The marine current turbine (MCT) is an exciting proposition for the extraction of renewable tidal and marine current power. However, the numerical prediction of the performance of the MCT is difficult due to its complex geometry, the surrounding turbulent flow and the free surface. The main purpose of this research is to develop a computational tool for the simulation of a MCT in turbulent flow and in this thesis, the author has modified a 3D Large Eddy Simulation (LES) numerical code to simulate a three blade MCT under a variety of operating conditions based on the Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) and the Conservative Level Set Method (CLS). The interaction between the solid structure and surrounding fluid is modelled by the immersed boundary method, which the author modified to handle the complex geometrical conditions. The conservative free surface (CLS) scheme was implemented in the original Cgles code to capture the free surface effect. A series of simulations of turbulent flow in an open channel with different slope conditions were conducted using the modified free surface code. Supercritical flow with Froude number up to 1.94 was simulated and a decrease of the integral constant in the law of the wall has been noticed which matches well with the experimental data. Further simulations of the marine current turbine in turbulent flow have been carried out for different operating conditions and good match with experimental data was observed for all flow conditions. The effect of waves on the performance of the turbine was also investigated and it has been noticed that this existence will increase the power performance of the turbine due to the increase of free stream velocity.

A degradação da matriz extracelular e de proteínas da parede aórtica associada à inflamação é uma das principais características dos aneurismas da aorta abdominal (AAA). O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar a participação das metaloproteinases 2 e 9 na formação de AAAs, através de um modelo experimental inédito de indução de AAA em ratos Wistar, desencadeado por duas potenciais causas de secreção e ativação de MMP-2 e 9: alteração do fluxo sanguíneo e lesão vascular externa na aorta. A formação de aneurismas foi observada em 60%-70% dos animais, apresentando diâmetro de 7 a 8 vezes maior que o diâmetro normal da aorta. Histologicamente observou-se remodelamento, intensa resposta inflamatória, destruição maciça de fibras elásticas e aumento da síntese de colágeno na parede aórtica. A expressão de ambas as formas de MMP-2 foram observadas tanto nos AAAs como nos grupos controles, neste com menor atividade, entretanto a expressão da pró e da MMP-9 ativa foram encontradas apenas nos AAAs. Conclusão: Nossos resultados sugerem que tanto as MMP-2 quanto as MMP-9 apresentam importante papel no desenvolvimento de AAA e este novo modelo de indução de AAA, pode ajudar a elucidar os mecanismos que desencadeiam a secreção e ativação das MMP-2 e MMP-9 na formação de aneurismas. / Degradation of extracellular matrix and proteins associated with inflammation of the aortic wall is the main characteristics of the abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA). The aim of this study was investigate the participation of Metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in AAA formation in Wistar rats. A novel experimental model of AAA was developed, providing two potential causes of MMPs secretion and activation, turbulent flow (caused by surgically induced extrinsic stenosis) and outside vascular injury is detailed described. The days analyzed were the 3rd and the 7th post surgery. Aneurysms were observed to occur in 60-70% of the Group AAA, exhibiting a major transversal diameter to 7 from 8 times larger than controls and sham groups. Histologically, the aneurysms wall showed extensive structural remodeling, intense inflammatory response, massive elastic fibers destruction and abundant collagen deposition. Increased pro- and active MMP-2 was demonstrated in the AAA and controls groups, whereas pro- and active MMP-9 were found to be expressed only in the AAA group. Conclusions: MMP-2 and MMP-9 may have a pivotal role in the development of experimental AAA. This model can help to elucidate the mechanisms which trigger off MMP-2 and MMP-9 secretion and activation causing aneurysms.

