The purpose of this study was to explore the utility of Hall's (1961) conceptualization of Max Weber's (1946) theory of bureaucracy as an analytical tool in Turkey. The population was 1946 teachers in 91 public schools that employ five or more teachers. The instruments were distributed to 725 teachers in 68 schools in Karabuk province. Useable returns were 486. A pilot sample (one third of the useable returns) was generated to test the instruments by utilizing a series of item analyses. Remaining cases were used to answer the research questions in a separate sample. Items to measure bureaucracy derived from different versions of Hall's (1961) Organizational Inventory which operationalized six bureaucratic dimensions: hierarchy of authority, division of labor, rules and regulations, procedural specifications, impersonality, and technical competence. Item-analyses were done in the pilot sample. The surviving items were subjected to a factor analysis using the research sample. Generally, the factor structure of items obtained in the pilot sample was replicated in the research sample. Items measuring sense of power were also isolated from the literature and tested in the pilot sample. The surviving items were also subjected to a factor analysis in the research sample. The six moderately correlated bureaucratic dimensions clustered around two negatively related second-order factors. The first factor (control) was composed of hierarchy of authority, rules and regulations, procedural specifications, and formality in relations. The second factor (expertise) was composed of division of labor and technical competence. Based on control and expertise scores, teachers were classified into four typologies: Weberian, Collegial, Chaotic, and Authoritarian. Teachers in collegial cluster were the highest in sense of power and teachers in authoritarian cluster were the lowest in sense of power. Sense of power was inversely related to bureaucratization and positively related to expertise above and beyond the other relevant variables. It is concluded that there is support for the applicability of the western predisposition of bureaucracy to Turkish schools because of similar findings reported by western researchers. Max Weber's ideal theory of bureaucracy as it was operationalizaed by Hall is a useful analytical tool to examine the organizational structure of Turkish schools. / Ph. D.

The conflict between ethnic minorities and nation-states has been subject to one of the most searching debates in the study of ethno-nationalism. The dominant approach among scholars is that ethnic conflicts stem from states' failure to recognize minority rights. Within the framework of this approach, it is assumed that ethnic conflicts occur due to the discriminatory policies on the part of the state. As a reaction to those policies, ethnic groups resist with rebellious elements. However this assimilation-resistance paradigm only considers the civic integration efforts of the state and fails to acknowledge the role of state's territorial integrity efforts and ethnic groups' demands to self-government in generating the conflict. Anchored in an ethno-symbolist framework, the purpose of this thesis is to explore the historical interpretational obstacles over the ownership of homeland between the states and ethnic groups when working towards a conflict resolution. Through a case study of Kurdish-Turkish conflict, this thesis addresses the different meanings of territory held by the state and the ethnic groups as one of the major causes of ethnic conflicts. / Master of Arts

La recherche que nous présentons s'appuie sur l'observation du turc langue étrangère, examiner les développements et les enjeux concernant cette langue en France. Le système d'enseignement secondaire en France propose l'apprentissage d'une quinzaine de langues dites académiques. Douze de ces langues sont enseignées comme première langue vivante étrangère. L'enseignement du turc, introduit en 1994 dans le programme de l'enseignement secondaire français par un décret du ministère. Il est dispensé dans le programme d'enseignement de langues vivantes étrangères, sous le contrôle de l'inspecteur général responsable du turc au ministère de l'éducation nationale français. Les élèves ont la possibilité de choisir le turc comme première langue pour l'examen du baccalauréat. Pour mener à bien notre travail, nous nous appuierons sur les publications concernant notre sujet. Nous examinerons aussi les établissements et les instituts (les ministères de l'éducation nationale de France et de la Turquie, le département d'études turques de l'université de Strasbourg, INALCO, l'inspection générale de l'éducation nationale, etc.) à l'égard de notre sujet. / The secondary education offers the learning of fifteen so-called academic languages. Twelve of these languages are taught as the first living foreign language. The teaching of turkish, was introduced in 1994 in the curriculum of French secondary education by a decree of the Ministry. It's taught in foreign language teaching program, under the control of the general inspector responible of Turkish language at the French Ministry of education. Students have the opportunity to choose theTurkish as the first language for the baccalaureate exam. To carry out our work, we will rely on the publications related to our subject. We will also examine institutions, institues ( the Ministries of National education of France and Turkey, The Turkish studies Departement in the university of Strasbourg, INALCO, The General inspectorate of National Education, etc.) with regard to our subject.

