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Ce mémoire est le résultat d'une recherche purement exploratoire concernant la définition d'une application de réseaux de neurones à base de transistors monoélectroniques (Single-Electron Transistor, SET). Il dresse un portait de l'état de l'art actuel, et met de l'avant la possibilité d'associer les SET avec la technologie actuelle (Field Electron Transistor, FET). La raison de cette association est que les SET peuvent être perçus comme un moyen de changement de paradigme, c'est-à-dire remplacer une fonction CMOS occupant une grande place par un dispositif alternatif présentant de meilleures performances ou équivalentes. Par l'intermédiaire de leurs caractéristiques électriques peu ordinaires au synonyme de"l'effet de blocage de Coulomb", les SET ont le potentiel d'être exploités intelligemment afin de tirer profit sur la consommation énergétique essentiellement. Cette problématique est présentée comme une des propositions alternatives"Beyond CMOS" aux termes de la diminution géométrique des transistors FET à la lumière de l'ITRS. Cette recherche propose d'exposer des circuits électroniques de technologie MOS complétés à l'aide de SET (circuits hybrides) et de montrer que l'on est capable de les remplacer ou les compléter (partiellement) dans des architectures à réseau de neurones. Pour cela, des simulations sous logiciel Cadence Environnement permettront de valider le comportement des circuits sur plusieurs critères tels que la vitesse de réponse et la consommation énergétique, par exemple. En résultat, seront proposées deux architectures à réseaux de neurones de fonctions différentes : une architecture Winner-Take-All et un générateur de spikes en tension. La première étant inspirée d'une publication provenant de GUIMARAES et al., veut démontrer qu'à partir d'une architecture SET existante, il est envisageable de se l'approprier et de l'appliquer aux paramètres des SET du CRN[indice supérieur 2] augmentant donc nos chances de pouvoir les concevoir dans notre groupe de recherche. Le second axe est la simulation d'un circuit capable de générer des signaux à spikes sans perte d'information, ce qui requerrait un nombre considérable de transistors FET sans l'utilisation de SET, mettant donc en valeur la réduction de composants.

Gaeumannomyces tritici is a soil-borne, highly destructive, wheat root pathogen, causing take-all disease. Some modern, elite, winter wheat cultivars possess a genetic trait promoting low take-all inoculum build-up (LowTAB). This leads to reduced disease if wheat is grown in the same field the next year. This PhD aimed to test if genetics (LowTAB) and chemistry will individually or synergistically influence take-all fungal inoculum build-up in first wheats as methods to control second wheat take-all disease. The underlying mechanism, epidemiology, agronomy and genetics of the TAB (take-all build-up) trait in eight first wheat field trials was investigated. This identified two minor QTLs conferring the LowTAB trait, in a doubled haploid mapping population. This PhD also confirms the highly complex cultivar-year-field interactions that underpin this trait. Root phenotyping experiments in the field and laboratory highlight that the TAB trait is not likely to be the result of root system architecture variation. Future field trials are planned to confirm the QTLs identified and to test for links between TAB and root-soil-microbial interactions. The effect of foliar applied chemistry (fungicide: Amistar, active ingredient: azoxystrobin and plant growth regulator: Moddus, a.i. trinexapac-ethyl) combined with genetics (TAB) on first wheat take-all inoculum build-up and second wheat disease was investigated. To complement this, laboratory screens were performed checking for common target site mutations to the azoxystrobin fungicide, in new and historic G. tritici isolates. For the first time, legacy effects of first wheat foliar chemistry on second wheat disease were identified, however no synergy with genetics were found. Early first wheat Amistar sprays reduced second wheat take-all disease, whilst later sprays and plant growth regulator, Moddus; had no effect. However, first wheat inoculum reduction by Amistar, could not be directly linked to the second wheat disease outbreaks observed. No evidence of fungicide resistance was found in 40 UK isolates, thus the varied efficacy of Amistar is linked to soil dose rate at the different application times. The collective PhD findings of the effect of first wheat chemistry and genetics make a significant contribution to the control of take-all disease in commercial second wheat crops.

Bibliography: leaves 207-220. Pseudomonas corrigata strain 2140 (Pc2140), isolated from wheat field soil in Australia, antagonises the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) in vitro and significantly reduces take-all symptoms on wheat in pot trials. This study investigates the mechanisms by which the biocontrol agent reduces the disease symptoms. Biochemical analysis of metabolites of P. corrugata 2140 reveal a number of compounds potentially antagonistic to Ggt and which may play a role in disease control. These include water-soluble antibiotics, siderophores, proteases, peptides and volatiles including hydrogen cyanide.