In cardiovascular medicine, the assessment of blood flow is fundamental to the understanding and detection of disease. Many pharmaceutical, interventional, and surgical treatments impact the flow. The primary purpose of the cardiovascular system is to drive, control and maintain blood flow to all parts of the body. In the normal cardiovascular system, fluid transport is maintained at high efficiency and the blood flow is essentially laminar. Disturbed and turbulent blood flow, on the other hand, appears to be present in many cardiovascular diseases and may contribute to their initiation and progression. Despite strong indications of an important interrelationship between flow and cardiovascular disease, medical imaging has lacked a non-invasive tool for the in vivo assessment of disturbed and turbulent flow. As a result, the extent and role of turbulence in the blood flow of humans have not yet been fully investigated. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a versatile tool for the non-invasive assessment of flow and has several important clinical and research applications, but might not yet have reached its full potential. Conventional MRI techniques for the assessment of flow are based on measurements of the mean velocity within an image voxel. The mean velocity corresponds to the first raw moment of the distribution of velocities within a voxel. An MRI framework for the quantification of any moment (mean, standard deviation, skew, etc.) of arbitrary velocity distributions is presented in this thesis. Disturbed and turbulent flows are characterized by velocity fluctuations that are superimposed on the mean velocity. The intensity of these velocity fluctuations can be quantified by their standard deviation, which is a commonly used measure of turbulence intensity. This thesis focuses on the development of a novel MRI method for the quantification of turbulence intensity. This method is mathematically derived and experimentally validated. Limitations and sources of error are investigated and guidelines for adequate application of MRI measurements of turbulence intensity are outlined. Furthermore, the method is adapted to the quantification of turbulence intensity in the pulsatile blood flow of humans and applied to a wide range of cardiovascular diseases. In these applications, elevated turbulence intensity was consistently detected in regions where highly disturbed flow was anticipated, and the effects of potential sources of errors were small. Diseased heart valves are often replaced with prosthetic heart valves, which, in spite of improved benefits and durability, continue to fall short of matching native flow patterns. In an in vitro setting, MRI was used to visualize and quantify turbulence intensity in the flow downstream from four common designs of prosthetic heart valves. Marked differences in the extent and degree of turbulence intensity were detected between the different valves. Mitral valve regurgitation is a common valve lesion associated with progressive left atrial and left ventricular remodelling, which may often require surgical correction to avoid irreversible ventricular dysfunction. The spatiotemporal dynamics of flow disturbances in mitral regurgitation were assessed based on measurements of flow patterns and turbulence intensity in a group of patients with significant regurgitation arising from similar valve lesions. Peak turbulence intensity occurred at the same time in all patients and the total turbulence intensity in the left atrium appeared closely related to the severity of regurgitation. MRI quantification of turbulence intensity has the potential to become a valuable tool in investigating the extent, timing and role of disturbed blood flow in the human cardiovascular system, as well as in the assessment of the effects of different therapeutic options in patients with vascular or valvular disorders.

Abstract The influence of rotating and cross flow effect on local heat transfer coefficient and flow visualization for a single confined air/water jet with jet-to-wall spacing from 5 to 11.4, jet Reynolds number from 6500 to 26000, rotational Reynolds number from 0 to 112000, curvature ratio from 150 to , ratio of crossflow massflux to jet mass flux from 0 to 2, and the heat flux from 1430 to 12890W/m2 were reported. The local heat transfer coefficient for air/water along the surface is measured and the effect of the rotation, the jet-to-wall spacing, the surface curvature, local and average Nusselt number, are presented and discussed. Furthermore, flow visualization was made in the present study. Based on the experimental result, it is found that the rotation will induce the centrifugal and coriolis force. It also shows that the heat transfer response will be decreased when the impinging direction parallel to the rotating direction, and increased when impinging direction perpendicular to the rotating direction. Crossflow effect will make Nusselt number decrease to 48% when M=2. Moreover, the roughen surface will increase the heat transfer coefficient up to 22% due to the secondary flow. The flow visualization is used to observe the transition of laminar to turbulence flow and to calculate the boundary layer thickness.

