Detection of painful stimuli in the periphery is mediated by temperature-sensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) channels which are expressed in primary afferent endings of free sensory neurons called nociceptors. TRP channels in nociceptors are involved in the detection of thermal, but also mechanical and chemical stimuli. Out of seven known types of temperature-sensitive TRP channels, three are responsible for detecting painful temperatures: vanilloid receptors TRPV1 (> 42 o C) and TRPV2 (> 52 o C) detect noxious heat, and ankyrin receptor TRPA1 detects noxious cold (< 17 o C). Better knowledge of TRP channel mechanisms of action is essential for understanding TRP channel functions and ultimately for the design of potential analgesics. New findings presented in this thesis clarify mechanisms of action of TRPV1 and TRPA1 receptors, focusing on camphor and voltage sensitivity of TRPV1 channels and calcium modulation of TRPA1 channels. The first topic discussed in this thesis is the mechanism of camphor sensitivity of TRPV1 receptor. Camphor is a naturally occurring substance known since time immemorial for its effective analgesic properties, yet its mechanism of action is not understood. Camphor is known to be a partial agonist of TRPV1 channel, a full agonist of TRPV3 channel, but also an inhibitor of...

Au cours de l’infarctus du myocarde, aussi bien l’ischémie que la reperfusion (I/R) entrainent des dégâts irréversibles au sein du myocarde. Parmi ces lésions cellulaires, la dérégulation de l’homéostasie calcique mène à la mort cellulaire. Afin d’augmenter la récupération suite à un épisode d’I/R, le « remote », pré- et post-conditionnement ont été montré comme cardioprotecteur. En particulier, certaines stratégies basées sur des molécules pharmacologiques modulant les canaux TRPV1 (Transient Receptor Vanilloid 1) ont été utilisées. Le but de cette étude est de comprendre le rôle de TRPV1 dans la cardioprotection. Nous avons récemment montré que TRPV1 est exprimé et est fonctionnel dans des cardiomyocytes adultes de souris. En revanche, afin d’utiliser des sondes génétiques, un modèle alternatif aux cardiomyocytes a été utilisé dans cette étude : la lignée cellulaire de cardiomyoblastes de rats.Grâce à des techniques de Western blot et d’imagerie confocale, nous avons d’abord montré que TRPV1 est exprimé dans les H9C2 et semble être localisé à la membrane du réticulum endoplasmique (RE). Puis, nous avons démontré grâce à des techniques d’imagerie calcique dans le cytoplasme et le réticulum (Fura2-AM et ErGAP1 respectivement) que TRPV1 est un canal de fuite calcique fonctionnel RE. Comme la synthèse d’ATP et le métabolisme cellulaire sont dépendants des échanges de calcium (Ca2+) entre le RE et la mitochondrie, nous avons analysé le rôle de TRPV1 en mesurant le Ca2+ mitochondrial avec la sonde R-GECO. Nous avons montré que la modulation pharmacologique de TRPV1 augmente à la fois les contenus en Ca2+ cytoplasmique et mitochondrial d’au moins 20%. Enfin, nous avons effectué des séquences d’hypoxie-reoxygenation et nous avons évalué la mort cellulaire par cytométrie en flux. Nous avons montré que l’activation de TRPV1 a des effets hétérogènes sur la viabilité cellulaire alors que l’inhibition de TRPV1 augmente systématiquement la survie cellulaire, d’au moins 22%. Des évènements de Ca2+ précis et spatiotemporel du RE à la mitochondrie sont nécessaires pour initier ou réguler des multitudes de processus tels que la balance entre la mort cellulaire et la survie cellulaire. Dans cette étude, nous avons montré que TRPV1 pouvait être un de ces canaux impliqués dans cet échange de Ca2+ entre le RE et la mitochondrie et que les H9C2 sont un modèle viable pour évaluer le rôle de TRPV1 dans les flux calciques au cours de l’ischémie-reperfusion / During myocardial infarction, both I/R cause irreversible myocardial injuries. Among the cellular damages, calcium dysregulation occurs leading to cell death. To improve the recovery from I/R episodes, remote, pre- and post-conditioning are recognized to be cardioprotective. In particular, some strategies based on molecules acting on the TRPV1 channels have been used. The aim of our work is to better understand TRPV1 role in cardioprotection. We have recently demonstrated that TRPV1 is expressed and functional in adult mouse cardiomyocytes. In order to perform live imaging with genetic probes, an alternative model to cardiomyocytes was used in the present work: H9C2 cells. Thanks to Western blot and confocal microscopy, we first showed that TRPV1 is expressed in H9C2 