<p>Analiza frekvencije saobraćajnih nezgoda predstavlja važan predmet<br />istraživanja mnogih autora. Jedno od ključnih pitanja koje se<br />postavlja pred upravljača puta je gde da prvo deluje, odnosno koje<br />deonica puta treba da se tretiraju kako bi se postigao željeni nivo<br />pouzdanosti određenog puta. Disertacija pokazuje da se teorija<br />pouzdanosti sistema može koristiti za analizu frekvencija<br />saobraćajnih nezgoda. Nakon analize frekvencije saobraćajnih<br />nezgoda, sledeći korak predstavlja primena teorije realokacije<br />pouzdanosti. Predloženi modeli razvijeni su za izbor deonica za<br />tretman na osnovu precizno definisanog povećanja nivoa pouzdanosti<br />određenog puta.</p> / <p>Analysis of traffic accident frequency represents an important subject of<br />research of many authors. One of the essential questions placed before a<br />road authority is where to act first, i.e. which road sections should be treated<br />in order to achieve the desired level of reliability. Dissertation shows that the<br />system reliability theory can be used to analyze traffic accident frequency.<br />After analysis of the traffic accident frequency, further step is application of<br />the reliability reallocation theory Tools have been developed for selecting<br />road sections for treatment on the basis of a precisely defined increase in the<br />level of reliability of a particular road.</p>

Depuis l’apparition de l’automobile, l’action du conducteur est mise en avant comme l’une des principales causes de l’insécurité routière. Or, la recherche en accidentologie montre que la conduite est une activité plus complexe qu'il n'y paraît, le conducteur n'étant qu'un opérateur final, intervenant à la jonction de composantes qu’il n'a pas toujours la capacité de maîtriser . En effet, l’accident résulte d’un dysfonctionnement dans l’interaction des éléments d’un système articulé qui comprend l’environnement routier, le véhicule et l’intervenant humain. Ainsi, il est possible de trouver, très en amont du choc, des faits ayant contribué à la mise en place de la situation accidentogène. Le conducteur doit en permanence ajuster son activité à l’environnement dans lequel il évolue et faire face à des situations conflictuelles. Pourtant, cette complexité est rarement prise en compte dans l’appréciation des faits . Lorsqu'il est question d'accident de la circulation, tout un chacun a fortement tendance à raisonner en termes de responsabilité et de faute, attribuable à tel ou tel protagoniste, notamment, celui qui se trouve en première ligne : le conducteur. Or, la notion de faute du conducteur reste une notion ambigüe dans la mesure où elle se présente d’une part comme un fait, générateur d’un dommage causé à autrui (et imputable à la conduite du sujet de droit), et d’autre part comme une qualité de ce fait, résultant de l’appréciation portée par un juge (le manquement à la norme). Ainsi, il est demandé au juge d’apprécier dans chaque cas d’espèce le caractère à risque des situations auxquelles sont confrontés les conducteurs. Les indices élaborés en accidentologie, sur la base de connaissances et de vérités de type scientifique, permettent théoriquement d’établir des constats qui reflètent la réalité des faits et aident les juges dans l’appréciation des événements soumis à leur examen. Ainsi, dans chaque cas, le risque inhérent à la circulation routière rend nécessaire une relecture fine du comportement erroné ou fautif du conducteur.Le travail présenté ici ne s’intéressera qu’accessoirement à la question de savoir si le conducteur est « fautif » ou « responsable ». Notre interrogation portera plutôt sur les moyens de faire évoluer la situation juridique du conducteur et de permettre au juge d’appréhender à la fois le pouvoir et les moyens dont le conducteur dispose potentiellement mais aussi les difficultés inhérentes à l’activité de conduite.La thèse mobilise les compétences en droit civil et en droit pénal pour dresser un bilan des textes applicables, de la doctrine, et de la jurisprudence qui aborde les questions telles que les circonstances contributives à l’accident, mettant en jeu différents facteurs. La forte évolution de l'utilisation des véhicules au cours des dernières décennies appelle la mise en œuvre de mesures juridiques ciblées qui s'appuient sur les résultats de la recherche en accidentologie, notamment celle qui analyse le comportement du conducteur en le resituant dans un système d’une grande complexité. / For many decades, the problem of road safety was primarily focused on drivers behaviour. Further studies in accident research show that driving is a complex activity; the driver is only the final regulatory mechanism that cannot always be controlled. Accidents result from different malfunctions within different interactions of these following elements : humans, vehicles and road environments. The malfunctions can be predictable. The situations governing the accidents can be related back to occurrences prior to their happening. Often the legal complications of an accident result from varying proportions of fault. Factors might include conditions in the general atmosphere of the occurrence. Implications of fact can also be qualified differently depending on the level of driving skills of people involved.The range of participants in legal proceedings spans private and public figures as well as legal advisors. These partakers must determine levels of fault and thus help direct judgment. The thesis herein is intended to mobilize experts in several areas of law: criminal law, civil law and labor law. Research sources for this writing were primarily public court records related to accidents, as well as the minutes and recorded details of accident studies done by IFSTTAR. Further resources include research of experts in the field of accidentology, including assessments of expert studies by IFSTTAR.