Η παρούσα Διατριβή Μεταπτυχιακού Διπλώματος Ειδίκευσης, πραγματεύεται την ανάλυση της τυρβώδους ροής σε ανοικτούς αγωγούς στον πυθμένα των οποίων ενυπάρχουν σχηματισμοί μορφής θινών (dunes). Μελετήθηκε η περίπτωση 5 θινών οι οποίες τοποθετήθηκαν στον πυθμένα ενός καναλιού βάθους d θεωρώντας μόνιμη ροή. Για την επίλυση χρησιμοποιήθηκαν οι εξισώσεις RANS, ενώ για το κλείσιμο της τύρβης χρησιμοποιήθηκαν τα μοντέλα μιας εξίσωσης Spalart-Allmaras και δύο εξισώσεων k-ε. Η διαχείριση της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας έγινε με την μέθοδο VOF, ενώ η αριθμητική επίλυση βασίστηκε στην μέθοδο των πεπερασμένων όγκων και πραγματοποιήθηκε με τον εμπορικό κώδικα FLUENT 6.1.2. Για την ροή στον ανοικτό αγωγό, στον πυθμένα του οποίου ενυπήρχαν οι σχηματισμοί, θεωρήθηκε αριθμός Reynolds , κλίση πυθμένα και συντελεστή Manning , ο οποίος αντιστοιχεί σε ισοδύναμο ύψος τραχύτητας τοιχωμάτων . Προκειμένου να επαληθευθεί η ακρίβεια της αριθμητικής μεθόδου, επιλύθηκε η περίπτωση του επίπεδου πυθμένα και τα αποτελέσματα συγκρίθηκαν με γνωστά πειραματικά αποτελέσματα καθώς και αποτελέσματα τα οποία προέκυψαν από την μονοδιάστατη ανάλυση της ροής πάνω από επίπεδο πυθμένα. Τα αποτελέσματα βρέθηκαν σε καλή συμφωνία, κυρίως για την κατανομή της ταχύτητας, ενώ για την τύρβη υπήρχε πολύ καλή συμφωνία κυρίως πλησίον του πυθμένα. Για το πρόβλημα των θινών εξετάσθηκαν: (α) τρεις περιπτώσεις με σταθερό άνοιγμα θίνης προς βάθος ροής και διαφορετικά ύψη θινών , 0.25 και (β) τρεις περιπτώσεις με σταθερή αναλογία ανοίγματος προς ύψος και ύψη θινών όπως στην περίπτωση (α). Η ανάλυση έδειξε ότι το μέσο προφίλ της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας μειώνεται στην διεύθυνση της ροής, ενώ πάνω από κάθε θίνη το πλάτος της ανύψωσης της ελεύθερης επιφάνειας αυξάνει με την αύξηση του ύψους και του ανοίγματος των θινών. Η κατανομή των διατμητικών τάσεων παρουσιάζει κυματοειδή μορφή υπεράνω των θινών και αυξάνει αυξανομένου του ύψους τους και με την μείωση του ανοίγματός τους. Πίσω από κάθε θίνη δημιουργείται θύλακας ανακυκλοφορίας της ροής και ο λόγος της απόστασης του σημείου επανακόλλησης προς το ύψος της θίνης είναι . / The spatial development of the turbulent open channel flow over bottom with five dunes is studied. The steady-state flow is described by the RANS equations utilizing either the or the Spalart-Allmaras turbulence models. The free-surface treatment is based on the VOF formulation, while the numerical solution is based on a finite-volume, unstructured-grid discretization. Lengths are rendered dimensionless by the inflow channel depth, while velocities by the mean inflow velocity. The inflow Reynolds number is , the channel slope is and the Manning coefficient is , which results to a roughness height . In order to verify the numerical methods, the flat bottom case is considered and the numerical predictions are compared to known experimental data. We get very good agreement for the velocity distributions, while for turbulence the results are very good close to the bottom and poor close to the free surface. Then, we consider: (a) three cases with constant dune length and differing dune heights 0.15, 0.25, 0.35, and (b) three cases with constant ratio and dune heights as in (a). The spatial development of the free-surface elevation over the dunes presents a negative mean slope for all cases. Locally over each dune, the amplitude of the free-surface elevation increases with increasing dune height and increasing dune length. The spatial development of the wall shear stress presents a wave-like behavior and its amplitude increases with increasing dune height and decreasing dune length. On every dune crest the streamwise velocity profile is steeper than the universal logarithmic profile similar to the behavior in a favorable pressure gradient boundary layer. The detachment at each dune crest is followed by a recirculation region and reattachment at a distance from the dune trough.