and seems to be localized at endoplasmic reticular (ER) plasma membrane. Secondly, we demonstrated that TRPV1 is a functional ER Ca2+ leak channel via cytoplasmic and reticular Ca2+ imaging (respectively with Fura-2 and ErGAP1). As ATP synthesis and cell fate are dependent of Ca2+ exchanges between ER and mitochondria, we have analyzed the role of TRPV1 in the mitochondrial [Ca2+] using R-GECO probe. We observed that pharmacological TRPV1 modulation increases both cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca2+ contents by at least 20%. Finally, we performed hypoxia-reoxygenation sequences and we evaluated cell death by flow cytometry. We showed that TRPV1 activation has heterogeneous effects on cell viability, whereas TRPV1 inhibition always improves cell survival (at least by 22%). Precise and spatiotemporal Ca2+ release events from ER to mitochondria are required to initiate or to regulate many processes like the balance between cell death/cell survival. In the present study, we show that TRPV1 could be one of the channels involved in Ca2+ exchanges between ER and mitochondria, and that H9C2 is a valuable model to evaluate the role of TRPV1 in Ca2+ fluxes during I/R

Diabetic cystopathy is a chronic and common complication of diabetes with a classical triad of symptoms; decreased bladder sensation, increased bladder capacity and impaired detrusor muscle contractility (Hunter and Moore, 2003). In animal models of diabetes such as streptozotocin-induced diabetes in the rat, abnormalities of bladder function have been reported (Longhurst and Belis, 1986). The prototypic TRPV channel, TRPV1, is activated by capsaicin, which has been shown to cause contraction of the rat bladder (Saitoh et al., 2007), and this is reduced in STZ-diabetic rat bladder (Pinna et al., 1994). Therefore we hypothesize that TRPV1 function will be reduced in the diabetic bladder. The aim of this study are the following: Firstly, to investigate the effect of the streptozotocin (STZ) model of diabetes on a range of TRP channel functions in the urinary bladder smooth muscle preparation using TRP channel agonists and antagonists and to study the neurotransmitters involved in the contractile or relaxant responses. Some studies were also performed on colon tissues. Secondly, to explore the involvement of cholesterol modudation in TRP channel signalling. Thirdly, to study the change in TRP channel response with time following the treatment with streptozotocin. The results showed that the contractile responses to the TRPV1 agonist capsaicin, TRPV4 agonist 4-α-PDD, and TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate were significantly reduced in diabetic bladder. The selective TRPV1 antagonist, SB-366791, inhibited the contractile responses to capsaicin confirming the involvement of TRPV1 channels. The effect of diabetes is unlikely to be at the level of contractile machinery since the contractile responses to muscarinic receptor agonist carbachol were not significantly reduced in diabetic tissues. It is reported for the first time that the combination of neurokinin 1 and 2 antagonists GR-205171 and SB-207164 inhibited the contractile responses to capsaicin suggesting that a neurokinin may be the neurotransmitter involved in the capsaicin responses. In addition, the reduction of the responses to capsaicin in STZ-induced diabetic tissues occurred not only in urinary bladder but also in colon. Cholesterol-PEG significantly lowered the maximal contractile responses to capsaicin of rat bladder strips. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin, α-cyclodextrin and β-cyclodextrin at the same concentrations enhanced the contractile responses to capsaicin in the control and diabetic rat bladder strips. These effects of cyclodextrin are specific to capsaicin activated contractions and not seen with TRPA1 activation, suggesting that the effects are not mediated downstream of channel activation. Since α-cyclodextrin does not sequester cholesterol, the enhanced responses to cyclodextrins may not be due to the cholesterol modulations. Instead, theses novel findings may possibly occur by changing the local membrane lipid environment of the TRPV1 channel. As early as 36 hours after induction of diabetes by STZ, the contractile responses to capsaicin were significantly reduced in comparison to those of the controls and this reduction persisted until the eight weeks time point. In contrast, responses to the TRPA1 agonist allyl isothiocyanate were not affected at early time points but were reduced one week after STZ treatment. This