The requirement to operate vehicles in low light and/or night environments whilst wearing night vision goggle (NVG) systems has become increasingly common during military operations. There is very limited research investigating injury risks associated with these systems during ground vehicle collisions. This study examined the injury risks associated with wearing the Australian Defence Force - Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH) and NVG system, in frontal vehicle collisions. This project consisted of two components: (1) crash tests using a sled and (2) numerical simulations of impacts. Four dynamic sled tests were conducted using a 50th percentile, male, Hybrid III dummy positioned on a rigid seat. Frontal impact tests were performed at a 40 km/h change in velocity (*v) and 20 g deceleration. The test configurations were as follows: (a) Base; (no helmet or additional equipment); (b) ECH; and, (c) ECH and NVG. Condition (c) was carried out twice, to determine repeatability. The sled test protocols were reconstructed precisely with the numerical simulation package MADYMO and the simulations were shown to correlate well with the experimental results. Using this validated model, four parametric studies were undertaken to assess the influence of counterweights, seat cushion, seatbelt pre-tensioner, and the vehicle's *v and acceleration on injury risks. The study found that neck loads were within acceptable limits, with the exception of the neck extension moment, which was exceeded for all NVG conditions. Based on the parametric studies, no major improvements were observed in the neck extension moments with the use of counterweights or a seat cushion. In contrast the use of a seatbelt pre-tensioner was observed to decrease greatly this neck injury risk in certain scenarios. The study also identified that a *v of 15 km/h and peak acceleration of up to 14 g were required to keep the neck extension moment below the prescribed injury criteria. However, the high neck extension moment values may have been partially attributable to the stiff Hybrid III neck. This study identified a possible injury mechanism for soldiers using the ECH and NVG system during specific impact scenarios. The method applied in this project was designed to be repeatable.

The requirement to operate vehicles in low light and/or night environments whilst wearing night vision goggle (NVG) systems has become increasingly common during military operations. There is very limited research investigating injury risks associated with these systems during ground vehicle collisions. This study examined the injury risks associated with wearing the Australian Defence Force - Enhanced Combat Helmet (ECH) and NVG system, in frontal vehicle collisions. This project consisted of two components: (1) crash tests using a sled and (2) numerical simulations of impacts. Four dynamic sled tests were conducted using a 50th percentile, male, Hybrid III dummy positioned on a rigid seat. Frontal impact tests were performed at a 40 km/h change in velocity (*v) and 20 g deceleration. The test configurations were as follows: (a) Base; (no helmet or additional equipment); (b) ECH; and, (c) ECH and NVG. Condition (c) was carried out twice, to determine repeatability. The sled test protocols were reconstructed precisely with the numerical simulation package MADYMO and the simulations were shown to correlate well with the experimental results. Using this validated model, four parametric studies were undertaken to assess the influence of counterweights, seat cushion, seatbelt pre-tensioner, and the vehicle's *v and acceleration on injury risks. The study found that neck loads were within acceptable limits, with the exception of the neck extension moment, which was exceeded for all NVG conditions. Based on the parametric studies, no major improvements were observed in the neck extension moments with the use of counterweights or a seat cushion. In contrast the use of a seatbelt pre-tensioner was observed to decrease greatly this neck injury risk in certain scenarios. The study also identified that a *v of 15 km/h and peak acceleration of up to 14 g were required to keep the neck extension moment below the prescribed injury criteria. However, the high neck extension moment values may have been partially attributable to the stiff Hybrid III neck. This study identified a possible injury mechanism for soldiers using the ECH and NVG system during specific impact scenarios. The method applied in this project was designed to be repeatable.