Take-all is the name given to the disease caused by a soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker (Ggt), an ascomycete of the family Magnaportheaceae (Cook, 2003). This fungus is an aggressive soil-borne pathogen causing root rot of wheat (primary host), barley and rye crops (secondary host). The flowering, seedling, and vegetative growth stages can be affected by the infection of the whole plant, leaves, roots, and stems. Infections of roots result in losses in crop yield and quality primarily due to a lowering in nutrient uptake. Take-all is most common in regions where wheat is cultivated without adequate crop rotation. Crop rotation allows time between the planting dates of susceptible crops, which causes a decrease in the inoculum potential of soilborne plant pathogens to levels below an economic threshold by resident antagonistic soil microbial communities. Soilborne disease suppressiveness is an inherent characteristic of the physical, chemical, and/or biological structure of a particular soil which might be induced by agricultural practices and activities such as the cultivation of crops, or the addition of organisms or nutritional amendments, causing a change in the microfloral environment. Disturbances of soil ecosystems that impact on the normal functioning of microbial communities are potentially detrimental to soil formation, energy transfers, nutrient cycling, and long-term stability. In this regard, an overview of soil properties and processes indicated that the use of microbiological and biochemical soil properties, such as microbial biomass, the analysis of microbial functional diversity and microbial structural diversity by the quantification of community level physiological profiles and signature lipid biomarkers are useful as indicators of soil ecological stress or restoration properties because they are more responsive to small changes than physical and chemical characteristics. In this study, the relationship between physico-chemical characteristics, and different biological indicators of soil quality of agricultural soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral with respect to take-all disease of wheat as caused by the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), were investigated using various techniques. The effect of crop rotation on the functional and structural diversity of soils conducive to take-all disease was also investigated. Through the integration of quantitative and qualitative biological data as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of the various soils, the functional and structural diversity of microbial IV communities in the soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat were characterised. All results were evaluated statistically and the predominant physical and chemical characteristics that influenced the microbiological and biochemical properties of the agricultural soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat were identified using multivariate analyses. Although no significant difference @ > 0.05) could be observed between the various soils using conventional microbiological enumeration techniques, the incidence of Gliocladium spp. in suppressive soils was increased. Significant differences @ < 0.05) were observed between agricultural soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat. Although no clear distinction could be made between soils suppressive and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, soils suppressive and conducive to take-all disease of wheat differed substantially in their community level physiological profiles (CLPPs). Soils suppressive / neutral to take-all disease were characterised by enhanced utilisation of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, while conducive soils were characterised by enhanced utilisation of carbohydrates. Shifts in the functional diversity of the associated microbial communities were possibly caused by the presence of Ggt and associated antagonistic fungal and bacterial populations in the various soils. It was evident that the relationships amongst the functionality of the microbial communities within the various soils had undergone changes through the different stages of development of take-all disease of wheat, thus implying different substrate utilisation capabilities of present soil microbial communities. Diversity indices were calculated as Shannon's diversity index (H') and substrate equitability (J) and were overall within the higher diversity range of 3.6 and 0.8, respectively, indicating the achievement of very high substrate diversity values in the various soils. A substantial percentage of the carbon sources were utilised, which contributed to the very high Shannon-Weaver substrate utilisation indices. Obtained substrate evenness (equitability) (J) indices indicated an existing high functional diversity. The functional diversity as observed during crop rotation, differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other, implying different substrate utilisation capabilities of present soil microbial communities, which could possibly be ascribed to the excretion of root exudates by sunflowers and soybeans. Using the Sorenson's index, a clear distinction could be made between the degrees of substrate utilisation between microbial populations in soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, as well as during crop rotation. Furthermore, the various soils could also be differentiated on the basis of the microbial community structure as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat differed significantly (p < 0.05) from soils conducive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, implying a shift in relationships amongst the structural diversity of microbial communities within the various soils. A positive association was observed between the microbial phospholipid fatty acid profiles, and dominant environmental variables of soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat. Soils conducive and neutral to take-all disease of wheat were characterised by high concentrations of manganese, as well as elevated concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids, terminally branched saturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids which were indicative of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and micro eukaryotes (primarily fungi), respectively. These soils were also characterised by low concentrations of phosphorous, potassium, percentage organic carbon, and percentage organic nitrogen, as well as low soil pH. Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat was characterised by the elevated levels of estimated of biomass and elevated concentrations of normal saturated fatty acids, which is ubiquitous to micro-organisms. The concentration of normal saturated fatty acids in suppressive soils is indicative of a low structural diversity. This soil was also characterised by high concentrations of phosphorous, potassium, percentage organic carbon, and percentage organic nitrogen, as well as elevated soil pH. The relationship between PLFAs and agricultural soils was investigated using principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and discriminant analysis (DA). Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat differed significantly (p < 0.05) from soils conducive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, implying a shift in relationships amongst the structural diversity of microbial communities within the various soils. A positive association was observed between the microbial phospholipid fatty acid profiles, and dominant environmental variables of soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the major phospholipid fatty acid groups indicated that the structural diversity differed significantly between soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The results indicate that the microbial community functionality as well as the microbial community structure was significantly influenced by the presence of take-all disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and that the characterisation of microbial functional and structural diversity by analysis of community level physiological profiles and phospholipid fatty acid analysis, respectively, could be successfully used as an assessment criteria for the evaluation of agricultural soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, as well as in crop rotation systems. This methodology might be of significant value in assisting in the management and evaluation of agricultural soils subject to the prevalence of other soilborne diseases. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Take-all is the name given to the disease caused by a soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) von Arx and Olivier var. tritici Walker (Ggt), an ascomycete of the family Magnaportheaceae (Cook, 2003). This fungus is an aggressive soil-borne pathogen causing root rot of wheat (primary host), barley and rye crops (secondary host). The flowering, seedling, and vegetative growth stages can be affected by the infection of the whole plant, leaves, roots, and stems. Infections of roots result in losses in crop yield and quality primarily due to a lowering in nutrient uptake. Take-all is most common in regions where wheat is cultivated without adequate crop rotation. Crop rotation allows time between the planting dates of susceptible crops, which causes a decrease in the inoculum potential of soilborne plant pathogens to levels below an economic threshold by resident antagonistic soil microbial communities. Soilborne disease suppressiveness is an inherent characteristic of the physical, chemical, and/or biological structure of a particular soil which might be induced by agricultural practices and activities such as the cultivation of crops, or the addition of organisms or nutritional amendments, causing a change in the microfloral environment. Disturbances of soil ecosystems that impact on the normal functioning of microbial communities are potentially detrimental to soil formation, energy transfers, nutrient cycling, and long-term stability. In this regard, an overview of soil properties and processes indicated that the use of microbiological and biochemical soil properties, such as microbial biomass, the analysis of microbial functional diversity and microbial structural diversity by the quantification of community level physiological profiles and signature lipid biomarkers are useful as indicators of soil ecological stress or restoration properties because they are more responsive to small changes than physical and chemical characteristics. In this study, the relationship between physico-chemical characteristics, and different biological indicators of soil quality of agricultural soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral with respect to take-all disease of wheat as caused by the soilborne fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), were investigated using various techniques. The effect of crop rotation on the functional and structural diversity of soils conducive to take-all disease was also investigated. Through the integration of quantitative and qualitative biological data as well as the physico-chemical characteristics of the various soils, the functional and structural diversity of microbial IV communities in the soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat were characterised. All results were evaluated statistically and the predominant physical and chemical characteristics that influenced the microbiological and biochemical properties of the agricultural soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat were identified using multivariate analyses. Although no significant difference @ > 0.05) could be