This thesis explores the relationship of music and cultural memory in a migrant community, namely the Turkish diaspora in Berlin, Germany, and the changing patterns of music consumption within generations. Music is a significant agent that helps communities bridge the past and present time and place and carries the material that is used to create cultural memories for communities. This research attempts to put forward how music, as a part of our daily lives, is a part of the social arrangements that structure the operations of memory. In the context of modern diaspora, this study looks at the role of music in producing and shaping cultural memory in Berlin with the community with ties to Turkey, and how it is practiced by three different generations in the Turkish diaspora who experience music as a socially constructive element. The study also considers the extent that Turkish cultural heritage and identity is transmitted via music to the third generation, who were born and raised in Germany, examining the narrative of ‘Turkishness’ being woven into the music production of the third generation Turks. This research has been conducted using qualitative research methods with several field trips to Berlin. In-depth interviews mostly with second and third-generation German-Turks show that the Turkish diaspora has been utilising music for remembering, preventing memories from being forgotten and transmitting them to the next generations since the beginning of the guest-worker agreements in 1961. In addition to this connection with music, the timeliness of this study coincides with an era of major generational conflicts. While the second generation’s attempt to introduce their children to Turkish culture through encouraging or pushing them to learn Turkish music at private schools continues, young people have created their own diverse musicking traditions and spaces that connect them both to Turkey and Germany. New developments in technology have also provided young generations alternative paths to find music from Turkey. Building cultural memories via shared music listening experience is decreasing today within immigrant families in Berlin, while young people explore their personal links to Turkish music and create their own memories as a consequence of easier access to Turkish media.

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Kurdish political identity, their quest for recognition has been an everlasting issue in the Turkish politics since the establishment of Turkish Republic (1923). When the Republic was building by the Republican elite during the single-party regime, the Turkish identity and Mustafa Kemal’s principles became constituent elements of Republican agenda which was ideologically aimed to be a modern nation-state that showed no tolerance to those who stayed out of its scope (i.e Kurds). The frames of Turkish identity were firstly secularism, and secondly nationalism which required one language, one identity and territorial integrity. These frames which were copied from Jacobin French nationalism regulated the Turkification process and shaped the assimilationist policies towards non-Turkish ethnic groups. This paper examines the outlines of both Turkish politics and Kurdish resistance. While providing political consequences of reluctant policies toward Kurds and the Turkish perspective of Kurds as threats towards mainstream Turkish identity, the study also touches upon the ideological transition of Kurdish movement that appeared within the Justice and Development Party (AKP) reign. The evolution of Kurdish politics eventually utilized Kurds to emancipate from being a perception of threat to Turkish nationalism and finally offers a possible solution to the conflict.

The following study is aimed to evaluate the views of the Turkish News Media on Europe by analysing news articles derived from six Turkish daily newspapers with different political and ideological stances. Following are the questions of the study; What are the discourses on Europe in news articles of six Turkish daily newspapers? How are the discourses on Europe expressed, culturally respectively politically? In order to achieve this aim, a postcolonial standpoint on nationalism has been implemented alongside its critical view on orientalism. The reason why nationalism is included in the study is that it provides a better understanding of the view of “the other” by understanding the view of “us”, since one cannot exist without the other. Using the linguist Norman Fairclough ́s three dimensional model as part of the Critical Discourse Analysis, the discourses in the news articles have been studied as well as their relations to other discourses, and social practices of nationalism.