detailed time course analysis suggests that there are novel mechanisms of modulation of the TRPV1 channels in this STZ model. In conclusion, in the rat urinary bladder or colon preparations, diabetes mellitus using STZ animal model caused 1) the impairment of a number of TRP channel subfamily functions, TRPV1, TRPV4 and TRPA1 but not TRPM8. The combination of NK1 and NK2 antagonists significantly inhibited the responses to capsaicin. This may suggest the involvement of neurokinin in postsynaptic transmission in rat bladder following the activation of TRPV1 channel, 2) the impairment caused by STZ-induced diabetes occurred very early (within 36 hours after diabetes induction) in TRPV1 channel but not TRPA1 channel. There are specific early effects of STZ treatment on TRPV1 channel function at a time when other afferent nerve terminal channels (TRPA1) are functioning normally, suggesting that early onset of dysfunction in TRPV1 signalling may not merely be the consequence of nerve damage, 3) the mechanism of this impairment may not be the effect of neuropathy on neurotransmitter release or nerve damage. Improving the responsiveness of nerves of bladder in diabetic patients might be of therapeutic benefit. The present studies suggest that it is possible to enhance function using indirect modulators such as bradykinin which potentiated the TRPV1 channel function in diabetic rat bladders.

No description available.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is caused by aberrant attack of the joints by native inflammatory system. This can lead to joint destruction and pain that can be debilitating. Increased angiogenesis and innervation by nociceptive afferent fibers are characteristic features of RA joints, which in addition to the elevated levels of a wide variety of inflammatory mediators, are thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory pain associated with RA. Interestingly, a recent report indicates that C–type natriuretic peptide (CNP) is increased in the blood serum of RA patients. Natriuretic peptides (NPs) control natriuresis and normalize changes in blood pressure. Many biological effects of NPs are mediated by guanylate cyclase (GC)–coupled NP receptors, NPR–A and NPR–B, whereas the third NP receptor, NPR–C, lacks the GC kinase domain and acts as the NP clearance receptor. In addition, NPR–C can couple to specific Gái–βã–mediated intracellular signaling cascades in numerous cell types. Recent studies suggest that NPs are also involved in the regulation of pain sensitivity, although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In Aim 1, I show that CNP acutely sensitized the excitation of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons that is dependent on the transient receptor potential vanilloid–1 (TRPV1). CNP potentiated capsaicin– and proton–activated TRPV1 currents in cultured mouse DRG neurons and increased neuronal firing frequency, an effect that was absent in DRG neurons from TRPV1−/−mice. Further, CNP injection into mouse hind paw led to the development of thermal hyperalgesia, which was absent in TRPV1−/−mice. In Aim 2, I dissected the signaling mechanism underlying TRPV1 sensitization by CNP. My results show that all 3 functional NPRs are expressed in mouse DRG neurons; however NPR–A/B–cGMP signaling is not involved in CNP–mediated sensitization of TRPV1. Interestingly, I observed that sensitization of TRPV1 by CNP is dependent on protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Furthermore, I found that NPR–C is co–expressed in TRPV1–expressing mouse DRG neurons and can be co–immunoprecipitated with Gαi, but not with Gαq/11 or Gαs subunits. CNP treatment induced translocation of PKCå to the plasma membrane of these neurons, which was attenuated by pertussis toxin pre–treatment. Accordingly, CNP–induced sensitization of TRPV1 was attenuated by pre–treatment of DRG neurons with the specific inhibitors of Gβã, phospholipase–Cβ (PLCβ) or PKC, but not of protein kinase A (PKA), and by mutations at two PKC phosphorylation sites, S502 and S800, in the TRPV1 protein. Furthermore, the development of thermal hyperalgesia in CNP–injected hindpaw was attenuated by administration of specific inhibitors of Gβã or PKC. Thus, my work identifies the Gβã–PLCâ–PKC–dependent potentiation of TRPV1 as a novel signaling cascade recruited by CNP in mouse DRG neurons that can lead to enhanced nociceptor excitability and thermal hypersensitivity. Such signaling cascade could presumably constitute one of the mechanisms underlying chronic inflammatory joint pain associated with RA.

