Thesis (Ph. D.)--Washington State University, May 2007. / Includes bibliographical references.

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Whilst the metabolic responses to submaximal exercise have been relatively well documented little information is available relating to maximal exercise. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the physiological and metabolic responses to sprint running exercise, with the objective being to contribute to both the understanding of those factors which underlie or determine performance and also to the current understanding of intermediate metabolism in man during exercise. A laboratory-based running test was developed using a non-motorised treadmill, which allowed the simultaneous examination of performance and the associated changes in muscle metabolism during sprint exercise. This test was sensitive enough to monitor the differences in performance between individuals with varying training backgrounds and to monitor the changes in performance within the same group of individuals resulting from a short period of training.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Sociais, Departamento de Sociologia, 2008. / Submitted by Jaqueline Ferreira de Souza (jaquefs.braz@gmail.com) on 2009-09-09T19:39:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_MagdaSPCosta.pdf: 3996847 bytes, checksum: 9dff279eea682c04abcbc35c806fe59d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2009-10-05T16:13:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_MagdaSPCosta.pdf: 3996847 bytes, checksum: 9dff279eea682c04abcbc35c806fe59d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-10-05T16:13:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_MagdaSPCosta.pdf: 3996847 bytes, checksum: 9dff279eea682c04abcbc35c806fe59d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-07 / Esta tese examina o poder local em Arraias, Tocantins, e descreve a dinâmica política e social vigente no município. Conforme argumento, trata-se de um município que, mesmo ao viver mudanças seculares, evidencia formas análogas ao que Max Weber descreve como os domínios tradicional e racional-legal e legitimadas pelo recurso de diferentes ordens sociais, a saber: a religiosa, a patriarcal, a da reciprocidade, a político-partidária e a governamental. A base de dados é constituída por informações históricas, etnográficas e estatísticas e por um trabalho de campo que abrange a sede do município tocantinense de Arraias, como também o distrito da Canabrava e o povoado do Mimoso. A partir da análise deste conjunto de dados, concluo que em Arraias o poder local é exercido pelos fazendeiros, normalmente políticos, oriundos de linhagens tradicionais que utilizam as diferentes ordens sociais para legitimar o seu domínio sobre a sociedade local. Também enfatizo como, a despeito de tal continuidade política, a Arraias de hoje exibe uma paradoxal dinâmica de transição na qual a mesma sociedade que convive com a cultura da tradicionalidade busca adequar-se à normatização imposta pelo domínio racional-legal moderno. O resultado, argumento, é um movimento reflexivo e marcado por uma consciência crescente da responsabilidade individual e coletiva em promover a utonomia, a liberdade e a democracia. Para compreender estas relações de domínio, retorno à teoria de dominação e poder de Max Weber. Para descrever e evidenciar a instrumentalização do espaço sagrado, as diferentes trocas materiais e simbólicas e as formas pelas quais eleições e ações do Legislativo, Executivo e Judiciário se legitimam no cotidiano do município, também recorro a outros conceitos referentes à dádiva, ao patriarcalismo, ao catolicismo romanizado e rústico, ao sistema eleitoral e ao sistema governamental. Finalizo examinando as festas, em especial as oficiais e religiosas nas quais diferentes trocas geram uma sacralização do político e concomitante profanação do religioso. Nessa relação, argumento, políticos, religiosos, fazendeiros e linhagens utilizam meios modernizados de negociação e reciprocidade para perpetuar uma tradição de exercício do poder sobre a sociedade arraiana. Entretanto, foram verificadas mudanças que têm se afirmado e fortalecido nas últimas décadas. Dentre elas, a atuação mais vigorosa das esferas legislativa e judiciária, a utilização constante das normas constitucionais em prol da cidadania e a maior conscientização da sociedade civil. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This thesis examines the local power in Arraias, a municipality in the Brazilian state of Tocantins, with the objective of identifying its social and political dynamics. In it, I argue that the municipality, even as it undergoes secular changes, it evidences analogous forms what Max Weber describes as the traditional and the rational-legal dominations - are legitimized through the instrumentation of various social orders, namely: the religious, the patriarchal, the reciprocal, the politico-partisan and the gubernatorial. The database consists of historical, ethnographic and statistical information and of fieldwork which covers not only the municipal seat of Arraias, Tocantins, but also the district of Canabrava and the town of Mimoso. By analyzing this data, I conclude that power is exercised in Arraias by local farmers, usually politicians and members of traditional lineages who use the different social orders to legitimize their domination of the local society. I also emphasize how, despite this political continuity, Arraias today displays a paradoxical and transitional cultural dynamic where the same society which lives with traditionalist culture seeks to adapt itself to the normalization imposed by the modern rational and legal field. The result, I argue, is a reflexive movement marked by a growing consciousness of the individual and collective responsibility to promote independence, freedom and democracy. To understand these relationships of domination, I resort to Max Weber’s theories of domination and power. To evidence and describe the instrumentation of sacred space, the various material and symbolic exchanges used to legitimize both elections and different types of Executive, Legislative and Judicial action, I resort to concepts related to the gift, patriarchy, rustic Roman Catholicism and electoral and governance systems. I conclude examining the festivities – especially religious and official festivities in which different exchanges lead to a sacredization of the political along with a simultaneous desecration of religious. In this regard, I argue, politicians and clergy, farmers and their lineages, all use modernized means of negotiation and reciprocity to perpetuate their traditional exercise of power over the society of Arraias. However, changes have been established and strengthened itself in recent decades, including the performance of more vigorous legislative and judicial spheres, the constant use of constitutional rules in favor of citizenship and the greatest civil society awareness.

