Nya teknologier utvecklas hela tiden och ett fåtal av dessa har möjligheten att revolutionera tillvägagångssättet av hur vi gör saker. Utbildningsområdet är ett av de äldsta områdena som finns kvar även idag och som återkommande har dragit nytta av ny teknologi för att förbättra kärnkonceptet.Vår forskning täcker fenomenet virtual reality som ett supplement i utbildningen. Vi undersöker hur studenter vid Högskolan i Borås uppfattar introduceringen av denna moderna teknologi som ett hjälpmedel till deras studier. Vi använder oss utav enkäter för att samla in information, och vi fick svar från 143 studenter. Vår slutats anser att den övergripande attityden är positiv hos studenterna, samtidigt som vi behåller en viss skepticism för att detta resultat ska ligga till grund som fakta för framtida beslutstaganden. / There is a constant development of new technologies happening in the world. A handful of these are deemed to have the potential of truly revolutionizing the way we do things. The field of education is one of the oldest fields that continue to be present even today and has time and time again come to make use of new technologies that streamlines and improves upon its core concept.The research we put forward covers the case of virtual reality as an improvement into the field of education. We research how students at the University of Borås perceive the introduction of this novel technology as an aid in their studies. We utilize questionnaires in order to receive this information and received a total of 143 respondents’ answers. We conclude that the general attitude of the students is positive, while maintaining skepticism in terms of this result as a piece of document for proving the results as facts.

The thesis is focused on falconry lessons in primary and secondary schools in the Czech Republic. It introduces the theory of falconry: Past and Present, legislation, falconer and ethics, anatomy and physiology birds of prey, falconry equipment, protection of birds of prey and falconry contemporary significance. Suggests the possibilities that mediate falconry lessons in schools both within lessons and excursions. The thesis is the preparation and implementation of the above proposed teaching methods: Power Point presentations and worksheets aimed at training students in primary and secondary schools filled with falconry, falconer conversation and exemplary school excursion. Key words: falconry, field trips, power point, birds of prey

Taglit Birthright is an organization that provides free ten-day diaspora-heritage trips to Israel for young Jewish adults between 18 and 26 years old. Taglit is Hebrew for discovery and this is the ambition of the organization: providing young Jewish people with an opportunity to discover their socio-cultural Jewish heritage. Taglit Birthright aims at ensuring the future of the Jewish people by strengthening the Jewish identity via an educational trip and pursues to foster the understanding and identification of the participants with Israel, its people and the culture. Since its foundation in 1999, over 500.000 young people have partaken in a Birthright trip.                                                     This case-study presents empirical data from one particular Taglit Birthright trip to Israel. The objective of this study is to provide insights in how emotions shaped a Taglit group and which emotions are constructed during a ten-day Taglit trip. Theoretically, this study is informed by the work of the post-colonial and feminist scholar Ahmed (2004 and 2013). Emotions are considered as ‘doing things’: collectives, such as a Taglit Birthright group, are constructed through shared emotions. Methodologically, emotional reflexivity will be applied in this research. Related to this positioning, hermeneutic circle informs this research in order to emphasize how temporal distance results in ‘understanding in multiple ways’. Besides, hermeneutic circle embraces reflexivity as it stresses the importance of self-understanding and pre-understanding as informing our understanding. The presented findings are based on participant observation during a Taglit Birthright trip in the summer of 2016. The empirical data consists of audio recordings of group activities, recorded personal reflections and diary entries. Based on this data, the following conclusions are drawn: strong feelings of connectiveness to and with the group derive from an intense ten-day trip in which embodied experiences, embedded in emotions, are shared. Sharing activities, such as circulizing (forming a circle with a large group of people), are tools which provoke strong feelings of ‘being part of something’. On a personal level, it can be argued that expressed emotions, which create feelings of connectiveness within a group, do not necessarily need to be personally felt simultaneously. When personal feelings do not align with the collectively expressed emotions, feelings of ‘not fitting in’ might arise. This study wishes to contribute to the ‘emotionalization of tourism’, which aims at foregrounding the role of emotions in tourism encounters and social relations.

The thesis is focused on summer programmes for field trips for primary school pupils. The theoretical part of the thesis contains important information about the organisation of the field trips and ideas for activities for this stay. In the practical part, I find out whether schools in the Czech Republic organize the field trips and the way of the realization. Then, in the practical part, I realize my own one-week project.