The environment in which animals are maintained is a factor that has the potential to alter the physiologic phenotype. We addressed the hypothesis that the standard animal care (SAC) environment cause significant deviations in the circadian variation of heart rate (HR), body temperature (Tb) and activity (ACT) in chronically instrumented mice. These data were used to inform the design of a subsequent study addressing the hypothesis that loss of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) function blunts the thermoregulatory, ventilatory and metabolic responses to hypoxia. Mice were implanted with intraperitoneal transmitters for chronic recording of HR, Tb and ACT. The animal environment study consisted of a 3-week protocol comprised of SAC (wk 1) utilizing standard animal care procedures of a health check and bottle and cage changes SPA (service personnel absent; wk 2) with no SAC interventions and building malfunction (BLDMAL+SAC, wk 3). Mean HR was elevated across the week of SAC, as well as for the light and dark cycles. Cage change caused the most profound changes (lasting 4 h), while health check/bottle change alterations lasted approx. 30 min. TRPV1-/- and TRPV1+/+ (wild-type, WT) mice exposed acutely to hypoxia (FIO2=0.1 for 4 h) resulted in a greater hypometabolic response for the mutant compared with WT genotype, reaching a lower value for HR, Tb, ACT, V ̇CO2 (carbon dioxide production) and ventilation. We conclude that the animal care environment provides a novel environment to assess murine phenotype and must be considered in genotype/phenotype assessments. Further, TRPV1 provides a significant tonic input to the integrated thermoregulatory, metabolic and ventilatory responses to hypoxia. / Thesis (Master, Physiology) -- Queen's University, 2012-08-27 17:51:48.022

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Protium heptaphyllum March (Burseraceae) populary known as âalmÃcegaâ is a popular medicinal plant largely encountered in the Amazon region, various States of Brazil and in several South American Countries. The oily amorphous exudate obtained from this plant is widely used in skin diseases, healing of ulcers, and as an analgesic and anti-inflamatory agent. Phytochemical studies reveled the presence of several monoterpenes and pentacyclic triterpenes such as a mixture of &#945;- e &#946; â amyrin, maniladilol and breine. The present study aimed to investigate the general toxicity and to establish the pharmacological activity of resin and is major triterpenoid mixture, the &#945; and &#946; â amyrin. In toxicity tests, both the resin and triterpene mixture exhibited low toxicity to mice. Resin at doses up 5 g/kg, (p.o.) or 2 g/kg (i.p.) and triterpene mixture up to 3 g/kg, (p.o.) or 2 g/kg (i.p.) failed to induce any mortality in mice. In Artemia-lethality test, the calculated (probit analysis) CL50 values for resin and triterpenes were in the order of 42,54  19,96 and 400  27,85 &#956;g/mL, respectively. In pharmacological tests, the resin was analysed for anti-inflamatory (carrageenan-induced edema, cotton pellet-induced granuloma, and vascular permeability increase induced by i.p. acetic acid) and gastroprotective (absolute ethanol and acidified ethanol) effects, whereas the triterpene mixture was examined in assays that demostrate gastroprotective (against lesions induced by absolute ethanol), antipruritus (against pruritus induced by Dextran T40 and compound 48/80), acute and visceral antinociceptive (test of subplantar and intracolonic capsaicin) and hepatoprotective (against acetaminophen- and Ga1N/LPS-induced models of hepatitis) effects. In anti-inflammatory test, the resin (200 e 400 mg/kg, p.o.) although failed to modify the carrageenan-induced acute rat paw-edema response, it caused signficant inhibitions at a dose of 400mg/kg on the formation of cotton pellet-induced granulomas and on the vascular permeability increase induced by i.p. acetic acid in mice. In addition, the (200 e 400 mg/kg) showed gastroprotective potential against absolute- and acidified ethanol- induced gastric lesions as evidenced from siginificant diminution in lesion scores, restoration of the ethanol-induced depletion of non-protein sulfhydryl content More over, the resin demonstrated an antisecretory effect on gastric acid secretion induced in 4-h pylorus ligated rats. The