This study is concerned with children's anxiety regarding school attendance of which school phobia is the most extreme form. A literature cull identified features believed to typify the school phobics pattern of anxiety and these were included in a battery of instruments administered to a random sample of 225 boys and 261 girls between the ages of 11 and 16 years. This battery was also administered to a sample of 30 clinically defined school phobic boys and 19 school phobic girls. Four groups, validated by a series of Discriminant Function Analyses, emerged in this study. These groups are taken to represent a continuum of anxiety relating to school attendance from severe to anxiety free. Evidence is adduced for the need to evaluate boys and girls data separately. The groups were found to differ for both boys and girls in terms of age and ability but not social class or the number of other fears experienced though slight differences in the nature of fears emerged. Overall the girls groups more commonly reported fears. Difficulties with friendships emerged as highly significant. However there were sex differences in the importance of the age and sex of friends variables and in whether the friends come from the childs own school. Differences also emerged on a specially created Vulnerability in School measure but not on a General Satisfaction with School scale. Sociometric data reliably discriminates among the groups for both boys and girls though generally did not appear to have an impact on favoured spare time activity. The school avoidance strategy of pretending to be sick did not prove to be significant though recourse to truancy did - especially among the boys. Additionally, significantly more sleep and nighttime problems are revealed among the more anxious groups for both boys and girls. The significance of these and associated other findings are analysed and a tentative model of the anxious childs' situation in terms of theories of Stress and Gaping nominated as furnishing a possible synthesis.

The purpose of this study is to ascertain the essential elements of Response to Intervention programs among 150 high performing Title I schools with high rates of poverty as measured by free/reduced lunch participation rates. Response to Intervention (RTI) is a nationally-known instructional model used to assist students who are struggling to obtain or maintain grade-level equivalency in reading and math. This study focused on reading, as this subject is the one most targeted in schools for full intervention supports. This study utilized a quantitative research approach, which included examining and rank ordering data supplied by the Missouri Department of Elementary and Secondary Education. The study used a survey instrument to determine how frequently instructional coaches in fifty selected districts used program elements. The research revealed that the most effective RTI model is a fully implemented one. The goal of this study is to inform districts of the most powerful elements of the RTI model in order to meet the learning needs of struggling students in reading.

《鍼經指南》為元代竇默，字漢卿，所著。其所記載的鍼刺手法上承《黃帝內經》、《難經》，下啟《金鍼賦》、《玉龍歌》、《鍼灸大成》等，為鍼刺手法發展史上里程碑，亦是後世各種複式手法發展的啟蒙。 本文通過對《鍼經指南》相關鍼刺手法的篇章進行整理，從＂呼吸補瀉＂、＂燃轉補瀉＂、＂提插補瀉＂、＂迎隨補瀉＂、＂寒熱補瀉＂，及＂手指補瀉十四法＂等方面展開分析，分別探討《鍼經指南》的學術淵源和《鍼經指南》對元明時期鍼刺手法發展的影響。最後將相關醫家觀點與《鍼經指南》中鍼刺手法理論進行對比分析，討論其異同點。 通過資料整理，學術思想的對比分析，筆者總結《鍼經指南》對鍼刺手法理論主要貢獻是：1.提出調息治神法﹔ 2.熱補涼瀉復合補瀉手法﹔ 3.＂提鍼豆許＂手法技巧﹔ 4.＂瀉南補北＂迎隨補瀉理論。元代與明代主要鍼灸醫家的手法技巧和鍼刺理論均從《鍼經指南》的內容中發展與推衍出來。 根據研究結果顯示，鍼刺手法自《鍼經指南》后空前發展。鍼刺補瀉理論體系更加完善，手法操作更加繁複。符合由簡而繁的事物發展規律。此外，後世醫家在臨床實踐中將《鍼經指南》的鍼刺手法理論與當代文化思想結合并產生新的鍼刺手法及鍼刺理論，從另一方面體現了理論與實踐相結合的哲學思想。 關鍵詞：誠刺手法﹔《鍼經指南》﹔竇漢卿