The aim of this thesis is to provide complex and where possible the most up-to-date view on industrial property protection in international law. Relevant international documents are discussed in detail and even emerging issues and future development in the field of industrial property haven't been forgotten. The first chapter is introductory and aims to highlight the importance of industrial property these days. Therefore it presents lot of statistical data. In the second chapter some practical, historical and law-philosophical roots of intellectual property protection and its international aspect are briefly mentioned. The term "industrial property" itself is presented and explained in the third chapter. The first part tries to give a universal definition, while the second part of the chapter involves analyzing the texts of chosen international treaties, which mostly define industrial property by enumeration. The Fourth chapter is dedicated to the most historically significant documents in the field of industrial property - Paris Convention and TRIPS Agreement - and it focuses on their contained principles. International organizations and their role in the system of intellectual or more precisely industrial property represent the topic of the fifth chapter. The following chapters 6-14 concentrate...

Cette thèse traite de la congestion des transports en milieu urbain, et des liens qu'elle entretient avec les localisations des emplois et des ménages. Elle est organisée en trois parties. La première est une analyse bibliographique sur les questions de croissance et de structure urbaine, suivie d'une analyse, de nature systémique, de la congestion des transports. La deuxième partie est consacrée à l'analyse des manifestations spatiales de la congestion en Île-de-France, en s'appuyant notamment sur différentes méthode d'agrégation spatiale d'indicateurs de congestion. Enfin, dans la troisième partie, un modèle d'équilibre urbain décrivant la localisation des ménages par rapport à leur emploi, en présence de congestion, est développé, et utilisé pour analyser le rôle de la dispersion des emplois sur l'étalement urbain / This thesis deals with transport congestion in urban areas, and with the links between it and the locations of jobs and households. It is organized in three parts. The first one is a literature revue on the questions of urban growth and structure, followed by an analysis of congestion in transport systems. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of the spatial expressions of congestion in the Greater Paris Region, based notably on different spatial aggregation methods of congestion indicators. Finally, in the third part, I develop an urban equilibrium model describing the locations of households with respect to their workplace. This model is then used to analyse the role played by job dispersion on urban sprawl

Thesis advisor: James M. O'Toole / This dissertation examines the development of youth volunteer service in the United States through a constellation of religious, private, and government programs. It explores how this larger impulse, which includes “service trips,” service–learning courses, and postgraduate programs like the Peace Corps, became a normative and ubiquitous opportunity for middle class, and consequently largely white, Americans. This study weaves together multiple programs, and a rich array of ideas and events such as social gospel concerns, pacifism, William James’ arguments for a “moral alternative to war,” gender and class anxieties, Great Depression and Cold War–specific exigencies, the Catholic Lay Apostolate, 1960s student activism, and the War on Poverty. The dissertation further demonstrates the religious roots of this phenomenon, as seen through Protestant and Catholic programs in the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Further, it shows that this paradigm of volunteer has always been twofold in its aim; it has focused both on the growth and education of the volunteer as they served others. It also shows that impulse has always been a limited agent for large–scale social change. Service programs were by their nature short–term projects meant to expose and educate volunteers to more entrenched social problems. Finally, while adult organizers often made service opportunities a possibility, it was the desire of many young women and men to “do more” with their time and abilities outside of traditional educational or professional options was the engine that truly drove and grew this movement. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2017. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: History.