This dissertation shows that ideas of science and religion are not transhistorical by presenting a longue durée study of conceptions of science and religion in the Ottoman Empire. I demonstrate that the idea of science(s) was subject to a tectonic change over the course of a few centuries, namely between the early modern and modern period. Even within a specific epoch, conception of science and religion were in no way monolithic, as evidenced by the diversity of approaches to these categories in the early modern period. To point out continuity and change in the ideas of science and religion, I study classifications of sciences in the early modern Ottoman Empire, by comparing two works; one by Yahya Nev‘î and the other by Saçaklızâde Muhammed el-Mar‘aşî. Nev‘î wrote from the context of the court in Istanbul, while Saçaklızâde represented the madrasa environment in an Anatolian province, thus providing a contrast in their orders of knowledge. In addition, the dissertation includes a study of the concept of "jihat al-waḥda" (aspect of unity) of science, as discussed by commentators from the early modern period. After first providing a textual genealogy, I argue that this concept reveals the dominant paradigm of scientific thinking during this period. The last two chapters of the dissertation deal with modern Ottoman history. The third chapter analyzes Ahmed Cevdet Pasha's (d. 1895) translation of Ibn Khaldun's Muqaddimah into the Ottoman Turkish in order to show the shift in the conception of science in the mid-nineteenth century. I demonstrate both continuity and a break between the thought of Ibn Khaldun and Ahmed Cevdet Pasha. In the fourth chapter, I draw upon archival documents, a scientific journal, and a correspondence between two intellectuals namely Fatma Aliye and Ahmed Midhat, to point out that science, religion, and politics were separated as a consequence of state regulations over publications and civil societies together with other institutional reforms and educational policies. The dissertation raises questions about the historiography of science in the modern period, which takes the modern idea of science for granted and projects it back on to the earlier periods. Noting the anachronistic and presentist approach to the early modern period, the dissertation calls for a new kind of historiography that not only goes beyond our modern biases but learns from past experiences by seriously engaging them.

Fifty years after large-scale Turkish labour migration to the Federal Republic of Germany began, theatre by Turkish-German artists is only now becoming a consistent feature of Germany’s influential state-funded theatrical landscape. So whilst much scholarship in recent years has focused on Turkish-German literature and film, very little research has been conducted into Turkish-German theatre. This doctoral thesis addresses this neglected field of study and examines contemporary theatre practice and theatrical representation in the Federal Republic of Germany as a country of immigration. It traces the fascinating fates of five plays by two Turkish-German playwrights who are already well-known for their award-winning prose work: Emine Sevgi Özdamar and Feridun Zaimoglu, who writes for the stage with Günter Senkel. The thesis focuses on these plays in performance and examines the dramatic and performance texts’ negotiations of 1) mimesis – the artistic representation of ‘the real’ – and 2) mimeticism – a mechanism identified by cultural theorist Rey Chow as relying on Platonic concepts of idealised ‘originals’ to keep certain subjects ‘in their place’. The thesis argues that Özdamar’s plays in production function as touchstones for thinking through broader tendencies in the German theatrical establishment’s inclusion of theatre by, with, and concerning Turkish-Germans, while Zaimoglu/Senkel’s reveal points at which these paradigms shift. The earliest production which the thesis examines, Özdamar’s Karagöz in Alamania, was premiered in 1986, and the most recent, Özdamar’s Perikızı, in 2011. The intervening years are marked by the examination of Zaimoglu/Senkel’s Othello (2003), Schwarze Jungfrauen (2006), and Schattenstimmen (2008). As theatrical production in Germany is a process which tends to take the play out of the author’s hands, the thesis aims to unpack the negotiations between text and performance, author and director, ensemble and audience in each production. In doing so it makes use of extensive field and archival work. For each play addressed, the thesis moves beyond the dramatic text to draw on a wide range of sources including audiovisual recordings, prompt scripts, programmes, and interviews with the directors and authors. This historicising approach to performance analysis allows connections to be made between the performances as historical events taking place within an institutional context and the negotiations of mimesis and mimeticism within the mise-en-scène of each play in its world premiere and beyond. Key questions addressed throughout include: in what context were these plays staged? How were migration and migrant or postmigrant figures represented within them? How were productions received? And what does this have to tell us about cultural production and aesthetics within the very particular circumstances created by twentieth-century Turkish migrations to Germany? A focus on ‘mimeticism’ allows this thesis to explore the ways in which the productions examined approached the representation of ‘ethnicised’ figures. It also reveals the extent to which a positioning of plays by Özdamar and Zaimoglu/Senkel as ‘Turkish’, ‘Turkish-German’, or ‘postmigrant’ may also have affected their production and reception. A complementary focus on ‘mimesis’ then allows this thesis to examine the degree to which these performances were intended or received as aesthetic interventions relevant to the social reality of contemporary Germany. Indeed, the trajectories which this thesis traces over the past quarter of a century see Turkish- German theatre move not only geographically, but also symbolically, from the margins to the centre of theatrical life in contemporary Germany. Rather than seeing this relatively late success as reason to obscure earlier Turkish-German theatrical productions, this study places that success in context. It thus highlights the role which Özdamar's and Zaimoglu/Senkel's ‘script[s] of multiculturalism’ (B. Venkat Mani) have played in a larger, ongoing re-scripting of the German stage, which has taken place as Germany adjusts to its status as a country of immigration.