observed between the various soils using conventional microbiological enumeration techniques, the incidence of Gliocladium spp. in suppressive soils was increased. Significant differences @ < 0.05) were observed between agricultural soils during different stadia of take-all disease of wheat. Although no clear distinction could be made between soils suppressive and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, soils suppressive and conducive to take-all disease of wheat differed substantially in their community level physiological profiles (CLPPs). Soils suppressive / neutral to take-all disease were characterised by enhanced utilisation of carboxylic acids, amino acids, and carbohydrates, while conducive soils were characterised by enhanced utilisation of carbohydrates. Shifts in the functional diversity of the associated microbial communities were possibly caused by the presence of Ggt and associated antagonistic fungal and bacterial populations in the various soils. It was evident that the relationships amongst the functionality of the microbial communities within the various soils had undergone changes through the different stages of development of take-all disease of wheat, thus implying different substrate utilisation capabilities of present soil microbial communities. Diversity indices were calculated as Shannon's diversity index (H') and substrate equitability (J) and were overall within the higher diversity range of 3.6 and 0.8, respectively, indicating the achievement of very high substrate diversity values in the various soils. A substantial percentage of the carbon sources were utilised, which contributed to the very high Shannon-Weaver substrate utilisation indices. Obtained substrate evenness (equitability) (J) indices indicated an existing high functional diversity. The functional diversity as observed during crop rotation, differed significantly (p < 0.05) from each other, implying different substrate utilisation capabilities of present soil microbial communities, which could possibly be ascribed to the excretion of root exudates by sunflowers and soybeans. Using the Sorenson's index, a clear distinction could be made between the degrees of substrate utilisation between microbial populations in soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, as well as during crop rotation. Furthermore, the various soils could also be differentiated on the basis of the microbial community structure as determined by phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat differed significantly (p < 0.05) from soils conducive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, implying a shift in relationships amongst the structural diversity of microbial communities within the various soils. A positive association was observed between the microbial phospholipid fatty acid profiles, and dominant environmental variables of soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat. Soils conducive and neutral to take-all disease of wheat were characterised by high concentrations of manganese, as well as elevated concentrations of monounsaturated fatty acids, terminally branched saturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids which were indicative of Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria and micro eukaryotes (primarily fungi), respectively. These soils were also characterised by low concentrations of phosphorous, potassium, percentage organic carbon, and percentage organic nitrogen, as well as low soil pH. Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat was characterised by the elevated levels of estimated of biomass and elevated concentrations of normal saturated fatty acids, which is ubiquitous to micro-organisms. The concentration of normal saturated fatty acids in suppressive soils is indicative of a low structural diversity. This soil was also characterised by high concentrations of phosphorous, potassium, percentage organic carbon, and percentage organic nitrogen, as well as elevated soil pH. The relationship between PLFAs and agricultural soils was investigated using principal component analysis (PCA), redundancy analysis (RDA) and discriminant analysis (DA). Soil suppressive to take-all disease of wheat differed significantly (p < 0.05) from soils conducive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, implying a shift in relationships amongst the structural diversity of microbial communities within the various soils. A positive association was observed between the microbial phospholipid fatty acid profiles, and dominant environmental variables of soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat. Hierarchical cluster analysis of the major phospholipid fatty acid groups indicated that the structural diversity differed significantly between soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici. The results indicate that the microbial community functionality as well as the microbial community structure was significantly influenced by the presence of take-all disease of wheat caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, and that the characterisation of microbial functional and structural diversity by analysis of community level physiological profiles and phospholipid fatty acid analysis, respectively, could be successfully used as an assessment criteria for the evaluation of agricultural soils conducive, suppressive, and neutral to take-all disease of wheat, as well as in crop rotation systems. This methodology might be of significant value in assisting in the management and evaluation of agricultural soils subject to the prevalence of other soilborne diseases. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Microbiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