In my dissertation I critically analyze and evaluate how the Turkish nation and culture is `performed' and `constructed' in two Turkish Festivals in Chicago: The Chicago Turkish Festival and The Chicago Turkish World Festival. I examine what this representation suggests about the complex national and cultural identity politics the Turkish Diaspora negotiate, with both their native and adoptive countries. My study draws on theories of nationalism and transnational nationalism, as well as critical cultural studies concepts including the `tourist gaze', (cultural) `spectacle', and `internal colonialism.' Because nationality festivals are public demonstrations involving a mass audience, my dissertation investigates how representations of Turkey (visual and verbal) are dependent upon the images and narratives popular among the American audience that are targeted. In an era of globalization, the cultural representation of Turkey in these two Turkish festivals in Chicago is used for political and commercial ends to: a) form good relations with the local U.S. state officials and to help lobby for the Turkish community in Chicago; and b) open up new means of income for local artists and entrepreneurs as well as transnational businesses that attend these festivals from Turkey and other countries. The Turkish American cultural organizations, The Turkish American Cultural Alliance (TACA) and the Turkish American Society of Chicago (TASC), that organizes these festivals, in many ways take part in nationalism from abroad (transnational nationalism) when they promote the official national discourses of the homeland and receive material and moral support from the Turkish Consulate of Chicago and the Tourism and Culture Ministry in Turkey. My dissertation demonstrates how Turkey's representation in these festivals by the two leading Turkish American organizations have become dependent on both European Orientalist discourses of the Ottoman Era that are internalized by the Turks today, as well as the very singular and monolithic nationalist discourses of the Turkey's founding fathers. I include a historical analysis of Chicago's Turkish community, including the way it was represented at Chicago's Columbian Exposition in 1893 (Chapter 2), an ethnographic analysis of the Turkish American organizations that have organized the Turkish festivals in Chicago (Chapter 3), and a critical analysis of activities and live performances that take place at both festivals (Chapter 4 & 5). My methods of study are field note observations, interviews conducted with the festival organizers and volunteers, and surveys conducted with festival participants. My research reveals that although the two Turkish American organizations, TACA and TASC, use similar national and cultural narratives, symbols, and representations, they differ in their choice of glorifying either Ottoman history or the history of the Turkish Republic, and on the degree to which Islam constitutes Turkish culture and national identity. This serves political ends as it reflects the ongoing political debates in Turkey over what social and cultural identities make up the Turkish nation.

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Confidence measures for the results of speech/speaker recognition make the systems more useful in the real time applications. Confidence measures provide a test statistic for accepting or rejecting the recognition hypothesis of the speech/speaker recognition system. Speech/speaker recognition systems are usually based on statistical modeling techniques. In this thesis we defined confidence measures for statistical modeling techniques used in speech/speaker recognition systems. For speech recognition we tested available confidence measures and the newly defined acoustic prior information based confidence measure in two different conditions which cause errors: the out-of-vocabulary words and presence of additive noise. We showed that the newly defined confidence measure performs better in both tests. Review of speech recognition and speaker recognition techniques and some related statistical methods is given through the thesis. We defined also a new interpretation technique for confidence measures which is based on Fisher transformation of likelihood ratios obtained in speaker verification. Transformation provided us with a linearly interpretable confidence level which can be used directly in real time applications like for dialog management. We have also tested the confidence measures for speaker verification systems and evaluated the efficiency of the confidence measures for adaptation of speaker models. We showed that use of confidence measures to select adaptation data improves the accuracy of the speaker model adaptation process. Another contribution of this thesis is the preparation of a phonetically rich continuous speech database for Turkish Language. The database is used for developing an HMM/MLP hybrid speech recognition for Turkish Language. Experiments on the test sets of the database showed that the speech recognition system has a good accuracy for long speech sequences while performance is lower for short words, as it is the case for current speech recognition systems for other languages. A new language modeling technique for the Turkish language is introduced in this thesis, which can be used for other agglutinative languages. Performance evaluations on newly defined language modeling techniques showed that it outperforms the classical n-gram language modeling technique.