This dissertation focuses on the field of psychosocial counselling intended for the people involved in traffic accidents. Traffic accidents often result in considerable whole-society damages and significant reduction in the life quality of affected individuals or their relatives. Traffic accidents may often represent nerve-racking, traumatic events which significantly go beyond the scope of common human experience. People involved in traffic accidents may suffer from mental problems which might impair an area of their social functioning. As a result, traffic accidents have significant impact not only to the lives of persons directly involved, but also to their relatives. Victims´ self-help may fail and, without the expert intervention, may lead to the whole-life misery. One of possible ways of how to help the people involved in the traffic accident is the psychosocial counselling which is the subject of this dissertation. This thesis, among others, aims to analyse the offer of psychosocial consulting services intended for traffic accident participants in the town of České Budějovice. To this end, the combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques, questionnaire survey of experts and organizations and semi-standardized interviews with experts operating in České Budějovice were carried out. Other goals of the thesis included mapping of public awareness concerning the possible utilization of psychosocial counselling for traffic accident participants in České Budějovice, as well as, mapping the interest in using such services on the public{\crq}s part in this town. A public questionnaire survey was performed to reach these objectives. The findings revealed that there is a public demand for services of an organization providing the people involved in traffic accidents with psychosocial counselling. The public awareness of the possibility of using psychosocial counselling in this area, however, proved to be low in České Budějovice. The survey has also shown that the offer of psychosocial counselling focused on traffic accident participants does exist in this town. The dissertation may contribute to higher awareness of not only the professional employees who provide the assistance (psychologists, social workers, non-profit organization employees, physicians, police officers, fire fighters), students of humanities and volunteers involved in giving psychosocial assistance to the victims of disasters, but also of those people involved in traffic accidents whom anyone of us may become.