Bibliography: leaves 207-220. / 220 leaves : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Pseudomonas corrigata strain 2140 (Pc2140), isolated from wheat field soil in Australia, antagonises the take-all fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) in vitro and significantly reduces take-all symptoms on wheat in pot trials. This study investigates the mechanisms by which the biocontrol agent reduces the disease symptoms. Biochemical analysis of metabolites of P. corrugata 2140 reveal a number of compounds potentially antagonistic to Ggt and which may play a role in disease control. These include water-soluble antibiotics, siderophores, proteases, peptides and volatiles including hydrogen cyanide. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1996

Take-all, caused by the soilborne fungus, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), is an important root disease of wheat that can be reduced by take-all decline (TAD) in successive wheat crops, due to general and/or specific suppression. A study of 112 New Zealand wheat soils in 2003 had shown that Ggt DNA concentrations (analysed using real-time PCR) increased with successive years of wheat crops (1-3 y) and generally reflected take-all severity in subsequent crops. However, some wheat soils with high Ggt DNA concentrations had low take-all, suggesting presence of TAD. This study investigated 26 such soils for presence of TAD and possible suppressive mechanisms, and characterised the microorganisms from wheat roots and rhizosphere using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). A preliminary pot trial of 29 soils (including three from ryegrass fields) amended with 12.5% w/w Ggt inoculum, screened their suppressiveness against take-all in a growth chamber. Results indicated that the inoculum level was too high to detect the differences between soils and that the environmental conditions used were unsuitable. Comparison between the Ggt DNA concentrations of the same soils collected in 2003 and in 2004 (collected for the pot trial), showed that most soils cropped with 2, 3 and 4 y of successive wheat had reduced Ggt DNA concentrations (by 195-2911 pg g-1 soil), and their disease incidences revealed 11 of the 29 test soils with potential take-all suppressiveness. Further pot trials improved the protocols, such that they were able to differentiate the magnitudes of suppressiveness among the soils. The first of the subsequent trials, using 4% w/w Ggt inoculum level, controlled conditions at 16°C, 80% RH with alternate 12 h light/dark conditions, and watering the plants twice weekly to field capacity (FC), screened 13 soils for their suppressiveness against take-all. The 13 soils consisted of 11 from the preliminary trial, one wheat soil that had been cropped with 9 y of wheat (considered likely to be suppressive), and a conducive ryegrass soil. The results revealed that 10 of these soils were suppressive to take-all. However, in only four of them were the effects related to high levels of microbial/biological involvement in the suppression, which were assessed in an experiment that first sterilised the soils. In a repeat trial using five of the soils H1, H3, M2, P7 (previously cropped with 3, 3, 4 and 9 y successive wheat, respectively) and H15 (previously cropped with 5 y of ryegrass), three of them (H1, H3 and M2) had reduced Ggt DNA concentrations (>1000 pg g-1 soil reductions), and were confirmed to be suppressive to take-all. A pot trial, in which 1% of each soil was transferred into a γ-irradiated base soil amended with 0.1% Ggt inoculum, indicated that soils H1 and H3 (3 y wheat) were specific in their suppressiveness, and M2 (4 y wheat) was general in its suppressiveness. The microbial communities within the rhizosphere and roots of plants grown in the soils, which demonstrated conduciveness, specific or general suppressiveness to take-all, were characterised using PCR-DGGE, and identities of the distinguishing microorganisms (which differentiated the soils) identified by sequence analysis. Results showed similar clusters of microorganisms associated with conducive and suppressive soils, both for specific and general suppression. Further excision, re-amplification, cloning and sequencing of the distinguishing bands showed that some actinomycetes (Streptomyces bingchengensis, Terrabacter sp. and Nocardioides sp.), ascomycetes (Fusarium lateritium and Microdochium bolleyi) and an unidentified fungus, were associated with the suppressive soils (specific and general). Others, such as the proteobacteria (Pseudomonas putida and P. fluorescens), an actinomycete (Nocardioides oleivorans), ascomycete (Gibberella zeae), and basidiomycete (Penicillium allii), were unique in the specific suppressiveness. This indicated commonality of some microorganisms in the take-all suppressive soils, with a selected distinguishing group responsible for specific suppressiveness. General suppressiveness was considered to be due to no specific microorganisms, as seen in soil M2. An attempt to induce TAD by growing successive wheat crops in pots of Ggt-infested soils was unsuccessful with no TAD effects shown, possibly due to variable Ggt DNA concentrations in the soils and addition of nutrients during the experiment. Increasing numbers of Pseudomonas fluorescens CFU in the rhizosphere of plants, during successive wheat crops was independent of the Ggt DNA concentrations and disease incidence, suggesting that increases in P. fluorescens numbers were associated with wheat monoculture. This study has demonstrated that TAD in New Zealand was due to both specific and general suppressiveness, and has identified the distinguishing microorganisms associated with the suppression. Since most of these distinguishing microorganisms are known to show antagonistic activities against Ggt or other soilborne pathogens, they are likely to act as antagonists of Ggt in the field. Future work should focus on validating their effects either individually, or interactively, on Ggt in plate and pot assays and under field conditions.

Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit sollten anhand eines zweifaktoriellen Feldversuchs bestehend aus den Faktoren Fruchtfolge und Pflanzenschutz die Potenziale zur Reduktion von fruchtfolgebedingten Halmbasis- und Wurzelkrankheitserregern an Weizen (Triticum aestivum L.) durch eine geschickte Kombination von Energiefrüchten aufgezeigt werden. Ein Schwerpunkt lag hierbei auf Halmbasisfusarium und die Ausbreitung des Mykotoxins Deoxynivalenols (DON) von der Halmbasis bis in die Ähre. Hierzu wurden vier Fruchtfolgen mit einer unterschiedlichen Dichte an Ackerkulturen etabliert: (1) Maisdaueranbau, (2) Raps – Winterweizen, (3) Raps – Grünroggen/Mais – Winterweizen und (4) Raps – Winterweizen – Grünroggen/Mais – Winterweizen. Der Versuch wurde auf Versuchsflächen der Universitäten Göttingen und Rostock äquivalent angelegt. Die Erhebungen erfolgten in den Jahren 2010 und 2011. Die Bedeutung der halmbürtigen Mykotoxine für die Belastung des Korns wurde in ergänzenden Untersuchungen unter kontrollierten Bedingungen untersucht. Durch eine visuelle Befallsbonitur im Entwicklungsstadium (ES) der späten Milchreife (ES 77) erfolgte die Ermittlung der Befallshäufigkeit von Rhizoctonia cerealis, Oculimacula yallundae/acuformis, Fusarium spp. und Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici an der Halmbasis bzw. Wurzel von Weizen. Mykotoxinnachweise (ELISA-Test) des Leittoxins Deoxynivalenol (DON) und DNA-Quantifizierungen (qPCR) von toxinproduzierenden Fusariumarten in Pflanzen aus Feld-, Gewächshaus- und Klimakammerversuchen gaben weiterhin Aufschluss über die Mykotoxinbelastung der Pflanze und systemische Verlagerung von DON nach einem Befall der Halmbasis von Winterweizen mit Fusarium culmorum und F. graminearum. R. cerealis hatte mit einer Befallshäufigkeit von unter 0,5% in beiden Untersuchungsjahren 2010 und 2011 kaum eine Bedeutung. Erhöhte Befallshäufigkeiten konnten für G. graminis var. tritici mit ca. 20% im Jahr 2010 am Standort in Göttingen und 2011 am Standort in Rostock festgestellt werden. Die Befallswerte waren mit <5 sehr niedrig. Für O. yallundae/acuformis konnten leicht erhöhte Befallshäufigkeiten von maximal 25% bzw. 37% an den Standorten in Rostock und Göttingen im Jahr 2010 festgestellt werden. Im letzten Untersuchungsjahr waren die Befallshäufigkeiten mit 7% bzw. 15% an den Standorten Göttingen und Rostock auf einem niedrigen Niveau. Die zweijährigen Erhebungen in den Jahren 2010 und 2011 machten deutlich, dass Fusarium spp. der dominierende Erreger mit 28% am Standort in Göttingen und 63% am Standort in Rostock an der Halmbasis im Mittel der Jahre war. Es zeigte sich für das Abschlussjahr 2011, dass nach dem Jahreseffekt die Fruchtfolge (18% am Standort in Göttingen) bzw. die Interaktion aus Fruchtfolge und Jahreseffekt (19% am Standort in Rostock) den größten Einfluss auf die Befallshäufigkeit von Fusarium spp. hatte. Die Bewertung der Fruchtfolgen erfolgte anhand der Befallshäufigkeiten von O. yallundae/acuformis und Fusarium spp., die am häufigsten in dieser Untersuchung auftraten. Der Vergleich fand auf Grundlage der Befallshäufigkeiten in der Variante ohne Fungizidapplikation statt und wurde mit denen der Variante mit dem situationsbezogenen Pflanzenschutz verglichen. Es konnte festgestellt werden, dass bei beiden Krankheiten die kurze Fruchtfolge 2 (Raps-Weizen) die höchsten Befallshäufigkeiten aufwies. Eine Fungizidapplikation führte häufig zu einer Reduktion des Befalls in den einzelnen Fruchtfolgen, was aber nicht immer statistisch absicherbar war. Am stärksten reduzierten sich die Befallshäufigkeiten, wenn die Fruchtfolgen aufgelockert wurden. Durch die Eingliederung einer Maiskultur in Kombination mit einer Zwischenfrucht wurde die enge Raps-Weizen Folge unterbrochen, wie es in Fruchtfolge 3 (Raps-Zwischenfrucht/Mais-Weizen) zu erkennen war. Zusätzlich zeigte der unterschiedliche Aussaattermin (früh/spät) in den Anbausystemen einen hochsignifikanten Einfluss (p = 0,000) auf die Befallshäufigkeiten, insbesondere Frühsaaten förderten den Befall. Im Fall von Fusarium spp. zeigte der Vergleich der Fruchtfolgen 2 und 3 eine