Turbulent flows and coherent structures emerging within turbulent flow fields have been extensively studied for the past few decades and a wide variety of experimental and numerical techniques have been developed for measurement and analysis of turbulent flows. The complex nature of turbulence requires methods that can accurately estimate its highly chaotic spatial and temporal behavior. Some of the classical cases of turbulent flows with simpler geometries have been well characterized by means of the existing experimental techniques and numerical models. Nevertheless, since most turbulent fields are of complex geometries; there is an increasing interest in the study of turbulent flows through models with more complicated geometries. In this dissertation, characteristics of turbulent flows through two different facilities with complex geometries are studied applying two different experimental methods. The first study involves the investigation of turbulent impinging jets through a staggered array of rods with or without crossflow. Such flows are crucial in various engineering disciplines. This experiment aimed at modeling the coolant flow behavior and mixing phenomena within the lower plenum of a Very High Temperature Reactor (VHTR). Dynamic Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) and Matched Index of Refraction (MIR) techniques were applied to acquire the turbulent velocity fields within the model. Some key flow features that may significantly enhance the flow mixing within the test section or actively affect some of the structural components were identified in the velocity fields. The evolution of coherent structures within the flow field is further investigated using a Snapshot Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) technique. Furthermore, a comparative POD method is proposed and successfully implemented for identification of the smaller but highly influential coherent structures which may not be captured in the full-field POD analysis. The second experimental study portrays the coolant flow through the core of an annular pebble bed VHTR. The complex geometry of the core and the highly turbulent nature of the coolant flow passing through the gaps of fuel pebbles make this case quite challenging. In this experiment, a high frequency Hot Wire Anemometry (HWA) system is applied for velocity measurements and investigation of the bypass flow phenomena within the near wall gaps of the core. The velocity profiles within the gaps verify the presence of an area of increased velocity close to the outer reflector wall; however, the characteristics of the coolant flow profile is highly dependent on the gap geometry and to a less extent on the Reynolds number of the flow. The time histories of the velocity are further analyzed using a Power Spectra Density (PSD) technique to acquire information about the energy content and energy transfer between eddies of different sizes at each point within the gaps.

This thesis is focused on direct numerical simulation (DNS) of compressible and incompressible fully developed and developing turbulent flows between isothermal walls using a discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM). Three cases (Ma = 0.2, 0.7 and 1.5) of DNS of turbulent channel flows between isothermal walls with Re ~ 2800, based on bulk velocity and half channel width, have been carried out. It is found that a power law seems to scale mean streamwise velocity with Ma slightly better than the more usual log-law. Inner and outer scaling of second-order and higher-order statistics have been analyzed. The linkage between the pressure gradient and vorticity flux on the wall has been theoretically derived and confirmed and they are highly correlated very close to the wall. The correlation coefficients are influenced by Ma, and viscosity when Ma is high. The near-wall spanwise streak spacing increases with Ma. Isosurfaces of the second invariant of the velocity gradient tensor are more sparsely distributed and elongated as Ma increases. DNS of turbulent isothermal-wall bounded flow subjected to favourable and adverse pressure gradient (FPG, APG) at Ma ~ 0.2 and Reref ~ 428000, based on the inlet bulk velocity and the streamwise length of the bottom wall, is also investigated. The FPG/APG is obtained by imposing a concave/convex curvature on the top wall of a plane channel. The flows on the bottom and top walls are tripped turbulent and laminar boundary layers, respectively. It is observed that the first and second order statistics are strongly influenced by the pressure gradients. The cross-correlation coefficients of the pressure gradients and vorticity flux remain constant across the FPG/APG regions of the flat wall. High correlations between the streamwise/wallnormal pressure gradient and the spanwise vorticity are found near the separation region close to the curved top wall. The angle of inclined hairpin structure to streamwise direction of the bottom wall is smaller (flatter) in the FPG region than the APG region. / Thesis (Ph.D, Mechanical and Materials Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2009-12-21 13:59:53.084

No description available.