This thesis aims to describe and analyze the politicians who belong the right-wing political conservative traditions in Turkey by the mediation of their understanding and mentality. In this framework, the study primarily intends to investigate and analyze their perceptions of political and ideological imaginations. Turkish right seems to have a quite heterogeneous structure. While the recognition of the heterogeneity embodied around the political-institutional structuring is crucial to understand the Turkish right-conservatism, focusing merely on the heterogeneity and differences is inadequate to understand the right-conservative tradition. This study aims to analyze the aforesaid diversity and heterogeneity in the axes of politics and ideology. In spite of its heterogeneous qualifications, there are some attributions which made the Turkish right-wing conservative tradition homogeneous on certain economic, social and cultural issues. In this context, the study aims to analyze and understand the differentiations and affinities among the politicians who belong to the mainstream right-wing conservative political parties by focusing on the politicians discourses.

This research examines how Turkish newspapers approached the Armenian terrorism which emerged in the years between 1973 and 1984 as the third wave since the late 19th century. The Armenian terrorist organizations officially emerged in 1975 in order to show the world their rightfulness in terms of the so-called Armenian genocide, assassinating Turkish diplomats, including ambassadors and their families, in a planned and systematic fashion within these 11 years. These terrorist activities accelerated from time to time. Along with the accelerated Armenian terror, domestic terrorism and political disorder were the other developments in Turkey. Within the context of such difficulties, the extent of Armenian terrorist activities and the changes in the politically varied Turkish newspapers&#039 / regarding Armenian terrorism within these 11 years are examined thoroughly.

Turkish citizens who went to Germany as migrant workers during 1960s and 1970s attached themselves to the language and music of their home country in order to sustain their local, regional or national belongings. In the 21st century, against the backdrop of globalization, the second and third generation of the Turkish group in Germany has different ties with Turkey and &ldquo / Turkish culture&rdquo / . Are the belongings of the German-Turkish youth still shaped by language, music and cultural artifacts related to Turkey? What do they try to preserve, what do they reassemble or re-arrange? What is the meaning of music in these processes of identity? Considering the literature on the German-Turkish youth, this study aims at giving voice to an &ldquo / invisible&rdquo / group through an unheard genre of music. This study looks at young women, second and third generation of Turkish background, in Germany and the role of Turkish classical music in their everyday lives. A genre with a history of about a millennium, Turkish classical music as a performance entered the German context in late 1970s with the first Turkish classical music choir. v Since then the production of Turkish classical music has been feminized, and the young women singing in these choirs, who are somehow the followers of previous generations, develop ties to the music and the music circles they attend. The ethnographic data, which has been collected through a fieldwork of three months in Germany, mainly in Berlin, among young women in Turkish classical music choirs, shows that multiple belongings play a role in the transnational experience of music making among German-Turkish young women. When considered the Turkishness and Germanness of their identities with religious, linguistic and national aspects, it can be said that the young women experience a contestation of belongings and try to hide themselves in music in an effort to escape the tension of contested belongings. However, Turkish classical music is a source of contested belongings since the young women considered produce a type of music that they do not normally listen to.

This study examines the changing concept of nation and the identity problem for the workers that turned back to Turkey. Starting from 1960s, lots of workers migrated to European countries as a solution to the problem of unemployment in Turkey. The migrants brought their families with them and got accustomed to living abroad. However statistics prove that a group of migrants returned back to Turkey. Eventually, an identity problem emerged for the returned migrants and they experienced a confusion and ambiguity concerning their origin. Although, these migrants shared the same ethnic origin with people living in Turkey, they experienced difficulties in adapting to their national culture. Some of the migrants adapted themselves to other cultures, and their interest to their traditional cultures decreased. Consequently, the concept of nation carries a different meaning for the returned migrants. This thesis will examine, why and how the returned migrants became the other in their own countries.