Reduktion der Befallshäufigkeit um ca. 70% an den Standorten in Göttingen und Rostock. Durch die Fungizidmaßnahme in Fruchtfolge 2 und 3 reduzierte sich der Befall am Standort in Göttingen um weitere 40-50%. Für O. yallundae/acuformis wurde der Unterschied der Fruchtfolgen 2 und 3 noch deutlicher. Die Befallshäufigkeiten reduzierten sich um nahezu 100% an den Standorten in Göttingen und Rostock. Der Vergleich zur Variante mit situationsbezogenem Pflanzenschutz in der Fruchtfolge 2 machte deutlich, dass die Pflanzenschutzmaßnahme den Befall signifikant um 50% reduzierte. Die Belastungen der Kornproben mit dem Mykotoxin DON waren sehr gering, wohingegen die Weizenstoppel der Fruchtfolge 4 in der Variante PS-F0 mit bis zu 6000 µg DON/kg TM kontaminiert war. Proben der Fruchtfolge 3 mit 33% Weizenanteil wiesen mit 2500 µg/kg TM die niedrigsten Gehalte an DON auf. In den Fruchtfolgen 2 und 4 mit 50% Weizenanteil wurden nahezu doppelt so hohe Mengen an DON festgestellt. Im Mittel reduzierte die Fungizidmaßnahme zu ES 31 und 51/55 den DON-Gehalt in der Stoppel signifikant um 50%. Der DON-Nachweis im Substrat der Ganzpflanze von Mais zeigte für den Maisdaueranbau leicht erhöhte Werte von 1800 µg DON/kg TM. Mit abnehmendem Maisanteil in der Fruchtfolge reduzierten sich die DON-Gehalte im Maissubstrat. In Proben der Fruchtfolge 4 mit 25% Maisanteil wurde ein um 80% geringerer DON-Gehalt ermittelt. Die ausgewiesene Grünroggensorte Borfuro wies nach künstlicher Infektion an der Halmbasis mit F. graminearum in Gewächshausversuchen über 4500 µg DON/kg TM in der Ganzpflanze zu ES 73 auf und war damit doppelt hoch mit DON kontaminiert wie eine konventionelle Roggensorte. Dieser signifikante Sortenunterschied wurde durch die Bestimmung pilzlicher DNA in der Halmbasis bestätigt. Durch den Rostocker Aktivitätstest mit hoch DON-belastetem Grünroggen im Mini-Batch Verfahren konnte gezeigt werden, dass DON keine inhibitorische Wirkung auf den Fermentationsprozess hat. Es wurde aber eine 10% geringere Gasausbeute in den Varianten mit kontaminiertem Material festgestellt. Kurze Fruchtfolgen mit Energiepflanzen (Raps–Weizen) führen zu nicht unerheblichen Befallshäufigkeiten von O. yallundae/acuformis und Fusarium spp. an der Halmbasis von Weizen. Eine Kombination der Energiefrüchte Raps, Mais und Weizen in Verbindung mit einem späten Saattermin und wendender Bodenbearbeitung verhindert fast vollständig das Auftreten von O. yallundae/acuformis und reduziert signifikant den Befall mit Fusarium spp. an Weizen. Fruchtfolgen mit einem hohen Anteil von Mais bzw. führen auch zu hohen Gehalten an DON im Ganzpflanzensubtstrat von Mais bzw. in der Halmbasis von Weizen. Zwar hat die Toxinbelastung des Ganzpflanzensubstrats von Mais keine negativen Auswirkungen auf den Gärprozess, aber ist die Gasausbeute reduziert. Es Auswirkungen von Fusariuminfektionen auf die Gärqualität von Mais sollten daher in weiteren Untersuchen näher betrachtet werden.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:25:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MarcoVMN_TESE.pdf: 3982733 bytes, checksum: 381ae79721c75a30e3373fe4487512c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-05 / In this paper artificial neural network (ANN) based on supervised and unsupervised algorithms were investigated for use in the study of rheological parameters of solid pharmaceutical excipients, in order to develop computational tools for manufacturing solid dosage forms. Among four supervised neural networks investigated, the best learning performance was achieved by a feedfoward multilayer perceptron whose architectures was composed by eight neurons in the input layer, sixteen neurons in the hidden layer and one neuron in the output layer. Learning and predictive performance relative to repose angle was poor while to Carr index and Hausner ratio (CI and HR, respectively) showed very good fitting capacity and learning, therefore HR and CI were considered suitable descriptors for the next stage of development of supervised ANNs. Clustering capacity was evaluated for five unsupervised strategies. Network based on purely unsupervised