A dissertação tem por objetivo caracterizar as fontes de dados sobre acidentes de trânsito existentes em um município de grande porte (Porto Alegre-RS) visando o desenvolvimento e a implantação de um sistema de vigilância epidemiológica de lesões e mortes no trânsito. Para tanto, foi elaborado um modelo conceitual a partir da definição de Acidentes de Transporte Terrestre (ATT) e seus fatores determinantes, de modo a identificar oportunidades de registro das informações. Foram considerados aspectos relacionados à estrutura, processos, fluxos de informações geradas, e atores envolvidos na produção e utilização das mesmas. Partindo deste modelo e da definição de sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica, as fontes de dados foram descritas quanto as variáveis: lugar, pessoa e tempo, definição de caso, objetivos, descrição de componentes e funcionamento (população alvo, forma, método e tempo de coleta, armazenamento e transferência de dados); frequência de análise dos dados; a quem são destinadas e a forma de divulgação das informações; as intervenções às quais estão vinculadas e a possibilidade de identificação dos fatores de risco para acidentes de trânsito. Além disto, partindo do referencial teórico para estruturação de sistemas de vigilância epidemiológica de acidentes da OMS/CDC, foram identificadas potencialidades e limitações dos dados disponíveis nas diferentes fontes para vigilância de ATT. Foram estudadas seis fontes de dados: Sistema de Informação Sobre Mortalidade, Sistema de Internação Hospitalar Descentralizado, Inquérito de Violências e Acidentes em Serviços Sentinela de Urgência e Emergência da Vigilância de Violências e Acidentes, Sistema de Atendimento Pré-Hospitalar do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, Cadastro de Acidentes de Trânsito da Empresa Pública de Transporte e Circulação de Porto Alegre, e Sistema de Informações Policiais da Secretaria de Segurança Pública do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com os responsáveis técnicos pelas bases de dados e análise de material documental disponível. O artigo descreve a forma de processamento, análise e divulgação dos dados, a utilidade e vinculação das informações em relação a processos decisórios e a identificação de fatores de risco para acidentes de trânsito. A descrição operacional das fontes dados, a caracterização das variáveis e a identificação de potencialidades e limitações para vigilância de ATT foram apresentadas como detalhes metodológicos adicionais. O estudo demonstrou que a coleta de dados primários ou secundários depende da oportunidade de acesso ao evento e o processamento, análise e divulgação das informações obedecem a atribuições e objetivos setoriais. Quanto à utilidade das informações e a vinculação dessas com processos decisórios, no setor saúde, estão voltadas para o planejamento e a gestão dos serviços. Nos órgãos de segurança e trânsito, para a segurança pública e viária, planejamento educação e engenharia de trânsito. Há escassez de dados relacionados à cena do acidente e a trajetória da vítima. A totalidade das informações produzidas pelas fontes estudadas caracteriza parcialmente os eventos, muitas vezes, não apontando a dinâmica do evento, quem foram os envolvidos e os fatores de risco associados de forma a auxiliar na determinação e causalidade e direcionar medidas de prevenção e controle. Tais resultados indicam a importância da qualificação dos dados primários coletados na cena do acidente e a padronização dos dados em relação a conceitos e terminologias. Para auxiliar na determinação de causalidade, apontar fatores de risco e subsidiar a tomada de decisão em saúde é fundamental à integração, relacionamento e compartilhamento de dados bem como análise multidisciplinar dos eventos. / The aim of this thesis is to characterize the sources of data on existing traffic accidents in a large municipality (Porto Alegre, Brazil) in order to develop and implement a system of epidemiological surveillance of injuries and deaths from traffic accidents. To do so, a conceptual model from the definition of Land Transport Accidents (LTAs) and its determining factors were prepared in order to identify opportunities of information records. Aspects related to structure, processes, generated information flows, and actors involved in their production were considered. On the basis of this model and the definition of epidemiological surveillance systems, the sources of data were described according to the variables: place, person, and time; definition of case; objectives; description of components and functioning (target population, form, methods, and time of collection, storage, and transfer of data); frequency of analysis of data; to whom the information is addressed as well as its form of dissemination; interventions to which the information is linked; and the possibility of identifying the risk factors for road traffic accidents. In addition, based on the theoretical framework for organization of systems of epidemiological surveillance of accidents of WHO/CDC, both potentialities and limitations on the data available in the different sources for surveillance of LTAs were identified. Six sources of data were studied: Mortality Information System, Decentralized Hospitalization System, Investigation of Acts of Violence and Accidents in the Sentinela (Sentinel) Urgency and Emergency Services of VIVA (Surveillance System for Acts of Violence and Accidents), System of Pre-Hospital Care of SAMU (Mobile Emergency Care Service), Records of Traffic Accidents of EPTC (Government-owned Corporation for Transport and Traffic in Porto Alegre), and System of Police Information of the Secretariat for Public Security in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Data were collected by means of both semi-structured interviews with technicians responsible for the databases and documented material available. The article describes the form of processing, analysis and dissemination of data, utility and linking of information in relation to the processes of decision-making, and the identification of risk factor for road traffic accidents. The operational description of the source of data, the characterization of variables, and the identification of potentialities as well as the limitations on the surveillance of LTAs were presented as additional methodological details. The study showed that the collection of primary or secondary data depends on the opportunity to access the event and the processing, analysis and dissemination of information obey tasks and sectorial objectives. The usefulness of the information and its relation to the processes of decision-making in the health sector are related to the planning and management of services. In the agencies for security and traffic, they are related to public and road safety, planning, education, and traffic engineering. There is shortage of data related to the scene of the accident and the victim's course. All information produced by the study partially characterizes the events, often not pointing the dynamics of the event, who the involved were, and the associated risk factors, in order to help in determination and causality, and to direct both prevention and control measures. These results indicate the importance of the classification of the primary data collected at the scene of the accident and the standardization of data regarding concepts and terminology. In order to help determine causality, identify risk factors, and support the decision-making in health, record linkage, and data sharing as well as the multidisciplinary analysis of the events are essential to integration.