triterpene mixture also produced similar gastroprotection against ethanol-induced lesions in a manner similar to capsaicin, a pungent principle from hot peppers. This protection possibly involves capsaicin-sencitive primary afferents since it was abolished in mice pretreated with a neurotoxic dose of capsaicin. The &#945; and &#946; â amyrin mixture (100 mg/kg) manifested antipruritus effect as evidenced from suppression of scratching behaviour in the mouse model of prurits induced by s.c. injections of dextran T40 and compound 48/80. Besides, it also produced an antiedematogenic effect in model of hind paw edema induced by histamine, compound 48/80 and dextran T40 and markedly depressed the compound 48/80-elicited rat mast cell degranulation (ex vivo). An antinociceptive effect of triterpenoid mixture (3-100 mg/kg) was observed in capsaicin-evoked somatic (1.6 &#956;g/site, suplantar) and visceral (149 &#956;g, intracolonic) models of nociception in mice. Greater suppression of nociceptive behaviors were evidenced at a dose of 10 mg/kg &#945; and &#946; â amyrin mixture, which mimicked the effect produced by ruthenium red, a non-competitive capsaicin antagonist. The antinociceptive effect of triterpenoid mixture was found to be naloxone (2 mg/kg)- sensitive, suggesting an opioid mechanism. A blockade by triterpene mixture was also evidenced on the hyperthermic but not the hypothermic response of subcutaneously administered capsaicin (10 mg/kg) suggesting possible incolvement of TRPV1 receptor. In open-field and rota-rod tests, the triterpene mixture did not manifest signs of either sedation or motor abnormality in mice that could account for the observed antinociception. In the model of acetaminophen (500 mg/kg)-induced hepatotoxicity, the triterpenoid mixture (50 and 100 mg/kg) effectively reduced the elevated serum AST and ALT levels, restored the depleted GSH and markedly diminished the histopathological alterations. Potentation of pentobarbital-sleeping time was, however observed at these doses of triterpenoid, incidating a probable suppression of cytochrome P450 and thus a diminished metabolite formation that may account for reduced acetaminophen toxicity. The &#945;- and &#946; â amyrin mixture offered complete protection against the mortality associated with Ga1N/LPS , but caused only a moderate diminution of serum enzymes and histopathological alterations. Taken together, these findings show that the resin and &#945;- and &#946; â amyrin mixture possess low toxicity and have a wide therapeutic potential with anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antipruritus, and gastro- and hepato-protective actions. Most of the effects of triterpenoid mixture appear to involve in part the participation of primary sensory afferents in their actions. / A espÃcie Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) March (Burseraceae) popularmente conhecida como almÃcega, à encontrada na regiÃo AmazÃnica, em vÃrios Estados do Brasil e paÃses da AmÃrica do Sul. Esta espÃcie exsuda uma resina oleosa e amorfa, usada na medicina popular como analgÃsico, cicatrizante e expectorante. Estudos fitoquÃmicos demonstraram a presenÃa de monoterpenos e triterpenos pentacÃclicos, tais como &#945; - amirina e &#946; - amirina, maniladilol e breina. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos tÃxicos e farmacolÃgicos da resina e de seus constituintes majoritÃrios, a mistura de triterpenos &#945; e &#946; â amirina. Na avaliaÃÃo dos efeitos tÃxicos observamos a toxicidade aguda destes produtos em camundongos e Artemia sp. Analisando os efeitos sistÃmicos, avaliamos a atividade antiinflamatÃria da resina (edema de pata induzido por carragenina, granuloma induzido por âpelletsâ de algodÃo e permeabilidade vascular induzida por Ãcido acÃtico) e da mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirina (edema induzido por histamina, serotonina, dextrana T40 e composto 48/80). Examinamos ainda as atividades gastroprotetora e antisecretÃria da resina (lesÃes gÃstricas induzidas pelo etanol absoluto e etanol acidificado e secreÃÃo Ãcida induzida pela ligaÃÃo pilÃrica) e as atividades gastroprotetora (lesÃes gÃstricas induzidas pelo etanol absoluto, com animais dessensibilizados por capsaicina), antipruriginosa (prurido induzido pelo dextrana T40 e composto 448/80 e desgranulaÃÃo de mastÃcitos ex