert que ce glucocorticoïde a un effet inhibiteur sur l'activité du promoteur de la TACE. Ces résultats indiquent que l'hypoxie et le TNF[alpha], deux conditions présentes chez les articulations arthritiques, sont impliqués dans la régulation à la hausse de la TACE et, par conséquent, augmentent la disponibilité du TNF[alpha] soluble, une cytokine pro-inflammatoire importante dans l'amplification de la réponse inflammatoire.

Endothelial activation is considered to be an early and critical event in the pathology of atherogenesis which can be modified by environmental factors such as diet, pollutants, and lifestyle habits. Dietary andamp;ugrave;-6 and andamp;ugrave;-3 fatty acids have been reported to either amplify or diminish inflammatory responses related to atherosclerosis development. However, the interactions of andamp;ugrave;-6 and andamp;ugrave;-3 fatty acids with inflammatory cytokines or organic pollutants on endothelial cell activation are not well understood. The studies presented in this dissertation tested the hypothesis that andamp;ugrave;-6 and andamp;ugrave;-3 fatty acids alone, or in varying ratios can differently modulate pro-atherogenic mediators and inflammatory responses that are initiated by tumor necrosis factor- andamp;aacute; (TNF-andamp;aacute;) or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in endothelial cells. Exposure to TNF-andamp;aacute; induced oxidative stress, p38 MAPK, NF-andamp;ecirc;B, COX-2 and PGE2, which was amplified by pre-enrichment with linoleic acid but blocked or reduced by andamp;aacute;-linolenic acid. Furthermore, TNF-andamp;aacute;-induced caveolin-1 up-regulation and the co-localization of TNF receptor-1 with caveolin-1 was markedly increased in the presence of linoleic acid and diminished by andamp;aacute;-linolenic acid. Silencing of the caveolin-1 gene completely blocked TNF-andamp;aacute;-induced production of COX-2 and PGE2 and significantly reduced the amplified response of linoleic acid plus TNF-andamp;aacute;. These data suggest that omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids can differentially modulate TNF-andamp;aacute;-induced inflammatory stimuli and that caveolae and its fatty acid composition play a regulatory role in these observed metabolic events. Besides cytokines, lipophilic environmental contaminants such as PCBs can also trigger inflammatory events in endothelial cells. Our data suggest that increasing the relative amount of andamp;aacute;-linolenic acid to linoleic acid can markedly decrease oxidative stress and NF-andamp;ecirc;B-responsive genes. The inhibitor study revealed that the modulation effect of andamp;ugrave;-6 and andamp;ugrave;-3 fatty acids on PCB toxicity was mainly through the oxidative stress sensitive transcription factor, NF-andamp;ecirc;B. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate that different dietary fats can selectively modulate vascular cytotoxicity caused by TNF-andamp;aacute; as well as by persistent organic pollutants such as PCBs. We also demonstrated the important relevance of substituting dietary andamp;ugrave;-3 fatty acids such as andamp;aacute;-linolenic acid for andamp;ugrave;-6 fatty acid such as linoleic acid in reducing cardiovascular diseases.