This thesis aims to address a key and understudied element of Turkish foreign-policy under the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP): the civil-society factor. It answers the question: How has foreign-policy and diplomacy changed in this era due to the domestic dynamics, exploring how Turkey's image and global standing is dependent on the legitimacy and activism of non-state actors. The central aim being to understand how the interests, identity and practices of civil-society organizations (CSOs) have changed modes and channels of engagement with the Middle East: with Turkey increasingly deploying economic, humanitarian and cultural diplomacy in their relations with the region. The theoretical focus provides an alternative perspective on foreign-policy from a societal and ideational perspective. The empirical focus examines the development of civil-society in Turkey alongside the trajectory of changing foreign relations with the Middle East. This thesis highlights the variation in CSOs in terms of their relationship with the government: the type of interaction based on a number of variables such as autonomy from the government, the democratization process, the security environment and openings in the political space. By analysing the patterns of interaction and influence of CSOs, this dissertation contributes to the literature on civil-society influence and literature on Turkish foreign-policy (TFP). This thesis aims to contribute to growing research on civil-society's role in Turkey, however within the specific and understudied context of Middle East relations. It choses civil-society as the main unit of analysis in what is acknowledged to be a complex and multifaceted policy environment. However, as will be discussed throughout this thesis in relation to strong elements of continuity in TFP, the emergence of normative discourses, social, economic and political ties at the level of civil-society is one of the most distinct changes of the AKP era. Turkey's engagement with the Middle East has been shaped, and channelled through these actors, legitimized to the public and the international community. This renders the behaviour of Turkish CSOs even more significant to international relations, with Turkey's pre-2013 image as a regional mediator, humanitarian diplomat and soft-power contingent on these actors.

Cette thèse porte sur le processus et les modalités d’intégration des immigrés. Elle tente àmontrer la pluralité des manières de s’insérer et de participer des immigrés à leur sociétéd’accueil, en fonction des origines socio-économiques, géographiques, des relationshistoriques entre les pays d’origine et d’accueil et en fonction des projets migratoires desindividus. Les récits de vie des immigrés originaires de Maroc, de Portugal et de Turquienous ont révélés deux principaux modes d’action : individuel quand le capital humain estélevé et communautaire lorsque la manque de capital humain est compensé par le capitalsocial ethnique. Ce dernier cas de figure est très présent chez la population turquerencontrée. En s’appuyant sur cette vague migratoire, la thèse consiste à soutenir lapossibilité d’une intégration par voie collective dont le ciment est l’appartenance ethnique. Depart le mode d’intégration communautaire très présent, le cas des immigrés turcs del’agglomération bordelaise nous donne l’opportunité de discuter la pertinence, et l’exclusivitédu modèle d’intégration français ainsi que les attentes relatives à l’intégration de l’autre. Lemode d’intégration par les dynamiques communautaires que nous avons observé chez cettepopulation donne le ton d’un mode cosmopolite. L’intégration structurelle rendue possible parun fonctionnement communautaire rend possible un double processus d’insertion et departicipation qui s’effectue de manière transnationale. Cette situation alimente la création desponts économiques, sociaux, associatives et politiques entre les deux pays, désormaisd’appartenances. / This study concentrates on immigrants’ integration processes and methods through thesocio-spatial trajectories. It reveals the plurality of the manners of the migrants participationto the society within the context of their immigration projects, socio-economic andgeographical origins and the historical relations between their origin countries and France.The analysis of the residential courses of the immigrants from Morocco, Portugal and Turkeyand owners of their residents within the agglomeration in Bordeaux, indicates two principalintegration models: individual, when human capital is elevated and collective, when theinsufficient human capital is balancing through the social community capital. This lastsituation is common in Turkish population met during this study. Based on the case ofTurkish migration, this thesis supports the possibility of the collective integration of which thebinding factor is ethnic networks. The economic integration based on ethnical networks andsocial participation developed by the community dynamics, enable a two-way integration.This double local and transnational integration creates economic, social and even politicalconnections between two countries.