The goal of this diploma thesis is to introduce urgent and follow-up precautions in case of leakage of chlorine - simulated accident of vehicle transporting chlorine. The major objective of this study is to analyse the risk of chlorine-transport for people with the aid of available simulation programme and to specify urgent and follow-up precautions. The next part of this study is to investigate the knowledgeability of people. The theoretical part of this study is systematical structured into a number of chapters and worked out on the basis of available legislative regulations, literature and internet sources. At first basic legislation of transport of dangerous substances is described, from the european, as well as national perspective. The next chapter deals with transport of dangerous substances, danger classes of these substances, their labeling in transport, as well as labeling of transport units. The following chapter is devoted to aspects of an accident in case of transporting of dangerous substances. This chapter demonstrates an accident with leakage of dangerous substance, its impact, escape of this substance and its spread. Further the sources and risks of transportation of dangerous substances and accident rate in this transport are described. The next chapter deals with the specific dangerous substance - chlorine. It is aimed at physico-chemical characters of chlorine, its history and its current utilisation, its effect on human health, on environment and first aid in case of contact. At the end urgent and follow-up precautions in case of an accident inkl. leakage of chlorine. The empirical part of this study is devoted to two basic research questions. Qualitative, as well as quantitative methods of research were used to answers these questions. The empirical part is devided into two major chapters. The primary purpose of this study is to simulate an accident of vehicle transporting chlorine with the aid of the programme TerEx and to determine its impact on people and surrounding. The first question was to analyse the potential dangerous for people and surroundings in case of an accident with chlorine. For this purpose the town České Budějovice was used. First the transport of liquid chlorine in small containers in the Czech Republic was analysed focusing on the southbohemian region and especially the regional city. Thereafter input data were entered. On the basis of obtained outputs were determined threats, that arise from the transport of dangerous chlorine and on the basis of simulation were characterized activities carried out by Integrated Rescue System using appropriate urgent and follow-up precautions. Part of this work was also the second research question - the level of knowledge of people located close to the simulated accident about this problem. This survey was aimed at the risk of chlorine, its transport and characteristics and impact on human health as well as protection against its adverse effects. For this purpose a group of second-year students of the local gymnasium located close to the place of simulated accident was chosen. The data were collected through a questionnaire, which contained a group of questions relating to this problem. The obtained data were evaluated using basic methods of elemental statistical analysis and graphic processing. Findings resulting from the analysis of transporting of chlorine and from the simulation using the programme TerEx show, that the danger to the population of České Budějovice in case of an accident with chlorine is significant. The issue of chlorine-transport and its risks is additionally complicated by insufficient regulation. Another negative factor of transporting of these substances is the complicated traffic situation in the country town. Based on the results of the questionary can be stated, that these students have average knowledge in this issue.

Learning programs using simulation technologies are not just a suitable form of replacement for classical textbooks. They are a brand new teaching aid using Jan Amos Komenský's old motto "Schola Ludus" is a school game. The combination of a virtual and realistic environment with simulation models enables students to visually explore the possibilities of dealing with an emergency situation. One of the projects implemented by the non-governmental nonprofit organization Center for Safe State Project Software Applications 3D simulator. The motivation for choosing the topic of my thesis is that I have been working as the head of a laboratory in a chemical plant for several years. One of the main activities is the transport of dangerous chemicals by road and rail, or operations related to packaging, loading, filling and unloading of such chemicals. My daily activity is responsible for preventing the occurrence of undesirable risks with regard to the protection of persons, property and the environment. To create a textbook for 3D simulator and consequently to use it in the framework of teaching was the main aim of this work. It is important to realize that dangerous substances can escape almost at any moment, so it is necessary to create conditions for the prevention of these events. The success of this area is mainly a good, systematic and coordinated preparation of decisive activities. The diploma thesis is divided into two parts. The theoretical part briefly summarizes the basic knowledge and information about the given issue. There are described the most commonly used software tools and their use for teaching. I deal with the model solution of the accident in the transport of dangerous substances in the practical part, the scenario being created includes a description of the activities that are involved in the management and solution of an emergency. This knowledge was subsequently used to create learning text.

The thesis ``Accident frequency and its social effects{\crqq} focuses on traffic accidents caused by trespassing the law of speed limit and on social effects induced by accident frequency. Every year approximately one thousand people die on the Czech roads, other thousands of traffic accident victims face lifelong injury consequences. Apart from direct loss of lives, health and property, the traffic accidents carry a lot of other hardly denumerable costs starting at financing trip of ambulance, continuing with health care service expenses followed by convalescence, eventually social benefits for disabled and impacts on relatives of traffic accident victims. The aim of this work is to map the situation of serious traffic accidents where participants are seriously injured, or die and to infer the most serious social effects of these traffic accidents. To gather information in order to meet the objective of this hypothesis and to prove it a quantity research has been carried out. Secondary analysis of data from the records of Police of Czech Republic and the Ministry of the Interior has been chosen as a method to help verify the correctness of presumed hypothesis. In order to map the most serious social impacts, dialogs with randomly selected traffic accident participants who suffered lifelong consequences of their injuries were performed. The primary file contains participants of traffic accidents that happened in the Czech Republic and are registered in the registry of Police of Czech Republic in the period 2003-2006 and where the participants died, were seriously or lightly injured. Our hypothesis proven, that the most serious consequences of traffic accidents happen due to exceeding the speed limits . Also the most serious social impacts of traffic accidents were mapped.

This thesis analyzes the human as an element of accident system in the sphere of motor-vehicle traffic. Then interprets the risks, damages and injuries in this sphere which are caused by the driver. On this basis, the measures to reduce the number of injuries in the Czech Republic are drawn up. In this thesis is taken account of existing measures that were proceeded in this area. It focuses particularly on the subject "driver" and its role in traffic accidents.