Nota sobre a qualidade de viagem é uma classificação associada à opinião emitida por um indivíduo em uma escala ordenada de números naturais. Setenta e dois quilômetros de rodovias vicinais próximas a Araraquara, estado de São Paulo, foram submetidos à reconstrução e manutenção durante os anos 2001 e 2003. Sobre estes segmentos de vias existem dados sobre características e estado de componentes de segmentos, e distribuição de notas sobre a qualidade de viagens obtidas a partir de opiniões emitidas por avaliadores, datados de períodos anteriores às ações de manter e reconstruir segmentos nestes quilômetros de vias. Este trabalho resume e discute resultados de uma tese de doutorado cujo objetivo principal foi mostrar que conseqüências de ações para reconstrução e manutenção de rodovias podem ser usadas para prever alterações em nível de qualidade de viagens expressas por relações entre distribuição de notas que expressem opiniões de avaliadores e ocorrências de medidas sobre características de componentes de rodovias. Depois de mantida e reconstruída a rodovia, as novas características de estado de componentes podem ser medidas em campo, e a qualidade de viagem pode ser levantada por opiniões de avaliadores. Os argumentos usados para atingir o objetivo foram obtidos por manuseio e processamento de dados com uso de estatística descritiva e análise de regressão. Espera-se que a informação sobre o comportamento de relações entre notas e medidas físicas possa contribuir para verificar as conseqüências de reconstrução e manutenção de segmentos de via, do ponto de vista de usuários. E também, orientar critérios e métodos que definam prioridades de ações para reconstruir, manter e melhorar a qualidade de viagens em rodovias. / Scores on trip quality is a classification associated to the opinion emitted by an individual in an orderly scale of natural numbers. Seventy two kilometers of close local highways Araraquara, state of Sao Paulo, Brazil, were submitted to reconstruction and maintenance in the years 2001 to 2003. One have some data reporting measures on characteristics and state of segments and distribution of scores on quality of trips obtained from opinions emitted by appraisers and dated from previous periods of maintaining and rebuilding those kilometers of roads. This work summarizes and discusses results of a doctorate thesis whose main objective went to show that consequences of actions for reconstruction and maintenance of highways can be used to foresee alterations in level of quality of expressed trips for relationships among distribution of notes that express appraisers' opinions and occurrences of measures on characteristics of components of highways. After having maintained and rebuilt the highway, the new characteristics of state of components can be measured in field, and the trip quality can be lifted up from other appraisers' opinions. The arguments used to reach the objective were obtained by handling and data processing with use of descriptive statistics and regression analysis. It is waited that the information about the behavior of relationships between notes and physical measures can contribute to verify the reconstruction consequences and maintenance of road segments, of the users' point of view and, also to guide criteria and methods that define priorities of actions to rebuild, to maintain and to improve the quality of trips in highways.

Relatam-se e discutem-se resultados obtidos em tentativa para mostrar que distribuições estatísticas de contagens ou medidas sobre características de variáveis que descrevem defeitos na superfície de pavimentos, quando associadas às distribuições de notas atribuídas às viagens em segmentos de rodovias, podem ser úteis para análise da qualidade de viagens, e fornecer informações que contribuem para facilitar estudos sobre prioridades de manutenção em rodovias, identificar e sugerir ações para melhorar a eficiência e eficácia na conservação de vias. Os dados usados foram coletados em rodovias vicinais próximas a Araraquara, estado de São Paulo, de janeiro a março de 2001. Foram observados 37 segmentos onde se contaram, mediram e classificaram defeitos, e coletaram-se notas atribuídas por observadores sobre o pavimento. O processamento de dados e o uso de métodos da estatística para investigar relações foram usados para verificar a existência de relações entre os resultados de medidas, contagens e notas, e obtenção de função para estimativa de notas atribuídas por observadores, mostrando que notas atribuídas a segmentos de rodovias podem ser estimadas. As conclusões relatadas atêm-se ao caso estudado, mas indicaram que o processo adotado pode ser usado em outros casos similares. Sugere-se o uso do processo desenvolvido para estabelecer prioridades de estudo de soluções técnicas para intervenção e melhoria de pavimentos. / It was reported and discussed the results obtained in a attempt to show that the statistical distributions of measures on characteristics of variables that describe distress in the surface of pavements, when associated to the distributions of scores attributed to the trips in segments of highways should be useful for analysis of the quality of trips, and to supply information that contribute to facilitate studies about maintenance priorities in highways, to identify and to suggest actions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness in the conservation of roads. The used data were collected local highways near the city of Araraquara, state of São Paulo, from January to March of 2001. 37 segments were observed to obtain measures and classify distress or collect scores from observers on the pavement. The data processing and the use of methods of the statistics to investigate relationships were used to verify the existence of relationships among the results of measures and scores, and to obtain a function to estimate of scores from observers, it was shown that attributed scores to segments trips can be estimated. The conclusions told should be useful to the studied case, but they indicated that the adopted process can be used in other similar cases. This suggests the use of the process developed to establish priorities on studies of technical solutions for intervention and improvement of pavement surface.