vivo) antinociceptiva (nocicepÃÃo induzida pela administraÃÃo subplantar e intracolÃnica de capsaicina, resposta hipotÃrmica induzida por capsaicina) e hepatoprotetora (lesÃes hepÃticas induzidas por acetaminofeno e Ga1N/LPS) da mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirinas. NÃo foi possÃvel estabelecer as DL50 da resina (atà 5 g/kg, v.o. e 1 g/kg, i.p.) e da mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirina (atà 3 g/kg, v.o. e atà 2 g/kg, i.p.) em camundongos. A mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirina, mas nÃo a resina, mostrou toxicidade para Artemisa sp, sendo as CL50 de 42,54  19,96 e 400  27,85 &#956;g/mL, respectivamente. Nos modelos de permeabilidade vascular induzido por Ãcido acÃtico (camundongo) e granuloma induzido por âpelletâ de algodÃo (ratos), a resina demonstrou efeito antiinflamatÃrio significativo na dose de 400mg/kg, reduzindo a permeabilidade vascular e o peso seco do granuloma. Contudo, a reina nÃo apresentou atividade sobre edema induzido por carragenina (ratos). Adicionalmente, a resina preveniu as lesÃes gÃstricas induzidas por etanol absoluto e etanol acidificado, alÃm de impedir a depleÃÃo dos grupos sulfidrilas produzida pelo etanol absoluto nas doses de 200 e 400 mg/kg. Um efeito antisecretÃrio da resina (200 e 400mg/kg) foi observado no modelo de secreÃÃo Ãcida induzida pela ligaÃÃo pilÃrica em ratos. A mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirina tambÃm exibiu atividade gastroprotetora inibindo as lesÃes gÃstricas por etanol absoluto, cujo mecanismo parece envolver os neurÃnios sensoriais primÃrios sensÃveis à capsaicina. A administraÃÃo oral dos triterpenos &#945; e &#946; â amirina (100 mg/kg), apresentou atividade antiedematogÃnica, nos modelos de edema de pata induzidos por histamina, composto 48/80 e dextrana T40, mas nÃo sobre o edema induzido por serotonina. A atividade antipruriginosa tambÃm foi observada com as &#945; e &#946; â amirina nas doses variando de 50 a 200 mg/kg, em modelos de prurido induzido por dextrana T40 e pelo composto 48/80 e na reduÃÃo (100 mg/kg) da degranulaÃÃo de mastÃcitos peritoneais ex vivo pelo composto 48/80. O efeito antinociceptivo da mistura, nas doses de 3 a 100 mg/kg, foi verificado atravÃs da inibiÃÃo dos comportamentos de nocicepÃÃo induzidos pela administraÃÃo subplantar ou intracolÃnica de capsaicina em camundongos. A antinocicepÃÃo produzida por estes triterpenos (10 mg/kg) sobre o tempo de lambedura induzido pela capsaicina (1,6 &#956;g/20 &#956;L) nÃo foi potencializada nem revestida pelo vermelho de rutÃnio (1,5 mg/kg), mas foi significativamente inibida pela naloxona (2 mg/kg), sugerindo mecanismo opiÃide. A participaÃÃo dos receptores &#945;2 - adrenÃrgicos neste efeito tambÃm foi eliminada, tendo em vista que a ioimbina nÃo reverteu o efeito antinociceptivo das amirinas no modelo de nocicepÃÃo visceral induzida pela capsaicina. Estes triterpenos bloquearam ainda a hipertermia induzida pela capsaicina (10 mg/kg), mas nÃo reverteram a resposta hipotÃrmica induzida por este agente, sugerindo a participaÃÃo do receptor vanilÃide (TRPV1) no efeito antinociceptivo das amirinas. Nos modelos de hepatoxidade, a mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirina (50 e 100 mg/kg) reduziu o aumento dos nÃveis sÃricos de ALT e AST e restabeleceu os nÃveis de GSH hepÃticos, diminuindo as alteraÃÃes histopatolÃgicas induzidas pelo acetaminofeno (500 mg/kg), alÃm de potencializar o tempo de sono induzido por pentobarbital sÃdico (50 mg/kg), indicando que este efeito hepatoprotetor envolve a inibiÃÃo do citocromo P â 450. A mistura ofereceu ainda completa proteÃÃo contra a mortalidade induzida por Ga1N/LPS, reduzindo as lesÃes hepÃticas em camundongos e reduzindo os nÃveis sÃricos de ALT, mas nÃo de AST ou GSH hepÃticos, sugerindo um possÃvel feito neuroimunomodulatÃrio neste modelo. Os triterpenos &#945; e &#946; â amirina nas doses variando de 3 a 30 mg/kg, nÃo manifestam efeitos sedativos ou incoordenaÃÃo motora em camundongos. A resina e mistura de &#945; e &#946; â amirina possuem baixa toxicidade e atividades antiinflamatÃria e gastroprotetora. Os triterpenos &#945; e &#946; â amirina exibiram atividade antipruriginosa, antinociceptiva e hepatoprotetora, cujos efeitos envolvem, pelo menos em parte, a participaÃÃo dos neurÃnios aferentes sensoriais primÃrios.

