TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision. Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics.

TRIPS strengthened international patent protection, particularly in relation to pharmaceutical patents. A compulsory license mechanism is one of the exceptions from patent protection available under TRIPS. This mechanism applies mainly to domestic market supply. Underdeveloped countries with insufficient pharmaceutical manufacturing capacities are unable to use this exception to import medicines in public health emergencies. To resolve this problem, the WTO General Council’s decision allows the export of generic versions of patented drugs under certain conditions. Canada’s Bill C-9 was the first statute to implement the decision. Bill C-9 bears both humanitarian and TRIPS-like provisions. The role of the Government is unjustifiably limited to participation in administrative and legislative processes, while the main operators in the scheme are the generic manufacturer and partly, the patent holder. This thesis proposes several different models to transform the Bill into a workable system for the export of drugs to underdeveloped countries afflicted with pandemics.

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains x, 176 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Bowling Green State University, 2008. / Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 66 p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D., Education)--University of Idaho, April 2008. / Major professor: Russell A. Joki. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 258-276). Also available online (PDF file) by subscription or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 1998. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 308-320). Available also in a digital version from Dissertation Abstracts.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 129-138). Also available on the World Wide Web.

A utilização de malhas de sombreamento coloridas apresenta-se como uma nova abordagem tecnológica no manejo de flores e plantas ornamentais. O lisianto, Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners, é uma flor de vaso ou corte que desperta interesse de produtores e consumidores. Porém, existem poucas informações técnicas e científicas sobre a sua produção e manejo. Neste sentido, objetivou-se avaliar o crescimento e a incidência de artrópodes em duas cultivares de lisianto de corte, sob a influência de malhas de sombreamento coloridas em cultivo protegido comercial; e, avaliar a ocorrência de tripes em diferentes cultivares e estruturas distintas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos na empresa Floricultura Florist, no município de Dois Irmãos, RS. O primeiro ocorreu de agosto a dezembro de 2012 e testou a influência das malhas de sombreamento coloridas (cinza, vermelha, preta e azul) sobre duas cultivares de lisianto de corte (Mariage e Bolero White). Foram feitas avaliações durante o desenvolvimento das plantas e realizadas coletas de artrópodes em cada tratamento. O segundo experimento ocorreu de janeiro a fevereiro de 2013, comparando quatro cultivares (Marina, Orange Flash, Tu 668 e Ace White) e dois cultivos protegidos com diferenças estruturais, quanto à incidência de tripes, em amostragens semanais em 50 plantas de cada cultivar, durante a floração. As malhas de sombreamento influenciaram no desenvolvimento das plantas cultivadas, as sob malha vermelha e cinza obtiveram melhores resultados comparadas as cultivadas sobre malha azul e preta. Foram registradas nove ordens de artrópodes de 24 famílias com diferentes hábitos, sendo Diptera a mais abundante. A malha de sombreamento preta influenciou no maior número de artrópodes coletados. As diferentes cultivares e estruturais dos ambientes influenciaram na quantidade e na composição das espécies dos tripes coletados. As espécies de tripes mais frequentes foram Frankliniella schultzei e F. occidentalis. / The use of colored shading meshes is presented as a new technological approach in the management of flowers and ornamental plants. The lisianthus, Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners, is a flowering pot plant or cut flower that arouses interest of producers and consumers. However, there is little technical and scientific information on its production and management. In this sense, we evaluated the incidence of arthropods and phytotechnical characteristics in two cultivars of cut lisianthus, under the influence of different colored shading meshes in commercial greenhouse and evaluated the occurrence of thrips on different cultivars and in a protected environment with distinct structural features. The experiments were conducted in the company Floricultura Florist, in the municipality of Dois Irmãos, RS. The first experiment took place from August to December of 2012 and tested the influence of shading meshes with distinct colors (gray, red, black and blue) on two varieties of cut lisianthus (Mariage and Bolero White). In each treatment, assessments of the plants phytotechnical characteristics were made and arthropod samples were collected. The second experiment took place from January to February 2013, comparing four cultivars (Marina, Orange Flash, Tu 668, and Ace White) and two protected environment with differences in the side protective structures with regard to the incidence of thrips in weekly samplings of 50 plants of each cultivar during flowering. The shading screens influenced the development of cultivated plants. The shading screens influenced the development of cultivated plants, under red and gray mesh performed better compared cultivated on blue and black mesh. Nine orders of arthropods from 24 families with different habits were observed, with Diptera the most abundant The black shading screens influenced in as many arthropods. The structural differences of the environments influenced the amount and species composition of thrips collected from lisianthus flowers. Different cultivars also influenced the presence of thrips. The most common thrips species were Frankliniella schultzei and F. occidentalis.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-05-25Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:53:12Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 peres_fsc_me_jabo.pdf: 331825 bytes, checksum: 18b3c8bc6500ae52044825067eb8d2af (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foi avaliada a atratividade de Tagetes patula (cravo-de-defunto) sobre tripes (Thysanoptera) e micro-hymenoptera em cultivo protegido de melão. Foram estudadas a abundância, dominância, freqüência e constância de espécies de insetos utilizando-se a análise faunística, análise de agrupamento (AA) e análise de componentes principais (ACP). Nas extremidades das estufas com cultivo de melão foram plantadas duas faixas transversais de cravo-de-defunto. As amostras foram tomadas nas plantas de melão, batendo-se três ponteiros e nas plantas de T. patula 1m2 sobre bandeja branca. Os pontos de amostragem consistiram em: T. patula, melão consorciado com T. patula e melão à distancia de 6m, 12m, 18m e 24m de T. patula. Onze espécies de tripes e 21 espécies de himenópteros parasitóides foram observados. As espécies dominantes de tripes e superdominantes e constantes de himenópteros foram analisadas para avaliar a distribuição na estufa. Os resultados permitiram verificar que houve três grupos diferentes em relação a abundância de espécies de tripes: (1) T. patula, (2) melão consorciado com T. patula e (3) melão a distancia de 6m, 12m, 18m e 24m do cravo-de-defunto. Também foi possível observar que as espécies de tripes foram mais abundantes em T. patula e que a bordadura com essa planta apresenta maior população de himenópteros parasitóides. Com isso, bordaduras de T. patula podem ser utilizadas para implementar o controle biológico bem como para servir de cultura atrativa. / The attractiveness of Tagetes patula (marigold) on thrips (Thysanoptera) and parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) was ingestigated in protected melon crop. Insect abundance, dominance, frequency, and constancy were evaluated using faunistic analysis, cluster and principal component analyses. Transversal strips of T. patula were grow at both ends of the protected melon greenhouse. Samplings were taken by shaking three melon vine tips and all T. patula plants from 1 m2 on white trays. Samplings sites were T. patula, melon along with T. patula and melon plants at 6m, 12m, 18m, and 24m from T. patula. Eleven thrips species and 21 parasitic wasps were observed. The dominant species of thrips as well as superdominant and dominant and constant species of parasitic wasps were analysed to evaluated species distribution on the crop. The results showed that there were three different groups according to thrips species abundance: (1) T. patula, (2) melon along with T. patula, and (3) melon alone at 6m, 12m, 18m, and 24m from T. patula. It was also possible to note that thrips species were more attracted to T. patula, and that the border presented a higler population of parasitic wasps. Thus, T. patula border can be used to improve biological control as well as serve as trap crop.