This thesis presents a detailed, two-dimensional analysis of the performance of multi-element guard-heated hot-film wall shear stress microsensors for turbulent flows. Previous studies of conventional, single-element sensors show that a significant portion of heat generated in the hot-film travels through the substrate before reaching the fluid, causing spectral and phase errors in the wall shear stress signal and drastically reducing the spatial resolution of the sensor. Earlier attempts to reduce these errors have focused on reducing the effective thermal conductivity of the substrate. New guard-heated microsensor designs proposed to overcome the severe deficiencies of the conventional design are investigated in this thesis. Guard-heaters remove the errors associated with substrate heat conduction, by forcing zero temperature gradient at the edges and bottom face of the hot-film, and hence, block the indirect heat transfer to the flow. Air and water flow over the sensors are studied numerically to investigate design, performance and signal strength of the guard-heated sensors. Our results show, particularly for measurements in low-conductivity fluids such as air, that edge guard-heating needs to be supplemented by a sub-surface guard-heater, to make substrate conduction errors negligible. With this two-plane guard-heating, a strong non-linearity in the standard single-element designs can be corrected, and spectral and phase errors arising from substrate conduction can be eliminated. / Graduate / 0548 / etrati@uvic.ca

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-12T20:25:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diego da Silva.pdf: 2316377 bytes, checksum: 8cdc8aef19b579ce777e88c236323f74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / In practical applications related to the drying process is absolutely essential to understand the basic echanism of mass transfer of chemical species by convection. Once understood this physical phenomenon, it is possible to propose techniques to increase the convective mass transfer coefficient of the chemical species in order to enhance or control the drying. Within this context, the main objective of this study was to develop, validate and apply a numerical simulation tool for the study of the turbulent flow of a binary mixture (air-water vapor) inside the channels. The numerical method was developed using finite difference equations being discretized by central differences in co-located mesh. Artificial dissipation terms have been introduced to control the roblem of odd-even decoupling and minimize numerical instabilities. Because the flow is turbulent, the turbulence model type high Reynolds_ ɛ, since the industrial applicability of the model was used. The physical study was to evaluate drying important parameters, namely: (i) determining the rates of mass transfer of chemical species on the surface of the channels (solid / gas interface) in problems of forced convection; (ii) analyzing the effects of parameters / important characteristics of the flow of the mixture over a drying process. The results established that the mass transfer of the chemical species to the flow channel wall is directly affected by parameters considered, particularly in the entrance region and the channel region resulting in recirculation. / Em aplicações práticas relacionadas ao processo de secagem é absolutamente essencial compreender o mecanismo básico da transferência de massa da espécie química por convecção. Uma vez compreendido este fenômeno físico, é possível propor técnicas para aumentar o coeficiente convectivo de transferência de massa de forma a intensificar ou controlar a secagem. Dentro deste contexto, o principal objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver, validar e aplicar uma ferramenta de simulação numérica para o estudo do escoamento turbulento de uma mistura binária (ar-vapor d água) no interior de canais. O método numérico foi desenvolvido em diferenças finitas, sendo as equações de governo discretizadas em diferenças centrais em malha co-localizada. Foram introduzidos termos de dissipação artificial para controlar o problema do desacoplamento par-ímpar e minimizar instabilidades numéricas. Devido o escoamento ser turbulento, foi utilizado o modelo de turbulência do tipo k − ɛ alto Reynolds, visto a aplicabilidade industrial do modelo. O estudo físico realizado consistiu em avaliar parâmetros importantes da secagem, a saber: (i) determinação das taxas de transferência de massa da espécie química na superfície dos canais (interface sólido/gás) em problemas de convecção forçada; (ii) análise dos efeitos de parâmetros/características importantes do escoamento da mistura sobre um processo de secagem. Os resultados obtidos estabeleceram que a transferência de massa da espécie química das paredes do canal é diretamente afetada pelos parâmetros considerados, principalmente na região de entrada do canal e em regiões que resultam em recirculação.