In this dissertation, I provide a left-to-right incremental parsing approach for Headdriven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG; Pollard and Sag (1987, 1994)). HPSG is a lexicalized, constraint-based theory of grammar, which has also been widely exploited in computational linguistics in recent years. Head-final languages are known to pose problems for the incrementality of head-driven parsing models, proposed for parsing with constraint-based grammar formalisms, in both psycholinguistics and computational linguistics. Therefore, here I further focusmy attention on processing a head-final language, specifically Turkish, to highlight any challenges that may arise in the case of such a language. The dissertation makes two principal contributions, the first part mainly providing the theoretical treatment required for the computational approach presented in the second part. The first part of the dissertation is concerned with the analysis of certain phenomena in Turkish grammar within the framework of HPSG. The phenomena explored in this part include word order variation and relativization in Turkish. Turkish is a head-final language that exhibits a considerable degree of word order freedom, with both local and long-distance scrambling. I focus on the syntactic aspects of this freedomin simple and complex Turkish sentences, detailing the assumptions Imake both to dealwith the variation in the word order, and also to capture certain restrictions on that variation, within the HPSG framework. The second phenomenon, relativization in Turkish, has drawn considerable attention in the literature, all accounts so far being within the tradition of transformational grammar. Here I propose a purely lexical account of the phenomenon within the framework of HPSG, which I claim is empirically more adequate than previous accounts, as well as being computationally more attractive. The motivation behind the work presented in the second part of the dissertation mainly stems from psycholinguistic considerations. Experimental evidence (e.g. Marslen- Wilson (1973)) has shown that human language processing is highly incremental, meaning that humans construct aword-by-word partial representation of an utterance as they hear each word. Here I explore the computational effectiveness of an incremental processing mechanism for HPSG grammars. I argue that any such processing mechanism has to employ some sort of nonmonotonicity in order to guarantee both completeness and termination, and propose a way of doing that without violating the soundness of the overall approach. I present a parsing approach for HPSG grammars that parses a string of words fromleft to right, attaching every word of the input to a global structure as soon as it is encountered, thereby dynamically changing the structure as the parse progresses. I further focus on certain issues that arise in incremental processing of a “free”word order, head-final language like Turkish. First, I investigate howthe parser can benefit from the case values in Turkish in foreseeing the existence of an embedded phrase/clause before encountering its head, thereby improving the incrementality of structuring. Second, I propose a strategy for the incremental recovery of filler-gap relations in certain kinds of unbounded dependency constructions in Turkish, which further enables one to capture a number of (strong) preferences that humans exhibit in processing certain examples with potentially ambiguous long-distance dependency relations.

This study is about the Turkish diaspora in Sweden and how whose thoughts about being a Turk interact with how they perceive their work environment. The purpose of the paper is to analyse how four individuals with Turkish background interact with surrounding actors at their workplaces in Sweden and when, where, and how their Turkish identity is performed. Following are the questions asked to fulfil the purpose of the study;  How do high educated Turks in diaspora experience being Turkish in Sweden?  When, where, and how is the Turkish identity performed?  How do high educated Turks in diaspora interact with and perceive their surrounding actors in workplaces in Sweden? The results show that the participants do not have a direct experience of being a Turk. Their experiences are mostly a result of their interaction with others and of others’ perception of their Turkish identity. The results also show that the Turkish identity is often visible in interaction with actors outside the Turkish diaspora. However, the heterogeneous Turkish diaspora shows that perceptions of religion, politics and education can be identified as critical factors at play in interactions within the Turkish diaspora. Participants’ interaction with others and their perceptions of their workplaces are highlydependant on the workplace. Depending on the workplace’s heterogeneity or homogeneity the experiences differ. Some of the participants have developed strategies to eliminate conflicts associated with their Turkish identity.