Orientador: Odair Aparecido Fernandes / Banca: Sérgio de Freitas / Banca: Sandra Regina Magro / Resumo: Foi avaliada a atratividade de Tagetes patula (cravo-de-defunto) sobre tripes (Thysanoptera) e micro-hymenoptera em cultivo protegido de melão. Foram estudadas a abundância, dominância, freqüência e constância de espécies de insetos utilizando-se a análise faunística, análise de agrupamento (AA) e análise de componentes principais (ACP). Nas extremidades das estufas com cultivo de melão foram plantadas duas faixas transversais de cravo-de-defunto. As amostras foram tomadas nas plantas de melão, batendo-se três ponteiros e nas plantas de T. patula 1m2 sobre bandeja branca. Os pontos de amostragem consistiram em: T. patula, melão consorciado com T. patula e melão à distancia de 6m, 12m, 18m e 24m de T. patula. Onze espécies de tripes e 21 espécies de himenópteros parasitóides foram observados. As espécies dominantes de tripes e superdominantes e constantes de himenópteros foram analisadas para avaliar a distribuição na estufa. Os resultados permitiram verificar que houve três grupos diferentes em relação a abundância de espécies de tripes: (1) T. patula, (2) melão consorciado com T. patula e (3) melão a distancia de 6m, 12m, 18m e 24m do cravo-de-defunto. Também foi possível observar que as espécies de tripes foram mais abundantes em T. patula e que a bordadura com essa planta apresenta maior população de himenópteros parasitóides. Com isso, bordaduras de T. patula podem ser utilizadas para implementar o controle biológico bem como para servir de cultura atrativa. / Abstract: The attractiveness of Tagetes patula (marigold) on thrips (Thysanoptera) and parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera) was ingestigated in protected melon crop. Insect abundance, dominance, frequency, and constancy were evaluated using faunistic analysis, cluster and principal component analyses. Transversal strips of T. patula were grow at both ends of the protected melon greenhouse. Samplings were taken by shaking three melon vine tips and all T. patula plants from 1 m2 on white trays. Samplings sites were T. patula, melon along with T. patula and melon plants at 6m, 12m, 18m, and 24m from T. patula. Eleven thrips species and 21 parasitic wasps were observed. The dominant species of thrips as well as superdominant and dominant and constant species of parasitic wasps were analysed to evaluated species distribution on the crop. The results showed that there were three different groups according to thrips species abundance: (1) T. patula, (2) melon along with T. patula, and (3) melon alone at 6m, 12m, 18m, and 24m from T. patula. It was also possible to note that thrips species were more attracted to T. patula, and that the border presented a higler population of parasitic wasps. Thus, T. patula border can be used to improve biological control as well as serve as trap crop. / Mestre