competitive strategies, classic "Winner-Take-All", "Frequency-Sensitive Competitive Learning" and "Rival-Penalize Competitive Learning" (WTA, FSCL and RPCL, respectively) were able to perform clustering from database, however this classification was very poor, showing severe classification errors by grouping data with conflicting properties into the same cluster or even the same neuron. On the other hand it could not be established what was the criteria adopted by the neural network for those clustering. Self-Organizing Maps (SOM) and Neural Gas (NG) networks showed better clustering capacity. Both have recognized the two major groupings of data corresponding to lactose (LAC) and cellulose (CEL). However, SOM showed some errors in classify data from minority excipients, magnesium stearate (EMG) , talc (TLC) and attapulgite (ATP). NG network in turn performed a very consistent classification of data and solve the misclassification of SOM, being the most appropriate network for classifying data of the study. The use of NG network in pharmaceutical technology was still unpublished. NG therefore has great potential for use in the development of software for use in automated classification systems of pharmaceutical powders and as a new tool for mining and clustering data in drug development / Neste trabalho foram estudadas redes neurais artificiais (RNAs) baseadas em algoritmos supervisionados e n?o supervisionados para emprego no estudo de par?metros reol?gicos de excipientes farmac?uticos s?lidos, visando desenvolver ferramentas computacionais para o desenvolvimento de formas farmac?uticas s?lidas. Foram estudadas quatro redes neurais artificiais supervisionadas e cinco n?o supervisionadas. Todas as RNAs supervisionadas foram baseadas em arquitetura de rede perceptron multicamada alimentada ? frente (feedfoward MLP). Das cinco RNAs n?o supervisionadas, tr?s foram baseadas em estrat?gias puramente competitivas, "Winner-Take- All" cl?ssica, "Frequency-Sensitive Competitive Learning" e "Rival-Penalize Competitive Learning" (WTA, FSCL e RPCL, respectivamente). As outras duas redes n?o supervisionadas, Self- Organizing Map e Neural Gas (SOM e NG) foram baseadas estrat?gias competitivo-cooperativas. O emprego da rede NG em tecnologia farmac?utica ? ainda in?dito e pretende-se avaliar seu potencial de emprego como nova ferramenta de minera??o e classifica??o de dados no desenvolvimento de medicamentos. Entre os prot?tipos de RNAs supervisionadas o melhor desempenho foi conseguido com uma rede de arquitetura composta por 8 neur?nios de entrada, 16 neur?nios escondidos e 1 neur?nio de sa?da. O aprendizado de rede e a capacidade preditiva em rela??o ao ?ngulo de repouso (&#945;) foi deficiente, e muito boa para o ?ndice de Carr e fator de Hausner (IC, FH). Por esse motivo IC e FH foram considerados bons descritores para uma pr?xima etapa de desenvolvimento das RNAs supervisionadas. As redes, WTA, RPCL e FSCL, foram capazes de estabelecer agrupamentos dentro da massa de dados, por?m apresentaram erros grosseiros de classifica??o caracterizados pelo agrupamento de dados com propriedades conflitantes, e tamb?m n?o foi poss?vel estabelecer qual o crit?rio de classifica??o adotado. Tais resultados demonstraram a inviabilidade pr?tica dessas redes para os sistemas estudados sob nossas condi??es experimentais. As redes SOM e NG mostraram uma capacidade de classifica??o muito superior ?s RNAs puramente competitivas. Ambas as redes reconheceram os dois agrupamentos principais de dados correspondentes ? lactose (LAC) e celulose (CEL). Entretanto a rede som demonstrou defici?ncia na classifica??o de dados relativos aos excipientes minorit?rios, estearato de magn?sio (EMG), talco (TLC) e atapulgita (ATP). A rede NG, por sua vez, estabeleceu uma classifica??o muito consistente dos dados e resolveu o erro de classifica??o apresentados pela rede SOM, mostrando-se a rede mais adequada para a classifica??o dos dado do presente estudo. A rede Neural Gas, portanto, mostrou- se promissora para o desenvolvimento de softwares para uso na classifica??o automatizada de sistemas pulverulentos farmac?uticos