Este trabalho se baseia em dados obtidos a partir do registro das interações comunicativas entre monitor e alunos de sexta série do ensino fundamental envolvidos em atividades conjuntas realizadas em de três viagens de estudo de ecossistemas litorâneos realizadas no Parque Estadual da Ilha do Cardoso (SP). Dentre as várias atividades de campo que se realizam nas viagens de estudo, investigamos o que chamamos, neste trabalho, de aula de campo: momentos em que os monitores protagonizam uma interação em que se fornece, de forma dialogada e com participação variável dos alunos, explicações relativas ao ambiente que se visita. Nosso objetivo foi investigar as interações comunicativas entre monitores e alunos durante as aulas de campo, procurando revelar quais modos semióticos são utilizados nas explicações, bem como investigar as funções que esses modos desempenham em tais atividades. Procuramos ainda explorar algumas especificidades no uso dos modos semióticos nas aulas de campo, em comparação ao seu uso em sala de aula descrito na literatura. Nosso referencial teórico é construído a partir de duas linhas principais: uma delas traz aportes das abordagens sócio-culturais aos processos educacionais e a outra vem de trabalhos que procuram investigar tais processos do ponto de vista da multimodalidade da comunicação. Nas comparações que tecemos com o ensino em sala de aula, dialogamos especialmente com o trabalho de C. Márquez (2002), que investiga aspectos do ensino de ciências na sala de aula por meio de uma abordagem multimodal. Nossos dados são de natureza discursiva, embora estejam incluídas aqui formas verbais e não verbais de discurso: foram registrados a fala e os gestos produzidos nas aulas de campo. A análise se dá em vários níveis, partindo da produção de enunciados pelos participantes e chegando na estrutura da atividade como um todo. Monitores e alunos utilizaram apenas duas modalidades semióticas: a fala e os gestos. É o monitor que conduz a aula de campo: ele é quem produz a maior parte das mensagens durante as sessões de trabalho. A fala dos monitores é predominantemente temática e tem uma função secundária de gerir e controlar a construção da narrativa científica. A fala e os gestos da aula de campo têm muitas funções em comum com as desempenhadas por esses modos na sala de aula. No entanto, existem algumas diferenças: no campo, por falta de suporte material para imagens e textos escritos, fala e gestos têm que cumprir funções que em sala são realizadas por esses modos. A principal diferença está na participação do mundo empírico na aula de campo, na forma de base referencial para a construção conjunta de uma representação, dentro do que denominamos marco referencial empírico. Esta construção se dá por meio do uso dos modos da fala e do gestual, que regulam as ações de observação feitas pelos alunos e a negociação dos significados. / This research work is based on data collected from the observation of communicative interaction between field teacher and 6th grade students participating in joint activities during three field trips studying coastal environments at Cardoso Island State Park (SP). Amongst several field activities that take place in field trips, we investigated what we call here field classes: the moments when the field teacher provides, in a dialogic manner, and with variable participation of the pupils, explanations regarding to the ecosystems they are visiting. Our aim was to investigate the communicative interactions during the field classes trying to reveal which semiotic modes are used in the explanation, as well as to find out which roles this modes play in such activities. We also tried to study some possible specific features of the use of semiotic modes in field classes compared to their use in the classroom described in the literature. Our theoretical background has two main sources: the sociocultural approaches to the educational processes, and the research that investigates such processes from a multimodal communication point of view. In our comparisson with classroom teaching, we were based on C. Márquez (2002) who researched science teaching in classroom from a multimodal perspective. Our data are of discoursive nature, including verbal and non verbal means of discourse: we recorded speech and gestures produced in the field classes. We made a multilevel analysis, from the utterance production by the participants, to the level of activity structure as a whole. Field teachers and pupils used only two semiotic modes: speech and gestures. It is the field teacher that conducts the field class, being responsible for the production of most of the messages during the sessions. Field teacher\'s speech in mostly thematic, and has a secondary function of organizing and controlling the construction of the scientific narrative. In the field classes, speech and gestures have many functions in commom with the ones they have in classroom teaching. However, there are some differences: in the field classes, due to the lack of material support for the use of images and written text, speech and gestures have to play the roles that those modes play in classrom. The main difference seems to be the part that the empirical world takes in a field class, as referencial aids to the construction of a representation, within what we called empirical referencial frame. The construction of this representation takes place with the use of the semiotic modes of speech and gestures, which regulates the student\'s action of observation and the negociated meaning making.