abstract: Transient receptor potential vanilloid member 1 (TRPV1) is a membrane protein ion channel that functions as a heat and capsaicin receptor. In addition to activation by hot temperature and vanilloid compounds such as capsaicin, TRPV1 is modulated by various stimuli including acidic pH, endogenous lipids, diverse biological and synthetic chemical ligands, and modulatory proteins. Due to its sensitivity to noxious stimuli such as high temperature and pungent chemicals, there has been significant evidence that TRPV1 participates in a variety of human physiological and pathophysiological pathways, raising the potential of TRPV1 as an attractive therapeutic target. However, the polymodal nature of TRPV1 function has complicated clinical application because the TRPV1 activation mechanisms from different modes have generally been enigmatic. Consequently, tremendous efforts have put into dissecting the mechanisms of different activation modes, but numerous questions remain to be answered. The studies conducted in this dissertation probed the role of the S1-S4 membrane domain in temperature and ligand activation of human TRPV1. Temperature-dependent solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy for thermodynamic and mechanistic studies of the S1-S4 domain. From these results, a potential temperature sensing mechanism of TRPV1, initiated from the S1-S4 domain, was proposed. Additionally, direct binding of various ligands to the S1-S4 domain were used to ascertain the interaction site and the affinities (Kd) of various ligands to this domain. These results are the first to study the isolated S1-S4 domain of human TRPV1 and many results indicate that the S1-S4 domain is crucial for both temperature-sensing and is the general receptor binding site central to chemical activation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biochemistry 2019

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(農学) / 乙第12936号 / 論農博第2816号 / 新制||農||1033(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4895(農学部図書室) / 32146 / (主査)教授 伏木 亨, 教授 保川 清, 教授 安達 修二 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Learning and memory in the brain are thought to be dependent on synaptic plasticity. In response to sensory input, synapses can be strengthened or weakened, known as long-term potentiation or long-term depression (LTD), respectively. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) has been shown to mediate a novel form of presynaptic LTD in hippocampal interneurons. TRPV1 is currently being heavily studied in the PNS and being targeted by pharmaceuticals for its anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory properties. However, much less is known regarding TRPV1 function in the CNS, including the signal mechanism mediating hippocampal LTD despite its obvious importance. Here we performed whole-cell voltage clamp electrophysiology experiments from CA1 hippocampal interneurons to identify this signaling mechanism. Because calcineurin (CaN) is reported to be linked to multiple forms of synaptic plasticity, we hypothesized that TRPV1 activates presynaptic CaN, which is required for this presynaptic LTD. In order to distinguish between presynaptic and postsynaptic CaN activity we added the specific CaN inhibitors cyclosporin A (CsA) or FK-506 to the bath to block CaN activity ubiquitously in the slice, both presynaptically and postsynaptically, and to the internal solution to block CaN only in the postsynaptic neuron. CsA or FK-506 present in the internal solution, blocking only postsynaptic CaN, showed no effect on TRPV1-dependant LTD. Bath application of CsA or FK-506, inhibiting CaN in the presynaptic neuron as well, blocked LTD elicited by both a high frequency stimulation protocol (P < 0.05) and by direct TRPV1 activation with specific agonists resiniferotoxin and capsaicin (P < 0.05). This demonstrates that CsA and FK506 block both high frequency stimulation induced LTD and also TRPV1 specific depression. We are thus able to show that calcineurin is required for this form of presynaptic TRPV1 mediated LTD in the hippocampus. This finding is the first to demonstrate a TRPV1-induced signaling mechanism in CA1 hippocampus.